Callirhytis infuscata (agamic)

Callirhytis piperoides (agamic)

Callirhytis lanata (agamic)

Disholcaspis bassetti (agamic)

Disholcaspis quercusmamma (agamic)

Neuroterus saltarius (agamic)

Andricus lustrans (agamic)

Kokkocynips decidua (agamic)

Andricus robustus (agamic)

Callirhytis gemmiformis (agamic)

Acraspis quercushirta (agamic)

Neuroterus quercusbatatus (agamic)

Andricus quercuspetiolicola (sexgen)

Neuroterus escharensis (agamic)

Feron discale (agamic)

Amphibolips niger (agamic)

Atrusca aggregata (agamic)

Andricus mamillaformis (agamic)

Andricus deciduatus (agamic)

Disholcaspis pedunculoides (agamic)

Amphibolips confluenta (agamic)

Amphibolips quercusspongifica (sexgen)

Amphibolips quercusinanis (sexgen)

Amphibolips ellipsoidalis

Neuroterus perminimus (agamic)

Amphibolips spinosa (agamic)

Dryocosmus floridensis (agamic)

Zopheroteras compressum (agamic)

Zopheroteras sphaerula (agamic)

Andricus incertus (agamic)

Neuroterus quercusbatatus (sexgen)

Neuroterus fugiens (sexgen)

Neuroterus quercusbatatus (sexgen) (q-bicolor)

Neuroterus quercusbatatus (agamic) (q-bicolor)

Burnettweldia conalis (agamic)

Phylloteras rubinum (agamic)

Phylloteras lyratum (agamic)

Andricus capillatus (agamic)

Sphaeroteras carolina (agamic)

Callirhytis gallaestriatae (agamic)

Dryocosmus cinereae (sexgen)

Dryocosmus quercusnotha (sexgen)

Amphibolips femoratus (sexgen)

Feron stellare (agamic)

Andricus chrysobalani (sexgen)

Xanthoteras teres (agamic)

Callirhytis exigua (sexgen)

Dros sessile (agamic)

Andricus tubularius (agamic)

Zapatella herberti (agamic)

Andricus coquilletti (agamic)

Neuroterus sadlerensis (sexgen)

Feron tecturnarum (agamic)

Antron plumbeum (agamic)

Neuroterus papillosus (sexgen)

Phylloteras poculum (agamic)

Andricus chinquapin (sexgen)

Andricus foliaformis (sexgen)

Atrusca unica (agamic)

Andricus occultatus (agamic)

Callirhytis clavula

Neuroterus distortus (sexgen)

Neuroterus evolutus (agamic)

Neuroterus exiguus (sexgen)

Neuroterus quercusirregularis (sexgen)

Neuroterus quercusminutissimus (agamic)

Neuroterus minutus (sexgen)

Neuroterus rileyi (agamic)

Neuroterus umbilicatus (agamic)

Neuroterus niger (sexgen)

Neuroterus vesicula (sexgen)

Antron acraspiformis (agamic)

Feron amphorus (agamic)

Feron atrimentum (sexgen)

Atrusca bella (agamic)

Atrusca brevipennata (agamic)

Feron caepula (agamic)

Atrusca cava (agamic)

Atrusca quercuscentricola (agamic)

Xanthoteras clavuloides (agamic)

Feron discularis (agamic)

Dryocosmus dubiosus (sexgen)

Xanthoteras eburneum (agamic)

Acraspis gemula (sexgen)

Druon ignotum (agamic)

Dryocosmus quercuslaurifoliae (sexgen)

Antron quercusnubila (agamic)

Dryocosmus quercuspalustris (sexgen)

Callirhytis pedunculata (sexgen)

Trigonaspis polita (agamic)

Sphaeroteras pulchripennis (agamic)

Cynips mellea (rydbergiana) (agamic)

Feron splendens (agamic)

Feron sulfureum (agamic)

Striatoandricus tenuicornis (agamic)

Andricus vaccinifoliae (agamic)

Disholcaspis cinerosa (agamic)

Disholcaspis quercusglobulus (agamic)

Disholcaspis pattersoni (agamic)

Disholcaspis perniciosa (agamic)

Callirhytis infuscata (Ashmead)

Andricus infuscatus

This species was described from Jacksonville, Fla., from galls on Quercus catesbaei [laevis], the adults emerging in March. The species is here transferred to Callirhytis. The writer has collected the galls on the above host at Green Cove Springs, Marianna, River Junction, Madison, Tallahassee, Carabelle, Gainesville, Ocala, St. Petersburg, and Clearwater, Fla. Similar galls were seen at Marianna on Q. marilandica and Q. cinerea [incana] and on Q. laurifolia at Gainesville, Ocala, and Clearwater. Galls collected November 20, 1919, at Daytona on Q. laurifolia and sent to Washington and Evanston for rearing gave flies May 23, 26, June 3 and 15, 1920. From galls collected at Savannah, Ga., November 2G, 1919, living flies were cut March 14, 1921, having pupated the previous November. Galls on Q. myrtifolia collected at Daytona November 20, 1919. gave flies May 23, 1920, but some galls still contained larvae as late as September 4, 1920, so that the emergence may be distributed over at least two seasons. The writer has been unable to separate these reared specimens from the types of infuscata. 

Dryocosmus piperoides

Andricus piperoides

Galls of this species were noted on the leaves of Q maxima [rubra] in IL, NY, and VA. Some specimens sent from Maine were determined by the writer as those of this species. Galls collected in IL in October contained both pupae and larvae in September and adults and larvae in November. Adults emerged April to May. The emergence is evidently distributed over at least two seasons. Beutenmueller notes that the galls were very common in the fall of 1916 and again in 1918, but none were noticed in 1917. 

The species is here transferred to Dryocosmus.

Callirhytis lanata

Dryophanta lanata

This species is here recorded from two new host oaks, Q. rubra and Q. texana, and from the following localities: Evanston, Wilmette, Glencoe, Ravinia, Fort Sheridan, Waukegan, and Glen Ellyn, IL.; Minneapolis (C. J. Weld), Minn.; Delevan (D. Watt), Wis.; North East, Pa.; Ithaca (J. C. Bradley), Riverhead (C. R Crosby), and Medina, N. Y. ; Bluemont, Va. ; Poplar Bluff, Mo. ; Hugo, Okla. ; Palestine, Austin, and Mineola, Tex. ; and Troy and Dothan, Ala. Galls collected at Evanston in fall of 1916 contained pupae and larvae on September 17, 1917, and adults and larvae on November 26. Adults issued April 6 and April 22, 1918, and about 50 more came out April 10 and April 18, 1919. The.se agree with the type in National Museum. 

The species is here transferred to Callirhytis. 

Brodie found the galls common about Toronto on red and black oak, forest trees as well as second growth. They appear in August, mature in October dropping before the leaves, the producers emerging May 8 and June 24, 1888, May 1, 1889, and April 4-July 24, 1898, in each case from galls collected on the ground under the trees the previous fall. Beutenmueller collected galls on red oak near Fort Lee, N. J., in October, 1922, and cut flies out of the galls in January, 1924. 

Disholcaspis bassetti

Galls of this species have been observed on Quercus bicolor at Evanston, Winnetka, Waukegan, and Blue Island, IL. At Evanston the galls contained pupae on September 16, and adults emerged October 3, 1915. 

Brodie collected the galls on Q. macrocarpa on several occasions at Toronto. In 1886 the adults emerged November 29-December 5, in all 247 specimens, all females. In a few days several oviposited in buds, thrusting the ovipositor between fold of bud scales. None survived the winter. In 1893 adults issued November 9-23, all females.

Disholcaspis mamma

Galls on Quercus macrocarpa are here recorded from the following localities: Mandan (H. F. Bain), N. Dak.; Walnut Grove (C. J. W.) and Becker (L. Haney), Minn.; Evanston, New Lenox, Glen Ellyn, and Moline, IL.; Corinth (C. Barracks), Iowa; Cedar Point, Kan.; Nebraska City, Nebr.; Surry (C. Chupp), and Waterloo, Ind.; Manistee, Mich., and Medina, N, Y. On Q. bicolor at Evanston, IL. On Q. lyrata similar galls yielding similar adults at Hoxie and Texarkana, Ark., and Poplar Bluff, Mo. 

In the Chicago area the galls start about the middle or end of July and some are full grown by end of August, adults emerging in different years from October 20 to November 10. At Poplar Bluff galls contained pupae October 8 and adults emerged November 13- December 3. Brodie found the galls at Toronto on Q. macrocarpa, the adults emerging in 1896 from October 17 to November 6. Some lived until November 22, but they do not survive the winter. In order to determine the next season's galls he "put 25 females in a muslin bag tied around a couple of low branches of burr oak from which the leaves had fallen on November 10 and for some days noted them ovipositing. They stood upon the tops of the buds grasping them firmly, then curving up the abdomen they pushed the ovipositor between the scales of the buds and remained a few minutes but they do not place more than one to three eggs in a bud." On May 30, 1897, he found numerous galls, the petiole or midvein beginning to bulge. By July 1 they were full grown and adults emerged July 11-17. "These galls were similar in form and texture to galls of H. petiolicola from white oak, contained from 3-10 cells, the producers emerge in the same way as A. petiolicoIa. Producers sexual, sexes about equally numerous." So far as the writer is aware this is the first published indication of an alternating generation for a Disholcaspis — a genus whose species are all known by agamic females emerging in the late fall. 

Neuroterus saltarius, new species

Hosts: Quercus macrocarpa

Gall (fig 2) -- Small, seed-like bodies, inserted in cup-like depressions on the under surface of leaf and causing a prominent light-colored bulging on the upper side of the leaf opposite, often two or three hundred on a leaf, less numerous on the basal part of leaf blade. When growing the galls are greenish-white, somewhat globular, flattened above with a papilla in center and a raised rim, not pubescent. They start to develop in June and in July or August drop to the ground where they exhibit the phenomenon of bouncing about until the lodge in some crevice in the soil where they pass the winter. When detached a large scar is left on base of gall. During the winter the galls become tan-colored and somewhat compressed laterally, one measured 1.2 mm long by .9 mm thick and 1.1 mm high. 

