Disholcaspis quercusglobulus (agamic)

Amphibolips quercusinanis (sexgen)

Neuroterus quercusbatatus (sexgen)

Phylloteras nigrum (agamic)

Philonix fulvicollis (agamic)

Andricus chinquapin (sexgen)

Callirhytis clavula

Trigonaspis quercusforticorne (agamic)

Callaspidia Quercus-globulus, new species

Oak-bullet gall-flies

Smooth globular galls the size of a bullet, growing singly or two, three, or more in a cluster, upon white oak twigs, internally of a corky texture, each containing in its center a single worm lying in a oval whitish shell resembling a little egg 0.15 in length. 

These bullet-like galls are most common and oftenest noticed of any of the galls on our oaks. When growing they are of a pale greenish color, shaded into bright red upon the side which is most exposed to the light, and with the fading of the leaves in autumn, they also fade to the same pale dull yellow hue with the dead leaves, even though the insect be still inclosed in them, to pass the winter, as it sometimes is.

Callaspidia confluenta, Harris [Fitch believed he was referring to a species, now Amphibolips confluenta, already described by Harris, but understood to be a distinct species by Osten Sacken shortly after.]

Large smooth globular galls resembling apples, growing on the lower veins on the under side of the leaves of the red oak.

There are probably two generations of it annually, for early in June the galls are found upon the trees grown to their full size, which varies from an inch to an inch and three-quarters in diameter. Their attachment to the leaf is so slight and brittle that when the leaves are agitated with a strong wind numbers of them break off and fall, so that the ground under particular trees is copiously scattered with them, even when they are but half or two-thirds grown, the latter part of May. They then resemble large nice smooth gooseberries, being of a lively pale green color, freckled with large blackish or purplish brown dots, and clear and semi-transparent when held between the eye and the light, with an opake cloud-like spot in their center. Cut open, this central spot is seen to be a pale greenish yellow ball the size of a pea, with numerous white threads beautifully radiating from its surface to the outer wall, and holding this ball in its place in the otherwise vacant cavity. On cutting this ball asunder it is found to be very juicy and white internally, with a round cavity in its center, in which lies a small plump white maggot, curved into the shape of a crescent, and lying motionless and without any signs of life. The exterior wall is 0.05 thick, or about the thickness of the rind usually taken from an apple when it is peeled, and of a similar succulent juicy texture.

Oak-potato Gall-fly, Cynips Quercus-batatus, new species.

A large, hard, uneven swelling, three-fourths of an inch thick and twice or thrice as long, resembling a potato in its shape, growing on white oak twigs more distant from their ends than the Oak-tumor.

This gall might be mistaken for a large example of the Elliptic variety of the one first described ["Cynips quercus-arbos"--Callirhytis clavula?], but at each end the swelling arises much more abruptly from the limb, and on all sides of it, whereby the limb is wholly obliterated. Its surface is coated with a glaucous pale blue bloom. Internally it is of a dense corky texture in which are hard woody spots. 

Biarhiza nigra, new species

[listed in the "affecting the root" section on "Quercus alba, etc" but not specified where it was collected or what if any association it might have with any galls. Section description implies the adult wasps leave galls in the roots, climb the tree, mate on the snow, and return to the roots to oviposit.]

[Fitch speculatively associates these two species as well as [Biarhiza nigra](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/856) with root galls because he found the adults on the ground or snow, and he thought the adults resembled wasps known to induce root galls on oaks in Europe. They are described based on differences in the adult wasp and none of the descriptions mention a gall.]

Philonix fulvicollis, new species

Philonix nigricollis, new species

Figites chinquapin, new species

Arising perpendicularly or obliquely from the upper surface of the leaves of the Chinquapin oak (Quercus chinquapin), like pins inserted therein, little slender club-shaped galls nearly a half inch long, formed of a pale green elliptic head like a minute pod, tapering into a slender dull brown stalk twice as long as the head, the surface thinly clothed with fine short hairs ; producing a small black gall-fly with bright tawny yellow antennae and legs, its length 0.10. These singular little galls are met with in May, one or more growing upon the same leaf. The walls of the little pod at their summit arc exceedingly thin and the fly comes out through around hole which it gnaws near the upper end. It is remarkably large in comparison with the small delicate gall in which it is nurtured. 

309. [Cynips quercus-tuber, new species](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/239303#page/32/mode/1up)

On or near the ends of the small limbs and twigs of the white oak, hard irregular swellings thrice as thick as the twig below them, the bark upon them of a brighter cherry red color than elsewhere, and their substance internally corky and woody; produced by the stings of a small black gall-fly with dull pale yellow antennae, mouth and legs, its hind shanks and its antennae towards their tips being dusky, its length 0.08 and to the tips of its wings 0.13. 

