Cynips (dugèsi) emergens, new species
agamic form

GALLS.–Similar to all galls of the C. bella and C. dugèsi complexes; apparently indistinguishable from galls of C. (bella) bella which occur in the northern half of the range of emergens. Mature galls rosy or brownish tan, unspotted; more often dull (?); often large, up to 22. mm., averaging near 18. mm. in diameter. Figure 60.

HOST.S. Quercus undata, Q. chihuahuensis, Q. sacame [arizonica], Q. Gambelii. Apparently on all the oaks of the area.

RANGE.-Chihuahua: Pacheco, 13 NE, 7400' (Q. Gambelii, Q. saca me). Pacheco, 20 E, 5400' (Q. saca me). San Buenaventura, 3 E, 5600' (Q. chihuahuensis, Q. saca me). Las Cruces, 15 N, 6500' (Q. chihuahuensis). Namiquipa, 30 W, 5200 (Q. chihuahuensis). Madera, 10 SE (Q. chihua huensis, galls only). Matachic, 3 N, 6700' (Q. chihuahuensis). Pedernales, 2 E, 7500' (Q. chihuahuensis). Santa ſsabel, 6 E, 6000' (Q. undata; types). Santa ſsabel, 16 NE, 6000' (Q. undata; galls, Q. chihuahuensis). Probably restricted to the Western Sierra of Mexico in the state of Chihuahua, from Santa Ísabel north. Figure 18.

LIFE HISTORY..—Adults: December 10. January 20, 25, 29, 30. February 1, 5, 6, 9, 10, 17, 18, 28. Most of the emergence late in January and early in February.

Emergens, distributed throughout the Sierra of Chihuahua, from Santa Ísabel and north, is one of the three closely related species which as a group range through our Southwest and south ward through the Mexican state of Durango. From the American species simulatrix, emergens is distinguished by its heavier veins and larger areolet; from deceptrix in Durango it is distinct in having antennae which are dark even on the basal segments. The break between the ranges of the two Mexican species comes in the hundred miles (largely desert and entirely oak-free, as far as we saw them) between Chihuahua City and Parral, in the southern end of the state of Chihuahua. Some of the Parral specimens were not clearly assignable to one or the other species, indicating some hybridization of emergens and deceptrix in that area, but only a few of the several hundred individuals in our collections were difficult to place.

It must be noted that the galls of this species are apparently indistinguishable from the galls of C. (bella) bella, which occur in the northern part of the range of emergens (from Las Cruces, Chihuahua, and north). The galls of C. (bella) pomifera, which occur in the southern portion of the range of emergens, are prominently mottled and hence almost always separable from those of emergens. It is interesting to find that the ranges of the species in the bella complex in this area do not coincide with the ranges of the species of the dugèsi complex.

- Alfred Kinsey: (1936) Origin of higher categories in Cynips^©