This gall seems to have been first described in 1876 by Riley who unfortunately applied to it the name of a California species with similar jumping habits. Under this name the eastern gall has been mentioned many times in literature and good figures have been published of it but up to the present no one seems to have reared the adult. 

Habitat. — The types are from Hope, Ind. Galls collected on burr oak by C. J. Casey showed the bouncing when received at Washington June 26, 1923. These galls were placed in rearing and adults were cut out of them on December 5 and 12, and March 26. The writer had collected the galls in four different years at Evanston and Kenilworth, IL., but failed to rear them. At Medina, N. Y., they were full grown by June 30. Galls were received also from Ann Arbor (Pennington), Mich., and Corinth (Barracks), Iowa. They have also been reported in literature from Missouri and Minnesota. A similar gall occurs on Q. bicolor. 

Callirhytis lustrans

Andricus lustrans
Andricus impositus
Andricus dimorphus verifactor
Acraspis vaccinii (gall only)

Lustrans was described from two adults captured at Austin, Texas, gall and host unknown. One of these specimens was given in 1921 to the writer, who recognized its close relation to impositus. Lustrans is described as without a median groove, but this specimen in certain positions shows a faint median line, while the groove in some of the many available parataypes of impositus is fully as faintly defined. The writer is unable to separate paratypes of verifactor from lustrans. The gall of this species was first described by Osten Sacken in 1862, but Ashmead was evidently in error in thinking he had reared it in 1887, associating the wingless fly he reared with the wrong gall. These galls occur as midrib clusters on under side of leaves of Quercus stellata in the fall, dropping when mature. When fresh the individual galls are shaped like huckleberry flowers, somewhat cylindrical with the end distinctly truncate and depressed, but during the winter on the ground they become globular except for a short pedicel, and the depressed end becomes a flattened circular scar at apex with a slightly raised rim, and the greenish or reddish color changes to brown. 

Beutenmueller sent the writer galls from New York City which contained pupae on November 1 and adults on November 25 (age of galls unknown). The writer collected galls at Poplar Bluff and Ironton, Mo.; Wharton, Trinity, Arlington, and Boerne, Tex.; Hugo, Okla. At Hugo they were just starting to develop on July 25. Galls collected in October, 1917, at Trinity, Tex., gave two adults May 18, 1919. In galls collected at Ironton in fall of 1917 pupae were found in October, 1918, and in March, 1919, flies emerging before May 12, 1919. S. A. Rohwer collected galls at Ironton in October, 1918, and reared adults April 9-16, 1919, and a few more were found dead in cage May 12, 1920 (Hopkins U. S. No. 10777J). A precisely similar gall on the shin oak, Q. breviloba., was seen at Austin and Boerne, Tex., and may prove to be that of this species. 

Dryocosmus deciduus

Andricus decidua

These galls long known in literature under the name decidua before the adult was reared are the ones to which Dr A D Hopkins referred under the name of "black oak wheat" in a note. These specimens were from Wescott, Mo., and Texarkana, Ark. Doctor Hopkins collected galls at Kanawha Station, W. Va., September 25, 1923. The writer collected galls at Evanston and High- land Park, IL.; Ironton and Poplar Bluff, Mo., and at Bluemont, Va. Galls collected at Evanston on October 8, 1916 contained pupae on September 22, 1917 and adults on November 16 which emerged March 23-April 22, 1918. After the galls drop they change shape somewhat as the thick nutritive layer is used up, becoming distinctly spindle-shaped and only a thin brittle shell is left in the swollen central region. The species is here transferred to Dryocosmus. 

Andricus robustus, new species

Host.--Quercus stellata

Gall (fig. 18). — A midrib cluster on under side of leaf in fall, the galls dropping to the ground when mature. The individual galls are somewhat globular, tapering to a pedicel at base and pointed with a slight scar at apex, greenish and mottled with white when fresh, turning brown during winter on ground. This is the gall described in connection with the fly of Cynips vacciniformiis Beutenmueller which seems to have come from an accidentally included gall of a different sort in the breeding cage. 

Habitat. — The type material was collected at Arlington, Texas, November 3, 1917, when the galls were still dropping to the ground. On December 1, 1919, living flies (that would probably have emerged in spring of 1920) were cut from the galls. Some of the same lot of fresh galls were sent to William Beutenmueller, who reared adults January 10, February 14, 15, 20, 21, 1919, and more in February, 1920. Paratype flies were cut out December 1, 1919, from galls collected at Texarkana, Ark., in October, 1917. The galls have been collected also at Webster Groves, Poplar Bluff, and Ironton, Mo.; Hoxie, Little Rock, and Hot Springs, Ark.; Palestine, Cuero, and Austin, Tex. ; Cottondale, Fla.; Wasliington, D. C.; Falls Church, Va. Galls collected at Washington in late October, 1923, gave adults February 22, March 1, 14, 17, 1925, and these have been included among the paratypes. 

Callirhytis gemmiformis

Andricus gemmiformis

Galls of this species have been collected on Q. alba at Fort Sheridan, Kavinia, and Glen Ellyn, IL., and on Q. bicolor at Fort Sheridan and Wilmette. Galls collected October 29, 1916, contained pupae on September 17, 1917, and adults on November 15. These would probably have emerged in the spring of 1918. From galls collected in October, 1918, living flies were cut December 2. 1919, which agree with the type. As the claws are simple the species is here transferred to Callirhytis. 

Acraspis hirta

Galls agreeing with the Bassett types on rock chestnut oak were collected on Q. montana at Storm King (M. D. Leonard), and Ithaca, N. Y., and at Bluemont, Va. They are found in September and October. No adults reared. Probably emerge in late fall. 

Neuroterus batatus (Fitch)

The woody winter form of the "oak potato gall" on the stems of Quercus alba has been noted [in IL, IN, FL, DC, MA]. In the Chicago area the agamic females issued April 15-24, 1910, and were observed to oviposit in buds at end of the same twig in breeding jar. In 1913 they emerged April 20-26. At DC they were emerging March 14, 1921. 

Andricus petiolicola (Bassett)

Galls of this species were noticed at several localities and on several hosts. On the rock chestnut oak, Q montana [in NY, PA, MA, DC, VA.] On Q. macrocarpa [in IL, NY] where they contained pupae June 30, 1914. On Q. bicolor [in IL] where adults began to emerge June 23. On Q. alba [in IL, MO, VA, MA, NY].  On Q. stellata [in OK, TX, AL, FL, VA.] 

Neuroterus escharensis, new species

Host.--Quercus bicolor.

Gall.--A minute cell hidden in the tissue of the twig under a leaf scar, the tip protruding so slightly as to be scarcely noticed until the adult within begins to cut out a hole by which to emerge. Sometimes two cells occur side by side under the same leaf scar and more rarely the exit hole is just above the boundary of the scar. They may be found in winter or spring in previous seasons' growth usually underneath the scars just below the terminal bud cluster.

Biology.--On April 24, 1909, flies were found at Evanston IL ovipositing on the buds of bicolor, perched on the side of the bud with the ovipositor thrust perpendicularly through the bud scales. Investigation revealed the galls described above in the leaf scars under these buds with adults just emerging.

A precisely similar gall was found at Ravinia on Q alba. 

Diplolepis discalis, new species

Host.--Quercus undulata

Gall.--A thin disk, 3.6 mm in diameter on the under side of the leaf in the fall. Monothalamous, tan-colored, convex on upper surface, margin crenate, underside concave, the transversely placed larval cell occupying the full height of the gall. Exit hole on upper surface. Single or but few on a leaf.

Habitat.--Galls were collected and living adults cut out on November 1, 1921, in NM. 

Amphibolips nigra Beutenmueller

This species, whose gall was described as on an unknown oak in Durango, Mexico, occurs in AZ where the writer has collected galls on Quercus emoryi and Q. hypoleuca. The writer has not reared adults. Seventeen of the types range from 5.2-6.3 mm, Average 5.6 mm.

Diplolepis aggregata, new species

Host.--Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia, toumeyi

Gall.--Globular oak apples, up to 35 mm in diameter, occurring in summer in clusters of sometimes as many as 12 on a twig at apex of previous season's growth. Each has an abrupt slender pedicel and usually only 2-4 galls in the cluster become well developed. The fresh galls are creamy white with a reddish blush on one side and spotted with numerous small red spots. Later they become yellowish and are often covered with a bluish bloom. The central cell is supported by a dense mass of fine silky radiating fibers and the wall is thick (0.7 mm), seven times as thick as that of the smaller unspotted leaf-gall apple of the same region, D bella.

Habitat.--AZ

Callirhytis mamillaformis, new species

Host.--Quercus alba

Gall.--A bud gall half protruding beyond the bud scales, produced in the fall and probably dropping to the ground when mature. Somewhat globular with a nipple at apex, green or brownish, smooth, truncate at base when detached without circlet of white hairs.

Habitat.--IL, VA, DC

The type specimens were from galls collected at Ravinia, IL., from terminal buds on vigorous sprouts from stumps, October 22, 1916, and four living flies cut from the galls November 16, 1917, would probably have emerged in the spring of 1918. The galls have also been seen at Bluemont, Va., and Washington, D. C. A similar gall has been observed on Q. stellata at Poplar Bluff, Mo.; Hoxie, Ark.; and College Station, Tex., but not yet reared. 

A similar gall has been observed on Q stellata in MO, AR, TX but not yet reared

Andricus deciduatus, new species

Host.--Quercus bicolor

Gall.--A small ellipsoidal deciduous bud gall on small twigs in the fall. Greenish-gray with longitudinal purple streaks, the surface pebbled under lens, 4.5 mm long by 4 mm in diameter, slightly pointed at apex with a heart-shaped base when detached in which is a round impressed scar. They are found in September, produced usually from one of the small lateral buds near the base of the current season's growth but sometimes occur as far bask as on five-year old wood, very rarely from a small bud in the terminal cluster on a weak branch. About the end of September they drop to the ground and the thin fleshy layer decays leaving a longitudinally ribbed hard thin-walled shell with a large larval cavity.

Habitat.--IL

Opened some of the galls September 3, 1918, and found living adults and left the rest to emerge naturally, which they did by April 10, 1919.

