Atrusca aequalis (agamic)

Atrusca aggregata (agamic)

Atrusca aspera (agamic)

Atrusca bella (agamic)

Atrusca brevipennata (agamic)

Atrusca bulbacea (agamic)

Atrusca bulboides (agamic)

Atrusca bulbulus (agamic)

Atrusca bulla (agamic)

Atrusca capronae (agamic)

Atrusca catena (agamic)

Atrusca cava (agamic)

Atrusca clivorum (agamic)

Atrusca conexa (agamic)

Atrusca congesta (agamic)

Atrusca cubitalis (agamic)

Atrusca cucurbita (agamic)

Atrusca deceptrix (agamic)

Atrusca dugesi (agamic)

Atrusca dumosae (agamic)

Atrusca emergens (agamic)

Atrusca finitima (agamic)

Atrusca longa (agamic)

Atrusca lucaris (agamic)

Atrusca luminata (agamic)

Atrusca occidua (agamic)

Atrusca oriens (agamic)

Atrusca pictor (agamic)

Atrusca pomifera (agamic)

Atrusca pupoides (agamic)

Atrusca quercuscentricola (agamic)

Atrusca sierrae (agamic)

Atrusca simulatrix (agamic)

Atrusca spadix (agamic)

Atrusca spiculi (agamic)

Atrusca spinalis (agamic)

Atrusca spinescens (agamic)

Atrusca spinifera (agamic)

Atrusca strians (agamic)

Atrusca subnigra (agamic)

Atrusca tigrina (agamic)

Atrusca vasta (agamic)

Xanthoteras clavuloides (agamic)

Sphaeroteras sagata (agamic)

---

## *Atrusca aequalis* (Kinsey, 1936)  
**Figs 1–14**

**Synonymy**  
*Cynips (bulboides) aequalis* Kinsey, 1936: 151 — female, gall  
*Atrusca aequalis* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 313

---

### **Types Examined**  
**HOLOTYPE**:  
- Female, *Cynips aequalis (bulboides)*  
- “Inde 20E Dgo 6300’, Mex. Gall 11.1.31, 70 fms. 2.8.32”  
- “*Q. chihuahuens*, Kinsey coll.”  
- Red label: “Cynips aequalis, Holo- Paratype”  
- Deposited in AMNH, NYC  
- Examined by GM  

**PARATYPES**:  
- Five females  
- “Inde 20E, Dgo 6300’, Mex., galls 11.1.31. 70 females 2.8.32”  
- “*Quercus chihuahuensis*, Kinsey coll.”  
- Red label: “Cynips equalis. Paratype”  
- Deposited in general collection, AMNH, NYC  
- Examined by GM  

---

### **Gall** (Fig. 14)  
The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s *bella* and *dugesi* complexes. The spherical gall is indistinguishable from *A. pomifera* and *A. aspera*.  

- **Color**: Mature galls are light straw yellow, somites touched with rose or brown, always conspicuously mottled with purplish brown  
- **Size**: Up to 15 mm, typically around 10 mm in diameter  

---

### **Biology**  
The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Quercus chihuahuensis* and *Q. undata*.  
- Galls mature in late autumn  
- Adults emerge in January–February of the following year  

---

### **Distribution**  
Mexico: Chihuahua

---

---

## *Atrusca aggregata* (Weld, 1926)  
**Figs 15–32**

**Synonymy**  
*Diplolepis aggregata* Weld, 1926: 15 — female, gall  
*Atrusca aggregata*: Weld 1951: 637

---

### **Types Examined**  
**HOLOTYPE**:  
- Female  
- “Sta Catalina Mts., Arizon”  
- “13643 Hopk US”, “Chrisman M. Colo”  
- Red label: “Type No 27185 U.S.N.M.”  
- “*Diplolepis aggregata* Weld”  
- Deposited in USNM  
- Examined by GM  

