Dryocosmus dubiosus (Fullaway)

Laboratory experiments show that adults of Dryocosmus dubiosus (Fullaway) reared from ament galls of the California live oak, Quercus agrifolia Nee, are bisexual. The females from this generation oviposit in the leaf veins of black oaks where they produce an agamic generation of females in characteristic bicornate galls. The females produced in these leaf galls were formerly thought to be Dryocosmus bicornis (McCracken and Egbert), but now must be considered as the agamic generation of D. dubiosus. The agamic generation is composed of two types of females, one producing only males and the other producing only females. Both generations are attacked by the parasite, Torymus fullawayi (Huber).

Bisexual generation: Dryocosmus dubiosus (Fullaway) was described in 1911 as a gall maker on the staminate aments of the Coast live oak, Quercus agrifolia Nee. Later it was reported by McCracken and Egbert (1922) as also making galls on the edges of leaves. Weld (1957) extended the host range to another black oak, Quercus wislizenii A.DC. Field observations have shown that the leaf galls are formed only on the very young and tender growth that appears early in the spring and accompanies the production of the male flowers. These galls cause a very severe distortion of the tender leaves and may cause them to wither and die. The galls on the aments and new leaves develop very rapidly and give rise to the bisexual generation of D dubiosus. In 1958 the galls on the aments were first noted in February and emergence of both sexes of the wasps occurred in the laboratory during the first week in March. Trees growing on north-facing slopes, at higher elevations, or in deep, cool canyons were delayed in flowering, and galls containing larvae and prepupae were collected from such locations as late as the first week in May. Although precise quantitative data are lacking, it appeared evident that the peak of the bisexual generation had completed its emergence before the middle of April, and collections after that date consisted only of stragglers from the retarded growth locations.

Diplolepis dubiosa n. sp.

Gall (PI. XXIII, tig. 1). A small, brown, thin-shelled gall arising, several together, in the staminate ament of Quercus agrifolia. The gall is about 3 or 4 mms. long, rather angulate and more or less clavate. Polythalamous.

Dryocosmus dubiosus (Full.).

Quercus agrifolia, wislizeni
Flower galls
Fig 47. Black. April. Occurs on leaf also.

Quercus agrifolia, wislizeni
Leaf galls, detachable
Fig 132. Usually on flowers. See Fig 47.

Fig. 47. Q agrifolia • Adults emerging Apr 25 (Santa Anita), Apr. 16-25 (Ojai). Occurs on leaves also (Fig. 152).

Fig. 132. On leaf of Q. agrifolia. It is usually on the flowers (Fig. 47).

Diplolepis dubiosa

The writer has collected galls on Quercus agrifolia at Pasadena, Santa Anita (contained adults April 20, emerged April 27, 1918), Newhall, Piru, Fillmore, Ojai (adults emerging April 27, 1918, and April 16-25, 1922), Carpinteria, Montecito, Santa Barbara, Gaviota, Santa Margarita, Paso Robles, Paraiso Springs, Monterey, San Juan, Palo Alto, Berkeley (galls developing in March, flies out before May 8), and Santa Rosa, Calif.

Dryocosmus dubiosus

This cynipid wasp induces glossy, dark brown, club-shaped monothalamous galls on the catkins and new leaves of coast live oak and interior live oak. These bisexual-generation galls are 2 mm wide by 4-5 mm long.