Disholcaspis pedunculoides, new species

Host.--Quercus grisea, undulata, arizonica, oblongifolia

Gall.--In clusters of 2-20 on the peduncle. Individual galls slender, conical, 10-12 mm long, sharp at tip, tapering below to about 3 mm in diameter and more or less clasping at its star-shaped base. Monothalamous, wall .3 mm thick, exit hole in side 1.2 mm in diameter. Colored like the bark, darker at apex. 

Biology.--While growing in the late summer the galls are green but by November 1 in the Sandia Mountains they were turning brown and contained adults  which emerged during last week in December and first two weeks in January.

Habitat.--NM, AZ

Amphibolips confluentus (Harris)

Galls at Ithaca, NY, contained full-grown larvae on July 14, 1908, when collected, pupae on August 1 and adults September 12 when 86 specimens, all females, were cut out of the galls. A gall at waterport NY contained a pupa August 14. Galls at Manistee, MI, contained adults when opened September 20. At Miller, IN, galls just turning brown were gathered on June 3, 1911, then containing full-grown larvae which had transformed into adults by Sept 16. Flies emerged Nov 21 1918, from galls on Quercus velutina from Lyme CT. Brodie collected galls on Q coccinea at Toronto in October and producers emerged Nov 10 1892, all females.

Amphibolips spongifica (Osten Sacken)

At DC, which is the type locality for this vernal sexual form, the galls appear with the leaves in the spring, having been observed on April 24, 1921, 3 cm in diameter when the leaves were scarcely 15 mm wide. In 1923 they were full grown by May 6, but with the nutritive layer only partly used up. One contained a living male ready to emerge on June 16. At Porter, IN, galls were beginning to turn brown on June 19, 1912, and a male issued July 1. At Evanston, IL, males and females issued June 16 and 20, 1913. Galls collected June 16, 1918, on Q coccinea at Lyme CT gave adults of both sexes June 12, 21, 29, 1918. Flies emerged from galls from Rosslyn VA on June 12-14. Brodie collected galls at Toronto on Quercus maxima [rubra] "They appear as an expansion of the leaf early in May, always attached to the end of a vein. Ova placed in bud in fall." Adults all out by end of June, 1886, and in 1887, he records that the producers had nearly emerged by July 3, and in 1893 all out by July 1.

Amphibolips inanis

The "empty oak apple" has been collected at the following localities: IL, IN, WI, MO, OK, MD, VA, MA, NY, and Ontario.

The galls are 18-32 mm in diameter, light green with irregularly scattered purplish spots, wall thin and somewhat translucent, produced singly on under side of leaf. At Evanston [IL] adults issued in various seasons on June 11; June 25, and July 6; at Ottawa July 8; in mountains of Virginia on July 9. 

Amphibolips ellipsoidalis, new species

Host. — Quercus palustris. 

Gall (fig. 26). — A bud gall of early spring as new growth is starting. Spindle-shaped, blunt at both ends, up to 14 mm. long by 5 mm. in diameter, smooth, mottled with white when fresh, falling to ground when mature. Produced from weak lateral buds. 

Habitat. — The type fly was reared from a gall collected May 9, 1920, on Q. palustris at "Dyche" on the wooded banks of the Potomac below Alexandria, Va. The fly was found dead in breeding cage April 10, 1921, Similar galls have been found in spring on Q. coccinea at Ravinia and Fort Sheridan, IL.; Miller, Ind.; and Washington, D. C. A shorter and broader gall with the same structure was seen on Q. imbricaria at Joliet, IL. 

Neuroterus perminimus agamic

The species was described from the sexual generation emerging in late June or early July from oval parenchyma galls in the current season's leaves of Quercus alba. The galls the writer refers to this species differ only in being found in October and yielding adults, all agamic females, in the early spring. Galls collected at Evanston, IL., gave flies April 1-23, 1909, and in 1910 from April 4-20. Brodie collected galls in October and reared adults May 9, 1888. 

Amphibolips spinosa

This species was described from one specimen from " Florida " reared in January, the gall on Q. laurifolia. The writer has found the gall on Q. phellos also and at the following localities : Jacksonville, Daytona, Live Oak, Madison, River Junction, Tallahassee, Gainesville, and Clearwater. Among galls collected on ground at Madison on October 21, 1919 some contained pupae but the adults never emerged. When the galls were cut open October 10, 1920 moulded adults, a pupa and a larva were found. These adults were females. 

Dryocosmus floridensis

Dryophanta floridensis
Andricus peltatus

Host. — D. floridensis was described from Spanish oak, Q. rubra (falcata) and from Blue-jack oak, (cinerea [incana]) from Florida; peltatus from Q. marilandica., and the writer here adds the following unrecorded hosts: Q. nigra., Q. imbricara, Q. phellos, and Q. palustris. He has reared adults from palustris, rubra, and imbricaria. 

Biology. — About Washington the galls may be found just starting in early May. They are then bright scarlet. As they develop the bracts become green and unless gall is parasitized turn brown about the time the adults emerge which is about the middle of June. For rearing the galls must be left on the tree until the pupa stage is reached and the living flies cut out of the dry galls later. May 27 was the earliest date at which a pupa was noted. By June 19, 1921, almost all the flies were out. 

Habitat. — The species seems to belong to the Atlantic coast plain. The writer has seen galls at Chesapeake Beach, Md. ; East Falls Church, Rosslyn, and Fredericksburg, Va. ; Fairfax, S. C. ; Marianna, River Junction, and Glainesville. Fla.; Troy and Dothan, Ala.: Palestine, Houston, Trinity, and Texarkana, Tex.; and at Tuskahoma, Okla. J. L. Zabriskie collected galls at Flatbush. N. Y. 

Zopheroteras compressa (Gillette)

Acraspis compressus Gillette, Bull. IL. St. Lab. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, 1891, p. 197. 

This species was described from two specimens cut from galls. The gall in the Illinois State laboratory is ellipsoidal, 2.7 mm. by 1.8 mm. by 1.8 mm., with a slightly wrinkled brown surface, the wall thin (.2 mm.) and made up of two about equal layers, the outer brown, the inner whitish. Their type fly has been lost. The remaining gall and fly in the Gillette collection have now been deposited in the National Museum. It is a Zopheroteras. Never having reared this species, which seems to be distinct from the following [[Zopheroteras sphaerula](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1158)], the writer does not recognize the fresh galls in the field.

ZOPHEROTERAS SPHAERULA, new species 

Host. — Quercus maxima [rubra], red oak. 

Gall. — Spherical or slightly ellipsoidal, not depressed, found in fall on both upper and lower surface of leaf attached to a vein, singly or 3-4 in a row, about 3 mm. in diameter, greenish or yellowish-green often tinged with red above, dropping to the ground before the leaves. Monothalamous, fleshy, apparently solid when fresh, the larval cavity scarcely visible. 

Habitat, — Type locality, Evanston, IL. The galls were also seen at Wilmette, Ravinia, and Moline, IL.; Medina, N. Y. ; and at Bluemont, Va. 

Biology. — Galls collected on ground under two large forest trees on the bank of the Chicago River four miles west of Evanston on October 8, 1916, contained pupae when examined September 17, 1917, and adults November 16, 1917, which emerged in numbers and were found alive in out-of-door breeding cage on March 13, 1918, others emerging before April 6. 

Andricus incertus Bassett

Andricus fimbriatus

The holotype of incertus was taken ovipositing in bud of Q. hicolor on April 22 at Waterbury, Conn., and is preserved in the Bassett collection in Philadelphia. In June 1921 S. A. Rohwer at my request took a paratype of fimbriatus to Philadelphia to compare with incertus and could see no difference. This species producing a gall in a fimbriate cup on acorn cup of Q. hicolor should henceforth be known as incertus Bassett. These galls have been noted at Washington, D. C. The alternating generation is unknown. 

Neuroterus batatus (Fitch)

The succulent stem galls of the sexual generation on the new growth were seen [in IL and IN] the adults emerging at Evanston June 16-25, 1913, at Michigan City June 26, 1906. 


Neuroterus fugiens, new species

Host.--Quercus macrocarpa

Gall (fig 29).--A lens-shaped thickening in the parenchyma of a leaf always adjacent to a vein. Single or more or less confluent in a row. Most conspicuous from the lower side where rose-red hairs show against its translucent white background. On upper surface showing a very slight swelling only and only a slightly lighter green color. Exit hole above where wall is thinnest. Causes wrinkling and deformation of the leaf if numerous. Occurs in spring when young leaves are about one-third grown. 

Habitat. — The type material is from galls collected on Q. macrocarpa at Willow Springs, IL., May 24, 1919, when some of the cells contained larvae and others pupae. The adults issued by May 30. The galls were seen also at Evanston. 

Biology. — On June 16, 1916, empty galls on burr oak were seen at Evanston and on the same stump sprouts were found half-grown galls of the saltarius described above suggesting that this is the alternating generation of that species. On May 28, 1916, at Evanston on the small lower branches from the trunk of a tree of Q. bicolor these galls were found, some with exit holes and others containing pupae. Adults apparently from these galls were seen ovipositing on the under side of the leaves which were then about 3 inches long. Unfortunately none of the flies was preserved. Old leaves on the ground bore evidence of the presence of the jumping gall the previous fall. Experimental proof of this suggested life history is needed as the adults seem to go in the subgenus Diplobius., created for species whose alternating galls are practically identical. 

Neuroterus noxiosus (Bassett)

By May 30 a slight bulging of the midrib of the young leaves then an inch and a half long has been noted and the galls of the alternating generation are full grown by June 30, greatly deforming the leaves. The adults emerged June 12- July 3. 

Neuroterus noxiosus (Bassett)

The woody stem galls of the agamic generation are very conspicuous in winter on certain trees of Quercus bicolor at Evanston IL, the adults emerging April 10-14, April 1, and May 10. They were seen to oviposit in buds, thrusting the ovipositor perpendicularly through the bud scales just as the buds were beginning to swell. On July 22, the young stem galls of the winter form were half grown but still green and succulent with no larvae visible. 

Disholcaspis conalis, new species

Conical, 10-18 mm. high, with a clasping base 8-12 mm. in diameter, the tapering apex often lopsided, single or in small clusters on small twigs in the fall. Greenish when growing and covered with dense short white pubescence which rubs off after the galls begin to harden. They start to develop late in May and mature in September. Old galls are tan-colored. The interior consists of dense cellular tissue with a transversely placed larval cell, not separable and without a distinct lining wall.