---

### **Material Examined**  
- 10 females: “USA, Arizona, Chiricahua Mnts. summit, ex *Q. arizonica*, AZ13, gall type 38, leg. J.A. Nicholls 2007.10.26”  
- 56 females: “USA, Arizona, Chiricahua Mnts. nr Portal, ex *Q. arizonica*, AZ14, gall type 38, leg. J.A. Nicholls 2007.10.25”  
- 11 females: “USA, Arizona, Molino Basin campground, Santa Catalina Mnts., ex *Q. oblongifolia*, AZ15, gall type 38, leg. J.A. Nicholls 2007.10.28”

---

### **Gall** (Fig. 28)  
Globular oak apples, up to 35 mm in diameter, usually occurring in clusters of 2–4 (up to 12) on a twig from previous season's growth.  

- **Pedicel**: Abrupt and slender  
- **Color (fresh)**: Creamy white with a reddish blush on one side, spotted with numerous small red dots  
- **Color (aged)**: Yellowish, often with a bluish bloom  
- **Structure**: Central larval cell supported by a dense mass of fine silky radiating fibers  
- **Wall thickness**: ~0.7 mm  

---

### **Biology**  
The asexual generation is known to induce stem galls on:  
- *Quercus arizonica*  
- *Q. oblongifolia*  
- *Q. toumeyi*  

Mature galls collected by the end of October.

---

### **Distribution**  
USA: Arizona

---

---

## *Atrusca aspera* (Kinsey, 1936)  
**Figs 33–46**

**Synonymy**  
*Cynips (bella) aspera* Kinsey, 1936: 172, female, gall.  
*Atrusca aspera* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 313

---

### Types examined  
HOLOTYPE female *Cynips aspera (bella)* “Parral 20S Chi, Mex. Gall 10.21.31, very many fms. 2.10.32”, “Q. undata, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips aspera, Holo- Paratype,” deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Ten PARATYPE females “Parral 20S, Chi, Mex. Galls 10.29.31, 66 females 2.10.32”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

---

### Gall (Fig. 46)  
Similar to all galls of the Kinsey’s *bella* and *dugesi* complexes. Mature galls rosy or light yellowish tan, conspicuously mottled with purplish brown, up to 17 mm, in average 13 mm in diameter.

---

### Biology  
The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. arizonica* (= *Q. sacame*), *Q. chihuahuensis*, *Q. undata*. Galls mature in late autumn; adults start to emerge from December till January–February next year.

---

### Distribution  
Mexico: Chihuahua, Durango

---

---

## *Atrusca bella* (Bassett, 1881)  
**Figs 47–74**

**Synonymy**  
*Cynips bella* Bassett, 1881: 93, female, gall.  
*Dryophanta bella*: Mayr 1881: 36.  
*Andricus bella*: Ashmead 1887: 127.  
*Holcaspis macullipennis* Gillette, 1894: 236, female, gall. Synonym in Weld 1926: 18.  
*Disholcaspis bella* (Bassett): Dalla Torre & Kieffer 1910: 356.  
*Disholcaspis macullipennis*: Dalla Torre & Kieffer 1910: 375.  
*Cynips macullipennis*: Felt 1918: 100.  
*Diplolepis bella*: Weld 1926: 18.  
*Cynips (Atrusca) bella* Bassett: Kinsey 1930: 285, female, gall.  
*Cynips bella* variety *bella* Bassett: Kinsey 1930: 289.  
*Cynips bella* variety *vanescens* Kinsey 1930: 292, female, gall, **syn. nov.**
*Cynips (Atrusca) (bella) vanescens* Kinsey 1936: 326.  
*Atrusca bella* (Bassett): Weld 1951: 637.  
*Atrusca vanescens* (Kinsey): Weld 1951: 638.

---

### Types examined  
The type of *Cynips bella* is deposited in the Entomology Type Collection at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia: “Type number: 10442. *Cynips bella* Bassett, 1811, female, Arizona”. The type was not examined by the authors.