These tumors or galls are quite common, particularly upon the soft and tender limbs of small young trees. Two distinct varieties in their form will be observed as they grow at the ends of the limbs, or lower down upon their sides. Those upon or near the tips of the limbs are shorter rounded galls, little longer than broad, and usually of a deeper red color and a more irregular uneven surface. They are about a half inch in length and a fourth less in thickness. Those growing along the side of the stem are longer elliptic galls of about the same width as the preceding, but twice or three times as long, and of a paler though still a deep cherry red color. The whole circumference of the limb is involved in this diseased swelling, except a narrow stripe along its hind side where the bark retains its natural striated appearance. When fully grown the surface of both kinds of these galls becomes glaucous white, as though thinly coated with moldiness. Sometimes two, three or more of these tumors occur on the same limb, placed irregularly one below the other, or running partially into each other. A single one, however, always suffices to kill the limb at and above the point where it is situated, thus arresting its onward growth until one of the lateral shoots below grows to become a leading shoot in place of the one thus destroyed.

On cutting into these galls the small limb on which they grow is found to have its wood thickened or swollen, and over it, forming the chief bulk of the tumor, is a corky substance of a yellowish brown or snuff color, between which and the wood are several small hard grains resembling seeds, each having a cavity in its center, in which, doubled together, lies a soft white footless worm or maggot. This, on completing its growth, changes to a pupa in the same cell, and subsequently to a fly like its parent above described; whereupon, to escape from its confinement, it gnaws out of this hard seed-like envelope and onward through the corky substance and the external bark, thus producing those small perforations like pin-holes, which are always seen in these tumors after the insects have made their exit therefrom. 

[310. Cynips quercus-arbos, new species](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/239303#page/35/mode/1up)

Swellings similar to those above described, growing on the tips of the limbs of aged and large white oak trees; producing a small black gall-fly having all its legs and antenna of a bright pale yellow color, and one more joint in the latter organs than in the preceding species in the males, which sex is 0.06 in length, and to the tips of its wings 0.10. 

I have in repeated instances observed these swellings at the tips of the lofty limbs of mature and aged oaks, when the trees were felled and their limbs thus brought within view. But having until this moment supposed these galls the same with the preceding species, I have taken no care to obtain the flies from them.

The fact has heretofore been stated that where trees are standing apart, for furnishing a shade in pastures and other cleared lands, or as ornamental trees in parks and pleasure-grounds, they gather more insects and are hence more stinted and deformed in their growth, than when they arc associated together in forests. A large solitary oak which formerly stood in prominent view from the door of my dwelling was noticed for many years as making no perceptible advance in height or in the size of its body and limbs, although apparently healthy and clothed luxuriantly each summer with foliage. One morning in March this tree was observed cut down, and on repairing to it, it was discovered that the extreme ends of all the more vigorous and thrifty limbs and twigs were swollen into knobs or galls, wherefrom these ends would perish and their onward growth be thus arrested, all the other more puny limbs showing on their ends dead and decaying knobs of the same kind, which had grown in preceding years, thus it was evidently this small gall-fly, which, by killing the ends of all the most vigorous and thrifty shoots, year after year, had been retarding the further growth of this majestic tree. The galls were at that time perforated with pin-holes, showing that the fly had come from them the preceding autumn. On a careful search, however, two were found with the insect still in them. These were placed in a glass jar, and a single male fly was obtained from them, which I now discover to be unlike the foregoing species. I hence infer this to infest mature and aged trees, whilst all my specimens of that were reared from the more accessible galls growing on the tender juicy branches of young shoots and saplings. 

Cynips quercus-ficus Fitch

Surrounding the twigs of white oaks in a dense cluster, resembling preserved figs packed in boxes, each molded to the shape of those pressing against its sides, hollow bladder-like galls of the pale dull yellow color of a faded oak leaf, each gall producing a small black fly with the lower half of its head, its antennae and legs pale dull yellow, its hind shanks dusky and its abdomen beneath reddish-brown, its antennae with fifteen and in the female thirteen joints. Length 0.06, females 0.10, and to the end of their wings 0.14. (Fitch.)

Galls which apparently belong to the above species were received June 10, 1882, from Miss Kath. Parsons, South Lancashire, Mass., who found them on the oak at Breakheart Hill, Saugus, Mass., and several of the gall-flies were bred from them between July 1 and July 13. 

Apparently the same kind of galls were found July 20, 1883, in Virginia on Q. alba. From these issued, from August 16, 1883, to April 21, 1884, numerous parasites, belonging to the genera Torymus, Ormyrus, Decatoma, and a Cecidomyid. 

The Cynips, which are wingless, differ from those from Miss Parsons in that they were winged. They commenced to issue January 30, 1884, and kept on issuing through the whole of February. 

From a few galls, received March 19, 1883, two specimens, also wingless, issued February 9, 1884, and large numbers of wingless insects issued from a lot of galls collected by Mr. Koebele at Meredith Village, N. H., in September, 1883, in the same month. Among these last was also one winged specimen of probably a different species. (Riley's unpublished notes.)

Fifth report on the noxious and other insects of the State of New York