Host:
Quercus garryana

Habitat. — The type material was collected September 8, 1922, in Sequoia National Park, Calif., just above the Cedar Creek checking station on the road from Kaweah to Giant Forest. Some flies issued and died in the packet before October 1, while others died inside, not being able to chew out of the hard galls. 

Biorhiza rubina

White or rosy translucent depressed spherical galls 2-3 mm in diameter on under side of leaves of Quercus alba in fall, agreeing with the original description of the galls of this species, have been noted [in IL, MO, NY, VA]. Similar galls have been seen on the rock chestnut oak, Q montana, [in VA]. The writer has not reared the adult. 

Xystoteras volutellae Ashmead [According to Lyon, Weld was mistaken about the loss of Ashmead's types, and the wasp he replaced them with is P lyratum, not volutellae]

This species, the genotype of Xystoteras, was described from a single specimen from Manhattan, Kans., from Quercus macrocarpa. The type galls are in the National Museum, but the type fly can not be found there, nor did Ashmead return it to Manhattan, as he is known to have done with certain species sent him from there. The writer has collected galls which agree with the Ashmead types, and reared flies which agree with the original description except that balsam mounts show a tooth on the tarsal claws, which were described as simple. As the type seems to be lost it seems advisable to designate this series of reared flies as neotypes, and to add a few notes on the species to supplement the original description. The galls were collected in October, 1917, at Texarkana, Ark., on Q. lyrata; and, when a few were opened on November 21, some contained pupae and others living adults. The flies emerged (out- of-doors at Evanston, IL.) on February 19, March 20, April 6, May 23, June 14 and 21, 1918. The same galls were seen at Poplar Bluff, Mo., on Q. lyrata. 

Diplolepis capillata, new species

Host.--Quercus alba

Gall.--Cluster of 2-12 on midrib on under side of leaf in fall, usually on the lower leaves of strong stumps from sprouts. The individual galls are whitish or tan-colored, somewhat globular, 2-3 mm in diameter, but slightly distorted by mutual pressure, covered with sparse short pubescence which does not hide the outline of the gall.

Habitat.--The type material was collected at Fort Sheridan, IL., October 3, 1914. Nothing emerged before September, 1915, but when the breeding cage was next examined on November 2, 1915, six dead adults were found in the cage and a gall contained a full-grown larva, and a larva was found when another gall was opened June 2, 1916. The galls were also seen at Highland Park, IL. ; Kimmswick, Ironton, and Poplar Bluff, Mo. ; Hot Springs and Texarkana, Ark. ; Bluemont, Va., and Washington, D. C. A similar gall without the long scattered hairs was observed on Q. montana at Washington and Bluemont. Galls collected at East Falls Church, Va., in October, 1923, gave adults December 12, 1924. 

Diplolepis carolina (Ashmead)

Described from two adults from Asheville, N. C, from galls on Quercus alba. The writer reared two flies which agree with the types from galls collected on Q. stellata at Ironton, Mo. in October, 1917, the flies emerging June 1, 1918. The galls occur in clusters of 2-4 on the midrib and nearly always on upper side of the leaf but sometimes on the lower. They are 5-6 mm. in diameter, with a smooth surface just visible with hand lens between clumps of stellate hairs. The galls were seen at Hoxie, Hot Springs, and Texarkana, Ark. ; Palestine, Houston, Boerne, College Station, and Arlington, Tex. ; Madison and Ocala, Fla. What seems to be the same gall occurs at Boerne and Austin, Tex., on shin oak, Q. breviloba, and on Q. chapmani at Carabelle, Clearwater, St. Petersburg, and Daytona, Fla. 

Callirhytis gallaestriatae, new species

Host.--Quercus maxima [rubra], red oak

Gall.--The gall was described by Miss Stebbins in 1910 but she failed to rear the adult. The galls are spindle-shaped with a long tapering base, the largest measuring 31 mm. long by 4 mm in diameter, longitudinally ridged with from 9-12 rounded ridges. They are found in late summer sticking out at an angle of 45° on the twigs, produced from weak lateral buds toward the base of the current season's growth, greenish at first and often tinged with red, later turning brown and dropping to ground early in September. 

Habitat. — The type material was collected at Ravinia, IL., September 15, 1917. Galls were opened at intervals and on September 2 and March 25, 1919, those opened contained full-grown larvae. On June 9, 1919, the dead adult was found in the last of the galls in the cage. Date of normal emergence unknown. These galls were also collected at Evanston, Fort Sheridan, and Glen Ellyn, IL. William Beutenmueller has collected them at New York City. There is a similar gall on Q. texana at Boerne, Tex.

DIPLOLEPIS CINEREAE (Ashmead) 

Dryophanta cinereae 

Andricus (Callirhytis) saccularius 

Cinereae was described as a rare species on Quercus cinerea at Jacksonville, Fla. ; saccularius from Q. coccinea and velutina in Connecticut. They seem to the writer to be the same. The galls have been noticed on the following oaks also: Q. rubra, imbricaria, marilandica, and phellos, and at the following localities : Evanston, Glencoe, Ravinia, Fort Sheridan, Waukegan, Palos Park, and Moline, IL.; North East, Pa.; East Hampton (C. R. Crosby) and Medina, N. Y.; Plummer Island, Md.; Washington, D. C; Rosslyn and Waterford, Va.; Poplar Bluff, Mo.; Trinity, Tex.; Fairfax, S. C. ; and Jacksonville, Gainesville, and Ocala, Fla.

Flies were emerging at Waukegan from galls on red oak, Q. maxima on May 27, 1911. The National Museum has a fly from Washington that emerged May 19, 1918. 

Diplolepis notha

Galls were collected at Evanston, Winnetka, Glencoe, Fort Sheridan, and Waukegan, IL. Adults issued June 7, 1909, before June 4, 1913. June 3, 1915. At Washington, D. C, flies issued on May 18 from galls on Q. palustris. 

Andricus femoratus Ashmead 

Described from a female reared in Max from gall on Q. laurifolia from "Florida,'' the type is labeled Jacksonville. The writer collected galls on Q. laurifolia and phellos at Jacksonville, Daytona, Gainesville, River Junction, and Tallahassee and secured a couple of adults which emerged some time after April 7. 

Andricus stellaris, new species

A hemispherical gall, 3-4 mm in diameter and 2 mm. high, covered with short, blunt crystalline protuberances with a circle of 12-15 longer, broad and flat projections at the base resembling an open specimen of a many-rayed species of the fungus. Attached singly or scattered in small numbers on the underside of the leaf in the fall. The galls are yellowish-white, often tinged with red. The larval cell lies transversely in the very base of the gall and above it is a cavity above which the crystalline wall of the upper part of the gall is very thick.

Host:
Quercus garryana

Andricus chrysobalani, new species

Consists of a larval cell horizontally placed inside of and in very base of young acorns in midsummer. Affected acorns are those of the current season whose growth has been so retarded that they are undersized (10-18 mm.), often lopsided, with the cup more or less distorted. The cotyledons do not develop inside. The exit hole is in the top of the acorn and the cup is not involved.

Xanthoteras teres, new species 

Host.--Quercus garryana

Gall (fig. 40). —A globular knob on a cylindrical stalk hanging from a vein on underside of leaf in autumn, dropping with the leaf, single or but few on a leaf, covered with a dense short woolly white pubescence which weathers away in old galls. They measure up to 5.5 mm. long by 2.5 mm. in diameter. Monothalamous. The pubescence consists of a dense layer of short brownish hairs like an inner fur at the base of the long white hairs. Underneath is a thick brownish stony-hard layer and within a thin layer of light-colored tissue in which is the larval cavity.

Habitat. — The type material was collected in Sequoia National Park on September 8, 1922, on the scrubby Kaweah oak above the Cedar Creek checking station on the Giant Forest road. Living flies were cut out of the galls on November 13. The galls were also collected at Fort Jones and Scott Bar, Calif., and at Siskiyou, McLeod, Wolf Creek, Oakland, Cottage Grove, and Salem, Ore. Fresh galls reach their full growth in late July.

Andricus exiguus Bassett

This species has been reared from flower galls on Q stellata at DC, the flies emerging May 11 1914 and in 1920 on May 9. The same species of adults was also reared from galls collected in VA. In both cases the collection yielded flies of a Neuroterus and the writer has not definitely associated the Andricus with the gall from which it came.

Diplolepis sessilis, new species

Host. — Quercus arizonica.

Gall (figs. 7 and 35). — Cylindrical with a deep broad cup at apex, dark red, attached on under side of leaf in the fall, falling with the leaf. Usually only one or two on a leaf. The galls measure up to 5 mm. high and 5 mm. in diameter at upper end. The lower end with a sharp flaring rim is sessile on the leaf surface, the upper half dilated, not so smooth, brownish, often inrolled at top, giving the gall somewhat the appearance of a sea anemone. The basal half of the gall is occupied by a centrally placed conical cavity, above which and immediately below the floor of the cup is an excentrically placed larval cell which is cut transversely, if at all, when the gall  is split lengthwise.

Andricus tubularius, new species

Host. — Quercus undulata.

Gall (fig. 22). — Smooth, tan-colored, blunt, cylindrical cells bursting out through the bark singly or in vertical rows of 2-6, only the upper third or less protruding, not deciduous. Single cells measure 3.2 mm. long by 1.7 mm. in diameter with Avail .1-.2 mm. thick.
Occur in early summer on small twigs of previous season's growth. Exit hole at apex and old galls show as a row of holes.

Eumayria herberti, new species

Hosts: Quercus kelloggii; the same sort of cells were noted in Quercus agrifolia and wislizenii

Gall: Cells in the peripheral layer of wood just under the normal bark of vigorous shoots 2 cm or less in diameter. Single cells measure 3 mm by 1 mm, the long axis parallel with long axis of twig, the exit holes .7 mm in diameter. If several cells lie close together their shape is somewhat distorted and a slight swelling may be visible on surface.

Range: CA

Trichoteras coquilletti Ashmead

The writer collected galls on Quercus chrysolepis at Camp Baldy, June IG, 1918, when they seemed too immature to rear but flies, agreeing with the types, emerged January 15, 1919. In September, 1922, galls were collected in the Santa Ana Mountains (a living fly cut out November 14) and at Idyllwild and adults were cut out on January 23.