---

### Material examined  
17 females “USA, Arizona, Chiricahua Mnts. western side, ex *Q. arizonica*, AZ8, gall type 37, leg. J.A. Nicholls 2007.10.25”; 2 females “USA, Arizona, Molino Basin campground, Santa Catalina Mnts., ex *Q. oblongifolia*, AZ2, AZ3, gall type 37, leg. J.A. Nicholls 2007.10.28”; 3 females “USA, Arizona, Chiricahua Mnts. summit, ex *Q. arizonica*, AZ5, gall type 37, leg. J.A. Nicholls 2007.10.26”; 1 female “USA, Arizona, Sonoita, ex *Q. arizonica*, AZ7, gall type 37, leg. J.A. Nicholls 2007.10.26”; 11 females “USA, Arizona, 5 km N of Payson, ex *Q. turbinella*, AZ11, gall type 37, leg. J.A. Nicholls 2007.10.29”; 26 females “USA, Arizona, 25 miles S of Flagstaff on I17, ex *Q. turbinella*, AZ9, AZ10, gall type 37, leg. J.A. Nicholls 2007.10.31”; 2 females “USA, Arizona, Sedona, ex *Q. turbinella*, AZ1, gall type 37, leg. J.A. Nicholls 2007.10.29”. Two non-paratype females “Prescott, Ariz, female 11.27.35, gall 11.15.35”, “*Q. gambelii* E.R Leach coll.”, “*Cynips vanescens* Kinsey det. 35”.

---

### Gall (Figs 60, 74)  
Large spherical galls on the underside of leaves, with a suspended inner cell, to 3.0 cm in diameter, yellow with red speckles when young, uniformly red-brown when mature.

---

### Biology  
The asexual generation is only known. Leaf galls on *Q. arizonica*, *Q. grisea*, *Q. oblongifolia*, *Q. rugosa* (= *Q. reticulata*), *Q. toumeyi*, *Q. turbinella*. Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge from January next year.

---

### Distribution  
USA: CO, AZ, NM

---

---

## *Atrusca brevipennata* (Gillette, 1893)  
**Figs 75–88**

**Synonymy**  
*Holcaspis brevipennata* Gillette, 1893: 31.  
*Disholcaspis brevipennata* (Gillette): Dalla Torre & Kieffer 1910: 373.  
*Andricus pellucidus* Kinsey, 1920: 309. Synonym in Weld 1922: 7.  
*Diplolepis brevipennata* (Gillette): Weld 1922: 7.  
*Cynips dugesi* variety *brevipennata* (Gillette): Kinsey 1930: 282, female, gall.  
*Cynips (dugesi) brevipennata* (Gillette): Kinsey 1936: 97, female, gall.  
*Atrusca brevipennata* (Gillette): Weld 1951: 637.

---

### Types examined  
HOLOTYPE female with red label “Type”, pink label “Colo. 1876”, Gillette handwriting label “*Holcaspis brevipennata* Gill.”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Also, one COTYPE female of *Andricus pellucidus* (insect damaged): “Colo. Springs, 9.28.73. Colo, W. L. Carpenter coll.”, “*Cynips brevipennata* Kinsey det.”, red “*Andricus pellucidus*, Cotype”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

---

### Material examined  
One female “USA, New Mexico, Chama, ex *Q. gambelli*, leg. J.R. Zimmerman, 1987.09.20; adult emerge 1987.10.01.” Two females “Las Vegas 10–11.21. N.M., galls 12.31.21, adults Nov. Dec.”, “*Quercus fendleri*, Weld. coll.”, “*Cynips brevipennata* Kinsey det. 27”; 2 females “Hopk. USA, 15635”, “Reared Nov.15.21”, “*Quercus gambelii*”, “Wetmore, Colo”, “L.H. Weld collector”, “*Atrusca brevipennata* det. J.R. Zimmerman”.

---

### Gall (Fig. 88)  
Similar to all galls of the Kinsey’s *bella* and *dugesi* complexes. Mature galls light rosy tan, unspotted, often shining, up to 19 mm, in average 14 mm in diameter.

---

### Biology  
The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. gambelii*, *Q. sinuata* (= *Q. undulata*), *Q. turbinella*. Mature galls in late autumn; adults start to emerge from December till January–February next year.

---

### Distribution  
USA: Colorado, New Mexico.

---

---

## *Atrusca bulbacea* (Kinsey, 1936)  
**Figs 89–102**

**Synonymy**  
*Cynips (bulboides) bulbacea* Kinsey, 1936: 152, female, gall.  
*Atrusca bulbacea* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 313

---

### Types examined  
HOLOTYPE female *Cynips bulbacea (bulboides)* “Rio Verde 14w S.L.P. 6000’ Gall 12.4.31, 4 fms. 1.8.32”, red “Cynips bulbacea, Holo- Paratype”. *Cynips (bulboides) bulbacea*: 4 PARATYPE females “Rio Verde 14w, SLP 6000’, Mex., gall 12.4.31, 4 fmales 2.15.32.”, “*Q. polymorpha* Kinsey coll.”, red label “Cynips bulbacea. Paratype”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

---

### Gall (Fig. 102)  
A bulboid gall as described for other species of the complex. Mature galls rosy or yellow brown, noticeably blue with a puberulence, occasionally unspotted but almost always well marked, in some cases conspicuously marked with slightly raised spots and ridges of purple, up to 25 mm, in average 18 mm in diameter.

---

### Biology  
The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. arizonica* (= *Q. sacame* Trel.), *Q. laeta*, *Q. magnoliifolia* (= *Q. macrophyla*), *Q. polymorpha*.

---

### Distribution  
Mexico: San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas

---

## *Atrusca bulboides* (Kinsey, 1936)  
**Figs 103–116**

**Synonymy**  
*Cynips (bulboides) bulboides* Kinsey, 1936: 149, female, gall.  
*Atrusca bulboides* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 313.

### Types examined  
HOLOTYPE female *Cynips bulboides (bulboides)* “Inde 20E Dgo 6300’, Mex. Gall 11.1.31, 192 fms. 3.6.32”, “Q. chihuahuens, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips bulboides, Holo- Paratype”. HOLOTYPE in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Seven PARATYPE females “Inde 20E, Dgo 6300’, Mex., gall 11.1.31, females 3.6.32”, “Q. chihuahuensis Kinsey coll.”, red label “Cynips bulboides. Paratype”; two PARATYPE females “Pedernales 2E, Chi 7500’, Mex., galls 10.23.31, females 2.5.32.”, “Q. chihuahuensisi Kinsey coll.”, red label “Cynips bulboides Paratype”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

### Gall (Fig. 116)  
The gall is bulboid as described for the *bulboides* complex. Mature galls dark rosy brown, usually unspotted, younger galls more often spotted, and only very few galls are conspicuously spotted with purple, up to 23 mm, in average 15 mm in diameter.

### Biology  
The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. arizonica* (= *Q. sacame*), *Q. chihuahuensis*, *Q. depressipes*, *Q. oblongifolia*, *Q. rugosa* (= *Q. durangensis*, = *Q. reticulata*), *Q. striatula*, *Q. undata*. Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge in January–February next year.

### Distribution  
Mexico: Chihuahua, Durango, Zacatecas

## *Atrusca bulbulus* (Kinsey, 1936)  
**Figs 117–122**

**Synonymy**  
*Cynips (bulboides) bulbulus* Kinsey, 1936: 153, female, gall.  
*Atrusca bulbulus* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 313.

### Types examined  
HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (bulboides) bulbulus* “Pedernales 2E Chi 7500’, Mex. Gall 10.23.31, 4 fms. 2.5.32”, “Q. chihuahuens, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips bulbulus, Holo- Paratype”. HOLOTYPEs are deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

### Gall (Fig. 117)  
A bulboid gall as described for other species of the complex. Mature galls rosy or yellow brown, not noticeably puberulent except on younger galls, usually unspotted but sometimes well marked with purple, up to 23 mm, in average 17 mm in diameter.