Neuroterus sadlerensis, new species

Hosts: Quercus sadleriana

Gall (fig. 28). — Greenish-yellow succulent enlargement of the midrib and adjacent parenchyma of the basal portions of the outermost leaves in a terminal cluster and causing a more or less complete reduction of the blade of the inner leaves in the cluster producing a conspicuous rosette at the end of the twig. In July. 

This is the first cynipid to be reported from Sadler's oak. The species would go in the subgenus Dolichostrophus and is related to Neuroterus washingtonensis Beutenmueller. 

Habitat. — The type material was collected July 20, 1922, on the ridge above the Oregon Caves National Monument in the Siskiyou mountains near Holland, Oreg., at an elevation of 6,000 feet. Adults of both sexes emerged by July 28.

Diplolepis tecturnarum (Kinsey)

Andricus tecturnarum

This species was described from an unknown oak from San Luis Potosi, Mexico. The writer found the galls very abundant on Q. undulata at Tijeras, N. Mex., in April, 1918, and again on November 1, 1921 (adults emerging by hundreds February 20 to March 9, 1922). Galls on this oak were seen also in Blue Canyon and Nogal Canyon near Socorro, at Hillsboro and Kingston, in the Burro Mountains and in Arizona at Hackberry and Ashfork (flies emerg- ing February 14). The galls were also very common on Q. grisea at Magdalena, N. Mex., in November, 1921, the flies emerging in large numbers February 20 to March 8. Galls were seen at Williams, Ariz., also. One cluster of the galls was collected on Q. gambelii near Magdalena, flies emerging February 4r-20. At Oracle, Ariz., a few galls occurred on Q. arizonica, adults emerging March 9. Here the galls are hard to distinguish from nubila when seen up in the tree, but in hand the difference in structure is at once apparent. At Las Vegas Hot Springs galls on an unknown oak contained pupae on October 12 and adults emerged January 13, February 20, and March 8. At Shoemaker, Rowe, Glorieta, Tijeras, and Magdalena galls were seen on what may have been Q. fendleri. The galls were also seen at Fierro and in Arizona in the Huachuca and Patagonia Mountains and about Prescott. 

Cynips plumbea, new species

Hosts: Quercus oblongifolia, arizonica

Gall (fig. 12). — Globular, 8-11 mm. in diameter, produced singly in the fall on the under side of leaf saddled on midrib. Lead color when fresh with a whitish bloom that easily rubs off and leaves a shining surface. Green or rosy on one side when growing, tan-colored when old. Monothalamous, the larval cavity surrounded by a wall about one-third the diameter of gall thick.

Range: AZ

Neuroterus papillosus

Parenchyma galls in the leaves of Quercus bicolor, agreeing with the type galls of this species, were collected at Chesterton, Ind., June 25, the adults emerging June 27-29, 1912. They occurred on the leaves of thrifty sprouts and on lower branches of a small tree near by. Exit holes on lower side. Galls were also taken at Wilmette, IL., June 9, 1913. 

Xystoteras poculum, new species

Host. — Quercus alba.

Galls. — Popularly known as "spangle " galls and first described by Fitch in 1859, these common objects have an extended literature under the name of Cecidomyia poculum, with good figures by Glover, Beutenmueller, Stewart, Thompson, and Felt, but they have not hitherto been reared. Osten Sacken suspected that they were due to a Cynipid.

The galls are attached in groups on the underside of mature leaves, and they are found in September and October. They are button-shaped, 3-4.5 mm. in diameter, covered with a whitish bloom, slightly concave above, with a low elevation in center, the edge sharp and becoming less upturned as the larval cavity develops, attached by a short slender pedicel, between which and the rim on the under side is a prominent heavy rounded ring of tissue. The larval cavity is centrally placed, transverse, with no false chamber. 

Habitat. — The type material was collected at Ironton, Missouri, on October 5, 1917, and living flies were found in the out-of-door breeding cage at Evanston, Illinois, on March 24, 1919, indicating that the emergence is very early the second spring. This delayed emergence probably accounts for the failure of other students to rear it. The writer has seen these galls in Virginia, New York, and Illinois also and museum specimens from Vermont and New Hampshire, indicating a widespread distribution of the species. There is a precisely similar gall in Q. prinus, which will no doubt prove to be due to this species. 

Andricus chinquapin

Figites chinquapin
Cynips fusiformis
Cynips capsula

The two type galls of chinquapin in the National Museum from Q. prinoides are similar to those of capsula from Q. bicolor (another chestnut oak) and the two type flies of capsula sent by Bassett can not be separated from Fitch's type fly which, however, lacks the abdomen. 

The holotype of fusiformis in the Museum of Comparative Zoology has not been compared directly with the above types but flies bred from the precisely similar gall on Q. alba can not be separated from them and the writer concludes that these three names all refer to one species making galls on different white oaks. This view has also been expressed by William Beutenmueller in letter. 

The writer has taken the gall on Q. montana, rock chestnut oak, at Ithaca, N. Y. ; Alexandria and Great Falls, Va. ; Washington, D. C, where a fly ready to emerge was cut out of gall on May 31. On Q. alba at Evanston, New Lenox, (fly emerged June 7), and Fort Sheridan, IL.: Ironton, Mo.; Falls Church and Rosslyn, Va.; Plummer Island, Md. ; Washington, D. C. Barlow collected them at Cadet, Mo., Miss Howe at Ithaca and Crosby at Farmingdale, X. Y. On Q. bicolor common at Wilmette and Evanston, IL., where flies emerged June 15-23, 1909. and June 10-16, 1912. At Washington galls contained pupae May 6, 1914. These galls have also been seen on Q. macrocarpa at Winnetka, IL. and on Q. stellata at Rosslyn, Va. 

Andricus foliosus, new species

Host. — Quercus bicolor and macrocarpa. 

Gall (fig. 17). — A fleshy green enlargement of the midrib or one of lateral veins usually on basal third of leaf blade, usually only one on a leaf. "When seen from below there is a bend in midrib at this point and a small depressed spot. On upper side of leaf it shows a rosette of leaf-like rudiments hiding the gall; on the lower a smaller rosette on the concave side of the bond. The gall contains 1-6 larval cavities and the larva is much elongated like those in rose galls. The young galls begin to show about the middle of May when the young leaves are not one-third grown. 

Habitat. — The type locality is a tree of Q. bicolor four miles west of Evanston, IL., out Emerson Street. Here the galls were observed year after year for several years. Galls collected June G, 1909, gave flies in numbers June 29 and in early July. In 1912 adults emerged June 20-28. In 1913 they emerged on June 26. In 1916 the flies were mostly out by June 28 and galls beginning to dry up. In 1917 they contained pupae on June 2-1. The paratype locality is a tree of Q. macrocarpa in Winnetka. IL. Miss Howe found galls at Ithaca and Geneva (see thesis) and the writer has seen them at Medina, N. Y.. as well as at Evanston and Moline, IL., on Q. macrocarpa. 

Diplolepis unica, new species

Host. — Quercus stellata. 

Gall (fig. 9).- — Spherical, 5-7 mm. in diameter, white, smooth, single, always on under side of leaf saddled on a vein so that when detached a depression (containing pedicel) and groove is left on the gall. Occurs in fall. Monothalamous. A section through a fresh gall shows a white fleshy interior containing a distinct but not free larval cell, a tinge of red or brown just under the outer layer. 

Habitat. — The type material was collected at Ironton, Mo., in October, 1917, and adults emerged (in out-of-door cage near Chicago) on May 15, 1918. The writer saw galls at Poplar Bluff also, and at Hoxie, Little Rock, Hot Springs, and Texarkana, Ark; Palestine. Trinity, Cuero, Poerne, Austin, College Station, and Arlington, Tex.: and at Green Cove Springs, Fla. What seems to be the same gall occurs on Q. margaretta and lyrata also. The Pergande collection contained a gall from Virginia and a fly which emerged April 16, 1883, determined as this species. 

Diplolepis occultata, new species

Host: Quercus lobata

Gall. — A seed-like, thin-walled cell produced inside the winter buds and usually completely hidden by the bud scales. It is 2.5-3 mm. long, slightly flattened, with a sort of scar at the blunt-pointed apex, light colored with surface slightly veined. Usually only one in a bud and excentrically placed, not injuring the growing point. If two are present the bud is usually visibly deformed. The exit hole 0.8 mm. in diameter is made in the side of bud through the bud scales. Wall 0.1 mm. thick. 

Habitat. — Type locality Cottonwood, Shasta County, Calif. On December 7 at the writer's request A. W. Gambs collected small branches of the ''river bottom" oak bearing twig galls of Disholcaspis eldoradensis Beutenmueller but the adults had all emerged. In this box of material small gall-makers were found to be emerging on January 6 and an examination disclosed these bud galls. Others emerged January 16, 20, 21, 22 and several were cut out of the galls in dissected buds. The writer has collected old buds of this oak in summer showing this characteristic exit hole at Newhall, Ojai. Santa Margarita, Paso Robles, Los Gatos, Palo Alto, St. Helena, Lakeport, Chico and Red Bluff, Calif. Similar exit holes have been noted in old buds of Q. douglasii, dumosa., durata, and garryana but no adults were reared from these hosts. 

Callirhytis clavula

The oak club gall on Quercus alha has been collected at Kenilworth, Winnetka, Glencoe, Ravinia, Fort Sheridan, Waukegan, La Grange, Willow Springs, Utica, and Moline, IL. ; Miller, Ind.; Onekama (T. Hatfield), Mich.; Syracuse and Farmingdale (Crosby), N. Y.; Popular Bluft', Mo.; Plummer Island, Md.; Washington, D. C; East Falls Church, Va., and Blue Hills, Mass. About Chicago pupae were found in the galls in various years on June 11, July 12, and July 16. One emerged July 12, 1912. At Washington living adults were cut out of galls on July 16, 1920 and in 1924 they emerged July 9, 13, and 14. Beutenmueller has had adults emerge at New York City July 14-30. Brodie collected galls at Toronto but seems not to have reared adults. Girault reared adults at Blacks- burg, Va., July 12, 1901. 

What seems to be the same gall has been taken on Quercus stellata at Mineola, Tex.; Poplar Bluff, and Washington. 

Neuroterus distortus

The writer has collected galls of this species on Quercus bicolor at Evanston, Wilmette, Glencoe, and New Lenox, IL, The flies issue during the first two weeks of May. A similar gall perhaps of this species was observed on the rock chestnut oak, Q. montana, near Alexandria, Va. 

Neuroterus evolutus, new species

Host. — Quercus lobata. 

Gall. — A cell about 1.8 mm. long lying in the wood under a leaf or flower scar, the upper end nearly reaching but not showing at the surface until the adult begins to make the exit hole. But one or rarely two under a scar. Exit hole in the scar or near it. Found about the terminal cluster of buds or sometimes at the internodes forming the annual ring. Similar to the gall of the eastern species described above but the adult is different. 

Habitat— Cottonwood, Shasta County, Calif. Twigs collected by A. W. Gambs on December 7 gave adults indoors January 6 and from others collected late in January adults emerged February 9 and 11. The normal emergence is probably before the buds start in the spring. 

Neuroterus exiguus

Spindle-shaped fleshy enlargements of the staminate flower axis of Quercus stellata at Alexandria, Va., gave adults of this Neuroterus on May 12, 1920. The galls were also seen at Rosslyn. Along with these swellings and sometimes on them were tan-colored, thin-walled, somewhat hairy, oval galls evidently representing enlarged filaments which also seem to contain this Neuroterus. 

Neuroterus irregularis

Galls collected at Clarendon, Va., but a few miles from the type locality of this species, on an isolated tree of Quercus stellata on which fully half of the leaves bore galls, gave adults May 14-20, 1923. At this time the recently emerged flies were seen resting on the leaves by hundreds, the females ovipositing on the under surface. In early September this tree bore thousands of small, nearly spherical, short-pubescent galls recently described as those which yield in March the agamic fly Neuroterus saltatorius australis Kinsey. No other kind of gall was noticed on the tree. In the spring of 1924 the nearly full-grown galls on the leaves were observed again and globular galls collected from the ground beneath still contained larvae indicating that some at least hold over in the galls for two winters before emerging. Adults of irregularis emerged May 24—6, 1924. Another tree some miles away at Takoma Park, Md., bore countless number of these spherical galls which were dropping to the ground in the latter part of September 1923, and this tree was one on which irregularis had been very abundant in the spring. These galls were not observed to jump. In Arlington Cemetery, Va., a tree was seen so heavily infested with irregularis galls in the spring of 1920 that on July 4 the tree was observed to have put forth a new crop of leaves as a result. A sending of fresh galls from Middleburg, Va., yielded 487 adults of which 136 were females and 351 or 72 per cent males. 

Neuroterus majalis

The writer has collected galls on Quercus alba at Willow Springs, Evanston (adults emerged June 11-13, 1909), Ravinia, and Fort Sheridan (adults emerging May 30, 1911), IL.; at Miller, Ind.; at Fairfax, S. C. ; at Poplar Bluff, Mo.; at Plummer Island, Md. ; and Washington, D. C. The galls are much more common about Washington than in the Chicago area and are full grown early in May when the young leaves are but 5-6 cm. long. Similar galls were noted on the rock chestnut oak, Q. montana., at Washington and at Falls Church and Alexandria, Va., where adults emerged May 6-11, 1920 and some seemed to be ovipositing on the leaves. 

Neuroterus minutissimus

The writer has collected galls in Florida at Jacksonville, Daytona, St. Petersburg, Clearwater, and Ocala, but has never reared adults which are said to emerge in spring. The Pergande collection had galls from St. George also. 

Neuroterus minutus

The galls of this species have been taken at Winnetka, Ravinia, and Moline, IL.; at Plummer Island and Takoma Park, Md.; at Washington, D. C; at Falls Church and Alexandria, Va.; and at Fairfax, S. C. In the Chicago area the galls are rare and contained pupae one year on May 30 and the next year on June 9. Adults were all out at Moline by June 19. About Washington the galls are very abundant especially in 1924 when two large white oaks had almost every twig end affected. The galls contained pupae on May 4 and adults emerged May 6-12, males appearing first. Galls collected at Falls Church :May 2, 1920, gave adults :May 7. Brodie found galls at Toronto. 

Neuroterus rileyi

Galls determined by writer as this species were sent to the National Museum December 12, 1920, from Sulphur, Okla., host oak not given. 

Neuroterus umbilicatus [generation inferred from phylogeny]

Galls on Quercus bicolor, agreeing with Bassett specimens, were collected at Washington, D. C, on September 23, 1923. No adults were reared, as some of the galls at least still contained larvae June 1, 1924. In late October, 1924, William Beutenmueller collected galls at Tenafly. N. J., and sent some to the writer for rearing. Up to January 1, 1926, he had reared nothing from the thousands of galls in his breeding cages, some indoors and some out, nor has the writer succeeded in rearing the adults. Galls were also seen at Ithaca, N. Y. 

Neuroterus vernus

The writer has found galls of this species only once, and at Moline, IL. The adults had all emerged before July 21.



Neuroterus vesicula

The galls of this species were described as starting their development in the fall, maturing quickly in the spring, the adults emerging about the time the oak leaves begin to expand. The writer has no evidence to show that this succulent gall develops partially in the fall, but they do occur and become full. grown before the buds start in the spring, the adults emerging either before or just as the buds open. They have been noted on Quercus alba., from which the species was described, at Ravinia, IL., containing both pupae and adults on April 24, 1915, the adults beginning to emerge April 29. Fort Sheridan galls contained pupae May 12, 1917, adults emerging May 18. In 1920 galls contained pupae at Cherrydale, Va., on April 11; and at Chevy Chase, Md., on April 18. At Washington adults were emerging March 27, 1921, and in the late season of 1924 on April 26. In emerging the flies chew out a round piece, which often remains as a hinged lid. On Q. montana galls were seen at Washington, with flies emerging April 22, 1923. On Q. bicolor the galls were common at Evanston, IL., being noticed as early as March 28, 1909, and March 27, 1910 (adults emerged and died in jar before April 20). In 1912 emergence was in late April, only one fly being reared from galls collected May 6. In 1913 galls were collected on April 15, some already showing exit holes, adults emerging by April 27. While gathering the galls an adult thought to be of this species was observed ovipositing in a bud. On Q. macrocarpa galls were found at Evanston May 1, 1913, and on April 27, 1915, three empty ones from which adults had recently emerged, and near by two adults perhaps from these galls were seen ovipositing in buds. Similar galls occur at Washington on Q. stellata, the flies emerging March 27-30, 1921, and April 25-29, 1924. 

Diplolepis acraspiformis, new species

Host. — Quercus undulata and Quercus toumeyi.

Gall (fig. 30). — Globular, spiny, single on under side of leaf on midrib in fall, monothalamous, 7-10 mm. in diameter. The wall of the gall is half a millimeter thick, hard and crystalline, covered with yellow spines 2.5 mm. long with swollen bases half a millimeter in diameter which are pinkish in color and polygonal by mutual pressure in cross-section. When detached a rosette of single-celled short colorless hairs is found about the base of each spine. The exit hole, 1.2 mm. in diameter is in the side of the gall. It is similar in structure to some of the Acraspis galls in the east. 

Habitat . — The type is selected from galls collected November 7, 1921, in Blue Canyon west of Socorro, N. Mex., the files being cut out of the galls a few days later. Paratypes are from Nogal Canyon south of Socorro, the flies emerging December 31 and January 13. Other paratypes are from Hackberry, Ariz., the flies having emerged and died before February 14. All the above were on Q. undulata. One paratype is from Q, toumeyi, Patagonia, Ariz., the fly emerging December 31. Galls were seen on Q. undulata at Ashfork, Ariz., also and in the Burro Mountains, N. Mex. 

Diplolepis amphora, new species

Host. — Quercus undulata. 

Gall (fig. 31). — A hollow cylinder, sessile at base, swollen more or less in the middle and tapering to the apex which is contracted to a small hole leading into a deep cavity in the bottom of which and in the basal third of the gall is the thin-walled larval cell below which a small cavity leads to the pedicel. Red or brownish, 4-5 mm. high by 3 mm. in diameter, the hole at apex about 1 mm. in diameter. Occurs in fall and drops with the leaves, usually only one or two on a leaf near the edge on under side. 

Habitat. — The type is selected from material collected on Q. undulata at Tijeras, N. Mex., November 1, 1921, when some of the galls contained pupae and others adults. Paratypes are from Q. undulata in Blue Canyon west and Nogal Canyon south of Socorro, the living flies cut out of the galls January 3, 1922. Other paratypes are from the same host at Hillsboro, the flies cut out November 16. Paratypes also are from Prescott, Ariz., (host not recorded), the galls collected April 13, 1918, the flies emerging before April 20 (Hopkins U. S. No. 15617/i;). The galls have been collected on Q. undulata at the "breaks " south of Bard, N. Mex., (E, E. Goddard), and at Ashfork, Ariz. The writer has collected what he takes to be galls of this species on Q. grisea at Magdalena, N. Mex.; on Q. arizonica at Bisbee and Oracle, Ariz. ; and on Q. oblongifolia at Nogales, Patagonia, and in Huachuca and Santa Catalina Mountains, Ariz. 

Diplolepis atrimenta

This species was described from imperfect specimens from galls on Q. douglasii from Three Rivers and Redding, Calif. The writer has collected the galls on two other California oaks also: on Q. douglasii at Three Rivers, Kaweah, Bagby, Placerville, Oroville, Red Bluff, Shasta, Ukiah, Lakeport (flies emerging May 12), Cloverdale, Calistoga, St. Helena, Mt. Diablo, Stanford University (flies emerged May 1-8), Los Gates, Paraiso Springs, Bradley, Jolon, Paso Robles (flies emerged April 25), Santa Margarita, and Lebec; on Q, lobata at Los Gatos, Stanford University, Lake- port, and Red Bluff; on Q. dumosa at Paso Robles, Jolon (flies emerged April 25) and Paraiso Springs. The galls are sometimes attached to the staminate flower axis as well as to leaves. 

Miss Egbert reared adults of this species in April, 1917, and included a description in her manuscript thesis presented at Stanford University in May, 1917. 