### Biology  
The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. chihuahuensis*.

### Distribution  
Mexico: Chihuahua

## *Atrusca bulla* (Kinsey, 1936)  
**Figs 123–136**

**Synonymy**  
*Cynips (bulboides) bulla* Kinsey, 1936: 154, female, gall.  
*Atrusca bulla* (Kinsey): Weld, 1952: 314

### Types examined  
HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (bulboides) bulla* “Queretaro 28N Qro 7300’, Mex. Gall 1.17.32, 1 fm. 1932”, “Q. chihuahuens, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips bulla, Holo- Paratype”. *Cynips (bulboides) bulla*: one PARATYPE female “San Felipe 20SN, Gto 8000’, Mex. galls 12.7.30. 2 females 2.10.32.”, “Q. macrophylla Kinsey coll.”, “Cynips bulla Kinsey det. 34”; 1 female “Leon 20NE, Gto 9000’, Mex. galls 12.8.31, female, spring ‘32”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

### Gall (Fig. 136)  
A bulboid gall as described for other species of the complex. Mature galls peculiarly dark rosy or dark yellow brown, not noticeably puberulent except on younger galls, unspotted or only obscurely spotted, up to 25 mm, in average 18 mm in diameter.

### Biology  
The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. chihuahuensis*, *Q. magnoliifolia* (= *Q. macrophyla*), *Q. rugosa* (= *Q. reticulata*) and *Q. undata*.

### Distribution  
Mexico: Guanajuato, San Luis Potosí, Querétaro

## *Atrusca capronae* (Weld, 1930)  
**Figs 137–154**

**Synonymy**  
*Diplolepis capronae* Weld 1930: 29, female, gall.  
*Cynips (dugesi) capronae* (Weld): Kinsey 1936: 99, female, gall.  
*Atrusca capronae* (Weld): Weld 1951: 637.

### Types examined  
HOLOTYPE female “Camp Creek, Arizona”, “W.W. Capron coll.”, red label “Type No. 42884 U.S.N.M.”, “*Diplolepis capronae* Weld”, deposited in USNM, examined by GM.

### Material examined  
Three females “USA, Arizona, Sedona, ex *Q. turbinella*, leg. J.A. Nicholls, 2007.10.29”; one female “USA, Arizona, Carefree, ex *Q. turbinella*, leg. J.R. Zimmerman, 1992.08.03; adult emerge 1992.08.13.”; two females “USA, Arizona, Bagdad, ex *Q. turbinella*, leg. J.R. Zimmerman, 1993.08.26; adult emerge 1993.09.05.”

### Gall (Fig. 150)  
Globular gall, 8.0 to 18.0 mm in diameter, attached to the midrib or a strong vein in underside of leaf; straw yellow with vertical purple streaks. The outer wall 0.5 mm thick and crinkly radiating fibers support a central larval cell.

### Biology  
The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. turbinella*. Galls mature in autumn; adults emerge in late autumn–winter the same year.

### Distribution  
USA: Arizona

## *Atrusca catena* (Kinsey, 1936)  
**Figs 155–168**

**Synonymy**  
*Cynips (dugesi) catena* Kinsey 1936: 102, female, gall.  
*Atrusca catena* (Kinsey): Weld 1951: 637.

### Types examined  
HOLOTYPE female *Cynips catena (dugesi)* “Alpine, Tex. 10E. Gall 10.13.35, 15 fms. 12.14.35”, “Q. grisea, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips catena, Holo- Paratype”, deposited in AMNH, examined by GM. Three PARATYPE females “Alpine, Tex. 10E, gall 10.13.35, 6 females 12.6.35”, “Q. grisea Kinsey coll.”, red label “Cynips catena Paratype”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

### Gall (Fig. 168)  
Similar to all galls of the “*Cynips dugesi*” and “*Cynips bella*” complexes. Mature galls are spherical, yellow-tan to rosy-tan, flushed rose when younger, touched with darker purple rose in age, with fine purplish marks, more or less dull, up to 17 mm in diameter, average 14 mm in diameter.

### Biology  
The asexual generation is only known. Leaf galls on *Q. grisea*. Galls mature in October; adults emerge in December – January next year.