Diplolepis bella

Cynips bella
Holcaspis maculipennis

 H. maculipennis was described from a single specimen from the west slope of the Organ Mountains in New Mexico. Without seeing this type Beutenmueller and Fullaway have erroneously determined a large oak apple on Quercus garryana from Oregon and northern California as this species. This has since been described as Cynips mirabilis Kinsey (see p. 64). The writer has compared the Gillette holotype of maculipennis with a Bassett type of bella in the National Museum and finds they are the same. Because of the percurrent parapsidal grooves and very oblique hind margin of the second tergite Mayr, in 1881, placed the species in Dryophanta — now known as Diplolepis. 

This species, described from an unknown oak from Tucson, Ariz., has been reared by the writer from galls on Quercus arizonica, toumeyi, grisea, and undulata, and the galls found on oblongifolia and reticulata [rugosa]. Galls were seen in the Santa Catalina Mountains at Oracle and in Sabino basin, in the Santa Rita, Tumacacori, Patagonia, Huachiica, Mule, and Chiricahua Mountains, and at Nogales, Bisbee, Prescott, Hackberry, Ashfork, and Williams, Ariz. In New Mexico they were seen in the Burro Mountains, at Fierro, Kingston, Hillsboro, Nogal Canyon, Magdalena, Blue Canyon near Socorro, and in Sandia Mountains at Abo Pass and Tijeras. The galls were nearly full grown on arizonica in the Huachucas on July 9, and at Hackberry on undulata contained pupae on October 6. At Tijeras they were common on undulata, and on November 1 contained adults just beginning to emerge. A lot of flies cut out on that date lived in a pill-box without attention until December 30, and three were still living on January- 12. Few of the galls were parasitized here. In the Chiricahuas only six adults were secured by opening 65 galls, and in the Santa Ritas only one in fifty contained a producer. 

Diplolepis brevipennata

This species, whose type locality is Manitou, Colo., seems to be very common on all the oaks in the region of the Spanish Peaks, It occurs on every type of oak found about Las Vegas Hot Springs, and extends as far south as the Sandia Mountains. In the Garden of the Gods on October 4, 1921, galls on Quercus gambelii contained both pupae and adults. At Wetmore the galls were common, and on October 6 contained adults ready to emerge which were found dead (and others living) in the box when the material was examined on December 31. Galls sent to Washington (Hopkins U. S. No. 15635«) gave flies October 31, November 15, and January 10. At the Alvarado ranger station near West Cliff the galls were rare. Adults were chewing out of the inner cell at La Veta on October 10 and could be found among the fibers. At Trinidad galls were seen on Q. fendleri. In New Mexico the galls were seen at Raton, Wagon Mound, Shoemaker, Glorieta, and at Tijeras a few occurred on fendleri and grisea and one gall was found on the same bush of undulata that bore the similar galls of a fully-winged species Diplolepis bella (Bassett). This is the most southern point where the writer found the one and the most northern locality for the other. 

Diplolepis caepula, new species

Host. — Quercus undulata. 

Gall (fig. 32). — Shaped like a small onion, tan-colored, single or scattered in small numbers on under side of leaf in the fall, persisting on the leaf through the winter. The basal third of the sessile gall is beset with long straight single-celled hairs which are mostly reflexed toward the leaf surface. The conical apex is often lop sided and an opening at the end leads into a thin-walled cavity in which are a few scattered hairs and in the base of which is the transversely placed thin-walled larval cell in the very base of the gall. Inside the larval cell at the pedicel is a thin white disk. 

Habitat. — The type is selected from a series from galls collected November 14, 1921, near Hillsboro, N. Mex., the flies emerging April 5-25, 1922. Paratypes are from Tijeras, N. Mex., and of the adults cut out of the galls on November 1 some lived in a pill box until December 28. Other paratypes are from Blue Canyon west of Socorro, adults being cut out of the galls on January 2. The galls were seen also at Hackberry, Ashfork, and AVilliams, Ariz. Similar galls were seen on Q. grisea at Magdalena, N. Mex. 

Diplolepis cava, new species

 Host. — Quercus breviloba and Quercus laceyi. 

Gall (fig. 5). — An oak apple, 14-20 mm. in diameter, usually single on under side of leaf in fall. Reddish-brown, not spotted, wall thin, central cell supported by numerous silky fibers, a definite bundle of parallel fibers from cell to point of attachment of gall. 

Habitat.—The type material was collected in October 1917, near Austin, Tex., on the shin oak, Q. breviloba. A gall opened November 10, contained a pupa which transformed November 26. By December 4, adults had chewed out of the inner cell and were found among the radiating fibers. The normal emergence date unknown. These galls were seen also at Boerne and Kerrville. A paratype fly came from a gall on Q. laceyi at Boerne, the gall containing a pupa on November 20, which transformed by December 7. 

Diplolepis centricola

The gall of this species is a spotted oak apple usually found singly on under side of leaf of Quercus stellata in the fall. The writer has collected them at Ironton and Poplar Bluff, Mo.; Hoxie and Texarkana, Ark.; and Tuskahoma, Okla. Ashmead collected galls at Asheville, N. C, and J. Angus at West Farms, N. Y. Galls at Ironton contained adults November 14 and some had already chewed their way out of the inner cell. Some emerged November 27, and December 8. Galls at Hoxie contained pupae October 10, and adults November 17. At Washington adults were found inside the galls October 9, and 20, and on November 1, some had chewed out of the inner cell. 

Diplolepis clavula (Beutenmuller)

This species was described from a series of flies in the National Museum reared from galls collected by Koebele in Sonoma and Napa Counties. The writer collected galls on Quercus lobata at following locations in California: Chico, Calistoga, Stockton, Kaweah, and Lebec. Dr. J. C. Bradley collected one at Napa. The galls are just starting in August and become full grown in September and should be collected in late fall for rearing. 

Diplolepis discularis, new species

Host. — Quercus garryana

Gall (fig. 34). — Disk-shaped, about 6 mm. in diameter by 1 mm. thick, single or scattered in small numbers on underside of leaf in fall. The upper surface is slightly concave, the edge sinuate, the margin reflexed nearly to the leaf surface. The transversely placed larval cell occupies the full height of the gall. Exit hole above. 

Habitat. — The type material was collected September 8, 1922, in Sequoia National Park, Calif., near the Cedar Creek checking station on the road to Giant Forest on the Kaweah form of this Oregon oak. Living flies were cut out of the galls on November 10, 

Diplolepis dubiosa

The writer has collected galls on Quercus agrifolia at Pasadena, Santa Anita (contained adults April 20, emerged April 27, 1918), Newhall, Piru, Fillmore, Ojai (adults emerging April 27, 1918, and April 16-25, 1922), Carpinteria, Montecito, Santa Barbara, Gaviota, Santa Margarita, Paso Robles, Paraiso Springs, Monterey, San Juan, Palo Alto, Berkeley (galls developing in March, flies out before May 8), and Santa Rosa, Calif. 

Diplolepis eburnea

The galls of this species were described as from the leaves of an unknown oak in southern Utah. The writer has collected them on Quercus gambelii, undulata, grisea. They sometimes occur on young twigs as well as on both sides of the leaves. They have been observed at Garden of the Gods (Hopkins U. S. 10781m), Wetmore, West Cliff, La Veta, Trinidad, and Morley, Colo.; Raton, Wagon Mound, Shoemaker, Las Vegas, Hot Springs, Glorieta, Rito de los Frijoles near Buckman, Tijeras, Magdalena, and Kingston, N. Mex.; Hackberry, Ashfork, Flagstaff, Williams, and Grand Canyon, Ariz. At Wetmore the galls could have been collected by the quart on leaves of young shoots of gambelii and contained adults on October 6, 1921. They emerged from early December to January 14. 


Diplolepis gemula

Collected galls on Quercus alba at Winnetka, IL., on June 9, 1917, when most of the flies had already emerged. Galls at Ravinia contained pupae on May 23, 1919. A similar gall exists on bicolor and macrocarpa in the Chicago area and in the South on prinus, stellata, margaretta, and montana. 

Diplolepis ignota [distinct from the rose gall of the same name]

The galls on Quercus bicolor are common about Evanston and Wilmette, IL., becoming full grown by middle, of September and dropping with the leaves. During the winter the woolly covering weathers away more or less exposing the tan-colored galls which in shape and size resemble a cluster of cocoons of the braconid genus Microplitis. They contained pupae March 10, 1909, and adults emerged April 1-15. The next spring the flies began to emerge March 24. Similar galls on Q. macrocarpa were noted at Evanston and Algonquin, IL., and Nebraska City, Nebr. 

Diplolepis laurifoliae

This globular leaf gall with a free-rolling cell was described from Quercus laurifolia from "Florida", the flies emerging in March. The types are labeled Jacksonville. The writer collected galls at Jacksonville on April 4 from which not all the adults had yet emerged. Galls were noted on Q. phellos at Richmond, Falls Church, Clarendon, and Alexandria, Va., and at Chesapeake Beach, Md. In Virginia the galls appear with the opening of the buds in spring and are about full grown by the middle of April when the leaves have reached about half their normal size. For rearing they should not be gathered until they contain pupae or adults. Falls Church galls gave adults May 8-15, 1920. Clarendon galls gave flies May 14—18, 1921. It is questionable whether this name should be maintained as distinct from palustris (Osten Sacken). 

Diplolepis nubila

Cynips quercus nubila
Andricus incomptus Kinsey [Kinsey's later work treats incomptus as a variety of Cynips nubila, but reverses Weld's synonymy to maintain incomptus as a distinct variety]

Nubila was described from an unknown oak from Mule Pass Mountains, Ariz., the galls collected in November. The writer has collected galls in several localities in Arizona and on several hosts. The species seems to be most common on Q. arizonica and galls were taken at Bisbee, in Chiricahua Mountains (flies emerging January 2). in Ramsey Canyon in Huachuca Mountains, at Patagonia, in Tumacacori Mountains (flies out of January 13, February 6 and 10), in Santa Rita Mountains and at Oracle in Santa Catalina Range. Galls collected at Oracle December 17, 1921, gave adults December 31. January 3, 4, 10, 12, 14, 16, 22, 23, 24, and February 6. The forest insect collection has galls from the Santa Catalinas from which adults emerged March 30, 1916. Galls on Q. toumeyi were collected in the Patagonia Mountains on December 12, 1921, and flies emerged January 13 and 24 and February 4. The flies from arizonica range from 2.6-4.6 mm. Average of 58 specimens 2.88 mm. Those from toumeyi average smaller but all measured were within the range of the arizonica series. The writer collected the galls on Q. oblongifolia in the Huachuca, Patagonia, Santa Rita, and Santa Catalina Mountains and at Nogales but reared no adults. The galls were noted also on Q. reticulata in the Santa Catalina Mountains. Incomptus was described from two adults cut out of galls of an unknown oak at San Luis Potosi, Mexico. The writer has examined both, comparing one directly with a Basset type of nubila. As the galls were collected in September it is the writer's idea that at that time the nutritive layer had not been all used up and the larva had vitality to transform into an undersized adult but not enough to chew its way out of the hard gall. Never having been exposed to light and open air it is much paler than flies that emerge normally. Had it darkened up normally the two adjacent spots near the apex of the wing might have become connected into one double one as is the case in nubila, a series of which shows considerable difference in the amount of fusion that has taken place in the spots, due either to fluctuating variation or to the length of time that has elapsed or amount of exposure to light since emergence from the gall. If a nubila wing were bleached somewhat it would present the condition seen in incomptus. 

Diplolepis palustris

Galls were collected at Evanston. Winnetka, Ravinia, and Willow Springs, IL.; Miller, Ind.; Onekama (T. Hatfield), Mich.: Cedar Rapids (J. H. Scott), Iowa; East Hampton (C. R. Crosby), N. Y, ; Plummor Island and Chesapeake Beach. Md.; Falls Church. Alexandria, Rosslyn, and at Apple Orchard Camp in Bedford County, Va. 

The young galls appear with the leaves in the spring being as large as a pea when the leaves are an inch and a half long. Seventeen days later adults were emerging. In the Chicago area the following emergence records indicate the variation from season to season: May 31, 1906, June 19, 1907, May 28, 1908, June 12, 1909, May 26, 1911. The galls sometimes occur on the axis of the staminate flowers. 

Brodie collected galls on red oak at Toronto, Canada, where adults emerged July 2-10, 1888 and June 6-9, 1889. 

Diplolepis pedunculata

 The galls of this species were collected on Quercus coccinea at Winnetka, Glencoe, Ravinia, Fort Sheridan, and Waukegan, IL., and on Q. maxima at Rosslyn, Va., where they seemed to be full grown by May 16. Crosby collected them at East Hampton, Long Island. The writer reared adults from Winnetka galls on June 24. 

Diplolepis polita [distinct from the rose gall of the same name]

Galls have been seen at Tuxedo (F. V. Rand), Md.; Washington, D. C. ; Falls Church, Va. ; Jacksonville, Daytona, Ocala, and Gainesville, Fla.; Clyde, Sisco, Eastland, Ranger, Mingus, Gordon, Santo, Weatherford, Mineola, Palestine, and Trinity, Tex. ; Hugo and Tuskahoma, Okla. ; Koshkonong (R. L. Barrett) and Ironton, Mo. At Falls Church overwintering galls gave flies April 2. Texas galls sent to Evanston, IL., began to give adults April 25. 

Diplolepis pulchripennis

Described as from Quercus undulata, the writer has collected galls and reared flies which agree with the type on Q. undulata and grisea and collected what seem to be the same galls on arizonica, oblongifolia, toumeyi, and reticulata. Galls were collected at the "breaks" south of Bard (PI E. Goddard), Wagon Mound, Las Vegas Hot Springs, Glorieta, Tijeras, and Abo Pass in the Sandia Mountains, near Socorro, Magdalena, Nogal Canyon, Hillsboro, Kingston, and in the Burro Mountains in New Mexico; at Williams, Prescott, Oracle, Patagonia, and in the Santa Rita and Chiricahua Mountains in Arizona. At Las Vegas Hot Springs galls were collected on October 17 when flies were just beginning to emerge. A lot were out and had died by January 2 and a few more emerged by January 13. 

Diplolepis rydbergiana

The type fly and gall of this species are in the National Museum. The writer collected galls at the type locality. Las Vegas Hot Springs. N. M., in October, 1921, and cut out living flies January 2. Galls sent east for rearing gave flies December 31, January 4, 20, February 1 and 6, the flies coining out in largest numbers on last date. From galls collected at Shoemaker on October 23, 1922, flies emerged and were alive on February 16, 1923. Galls were collected at Wagon Mound also. They are saddled on the midrib on the under side of the leaf. The type fly measures 2.8 mm. The series of reared specimens ranges from 2.5-3.8 mm. Average of 88 specimens, 3.16 mm. 

Diplolepis splendens

The writer collected galls of this species November 7, 1921, in Blue Canyon west of Socorro, N. Mex., on Quercus undulata, adults emerging April 5 and 26. More were taken near Magdalena on Q. grisea, the galls containing adults in December, flies emerging March 9, April 6, and many April 26. They were also taken on Q. undulata in Nogal Canyon south of Socorro and at Kingston on Q. grisea. The species was previously known in the United States only from Q. grisea and from Arizona.

Diplolepis sulfurea, new species

Hosts. — Quercus arizonica., grisea., oblongifolia. 

Gall (figs. 8 and 36). — A hollow cone, sessile at base and open at apex, densely covered with long sulphur-yellow spines, on under surface of leaf, single or scattered, sometimes as many as nine on a leaf but usually only one to three. The cone is up to 7 mm. high by 4 mm. in diameter at base, with a crystalline surface, white or rosy when growing, the spines up to 4 mm. long and often rosy at the tip. The larval cell lies transversely just below middle of gall and below it is a small obconical cavity reaching to point of attachment. The lower part of the large distal cavity above larval cell is constricted off by a narrow circular shelf. Occurs in the fall dropping only with the leaf. 

Habitat. — The type fly is selected from adults cut from galls on Q. arizonica collected by Ed Jacot September 28, 1919, in Bear Canyon in the Huachuca Mountains, Ariz. The flies were alive when cut out on December 4 and would probably have emerged in the spring. One paratype is from a gall on Q. grlsea collected at Ashfork in October, 1922. The writer has also taken the galls on Q. oblongifolia at Nogales and Patagonia and on Q. arizonica at Oracle, Patagonia, Ramsay Canyon in the Huachuca Mountains and at Bisbee. 

Diplolepis tenuicornis

This species was described from an unknown oak from the Mule Pass Mountains, Ariz. The type galls in the American Entomological Society seem to be on Q. arizonica. The writer collected galls on arizonica in December at Oracle in the Santa Catalina Mountains and reared adults in March. 

Diplolepis vaccinifoliae

Callirhytis vaccinifoliae

This species was described from Truckee, Calif., from Q. vaccinifoliae the flies emerging October 16 and December 4. The writer collected galls at Tahoe City on August 7, 1922. Some of the galls were still fresh, pale yellowish-green with beautiful purple spots or streaks shaped like the branching pigment cells in a frog's epidermis, and best seen against the light. Most however were now dry, and contained either larvae or pupae. After the galls are picked and dried the adults do not seem to be able to chew through the thin outer wall. Living adults, which agree with the type, were cut out of the galls on November 10. Messrs. Burke and Hartman collected galls on vaccinifolia at Pine Crest, Tuolumne County, from which adults emerged December 13. 

Koebele collected a similar gall on Q. chrysolepis in Placer County, Calif., and reared a similar fly. The writer collected galls (and cut out a living fly November 10) at Canyonville, Oreg., and also at Wolf Creek, and on the road to Oregon Caves above Holland, and also at Scott Bar, Calif. 

Disholcaspis cinerosa

The large pointed-bullet galls of this species, described from an unknown oak, occur on Q. virginiana and have been seen at various points in Texas: Houston, Wharton, Victoria, Cuero, Boerne, Austin, Sabinal, Kerrville, Beeville, Tiger Mills, Columbia (E. A. Schwarz), and Quincy. A tree at Wharton contained hundreds of them in October, 1917. While growing they secrete honeydew and wasps frequent them in large numbers. J. D. Mitchell reared the adults at Victoria December 5-25.

Disholcaspis globulus

On Quercus alba these round bullet galls were seen at Glencoe, Ravinia, Glen Ellyn, and Moline, IL.; Cedar Rapids, Iowa ; Poplar Bluff and Ironton, Mo.; Tuskahoma, Okla.; Texarkana, Ark.; Troy, Ala.; Marianna and River Junction, Fla.; Bluemont, Va. ; Blue Hills, Mass.; Pitman (Bradley) N. J.; Syracuse (Crosby) and East Hampton (Schradieck), N. Y. ; Elyria, Ohio. On rock chestnut oak, Q. montana they were seen at Ithaca, N. Y. ; North East, Pa.; Bluemont, Bedford County, and Falls Chuch, Va. In the Chicago area the young galls appear in July, contain pupae September 23, and adults emerge October 20-November 1. Brodie says the adults emerge at Toronto from October 12-November 1 and at once commence to oviposit in white oak twigs. Some which emerged October 17 lived until November 10 but none survived the winter. He reared about two hundred without finding a male. He received galls from Brainbridge, Muskoka, from which adults emerged at Toronto on November 5. 

Disholcaspis pattersoni

The writer collected the galls of this species on shin oak, Quercus breviloba at Austin, Boerne, and Kerrville, Tex. Galls at Boerne contained adults October 25, adults November 13, and when galls were placed in out-of-door cages at Evanston, IL., adults emerged November 20 and December 1. Five living flies were found in cage February 19 after six weeks without a thaw, four more March 23 and one April 22. 

Disholcaspis perniciosa

The galls were observed at Trinidad, Morley, Wetmore, and Garden of the Gods, Colo. ; Las Vegas, Glorieta, Rowe, and Tijeras, N. M. ; Flagstaff, Williams, Prescott, and Grand Canyon, Ariz. They were just starting at Trinidad on July 10 and at Wetmore contained adults on October 6. The flies probably emerge in November or early December. The galls were observed on Q. gambelii, fendleri, and grisea. 

Field notes on gall-inhabiting cynipid wasps with descriptions of new species