### Distribution  
USA: Texas.

## *Atrusca cava* (Weld, 1926)  
**Figs 169–172**

**Synonymy**  
*Diplolepis cava* Weld, 1926: 22, female, gall.  
*Cynips (Atrusca) (dugesi) cava* (Weld): Kinsey 1930: 293, female, gall.  
*Cynips (dugesi) cava* (Weld): Kinsey 1936: 103, female, gall.  
*Atrusca cava* (Weld): Weld 1951: 637.

### Types examined  
HOLOTYPE female *Diplolepis cava* “Austin, Tex., Dec. 4, 1917”, “*Quercus breviloba*”, “*Diplolepis cava* Weld” red label “Type No. 27189 U.S.N.M.”, deposited in USNM, examined by GM.

### Gall (Fig. 172)  
A bulboid gall, 14–20 mm in diameter, usually single on underside of leaf. Reddish-brown, not spotted, with thin walls, central cell supported by numerous silky fibers (gall pics from Weld, 1959).

### Biology  
The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. sinuata* (= *Q. breviloba*). Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge next year in spring.

### Distribution  
USA: Texas.

## *Atrusca clivorum* (Kinsey, 1930)  
**Figs 173–185**

**Synonymy**  
*Cynips centricola* variety *clivorum* Kinsey 1930: 300, female, gall.  
*Cynips (Atrusca) (centricola) clivorum* Kinsey 1936: 181.  
*Atrusca clivorum* (Kinsey): Weld 1951: 638.

### Types examined  
HOLOTYPE female *Cynips clivorum* var. *centricola* “Coolville, Ohio. Gall 10.24.28, 8 fms. 12.9.28”, red “Cynips clivorum, Holo- Paratype”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Three PARATYPE females “Coolville, Ohio, galls 10.14.28, 5 females 11.13.28”, “Q. stellata Kinsey coll.”, red label “Cynips clivorum. Paratype”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

### Gall (Fig. 185)  
The gall indistinguishable from other galls of the complex. The gall is always unspotted.

### Biology  
The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. stellata*. Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge in November–December.

### Distribution  
USA: Ohio

## *Atrusca conexa* (Kinsey, 1936)  
**Figs 186–199**

**Synonymy**  
*Cynips (dugesi) conexa* Kinsey, 1936: 105, female, gall.  
*Atrusca conexa* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 314.

### Types examined  
HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (dugesi) conexa* “Taxco 8NE Gro 8000’, Mex. Gall 1.7.32, 61 fms. 4.2.32”, “Q. nudinervis, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips conexa, Holo- Paratype”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Five PARATYPE females “Taxco 8E, Gro 8000’, Mex., galls 1.7.32, 61 females to 4.2.32”, “Q. nudinervis Kinsey coll.”, red label “Cynips conexa Paratype”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

### Gall (Fig. 199)  
Similar to galls of *bella* and *dugesi* complexes. Mature galls in part light yellow, in part rosy or rosy brown, conspicuously marked with numerous small purplish spots, sometimes with traces of a bluish puberulence, up to 18 mm, in average 13 mm in diameter.

### Biology  
The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. magnoliifolia* (= *Q. nudinervis*). Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge in April.

### Distribution  
Mexico: Guerrero

## *Atrusca congesta* (Kinsey, 1930)  
**Figs 200–206**

**Synonymy**  
*Cynips bella* variety *congesta* Kinsey 1930: 292, female, gall.  
*Atrusca congesta* (Kinsey): Weld 1951: 638.

### Types examined  
HOLOTYPE female *Cynips bella* var. *congesta* “Alpine, Tex. 12.14.19, gall 12.14.19”, “Q. grisea, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips congesta, Holo- Paratype”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Three PARATYPE females, deposited in the general collection of AMNH, NYC, were designated by Kinsey (1930) and examined by GM.

### Material examined  
One female “Marfa 22S, Tex., gall 10.13.39”, “Q. grisea Kinsey coll.”, “Cynips congesta det. Kinsey ‘36” examined by GM and was compared to the holotype.

### Gall (Fig. 206)  
Similar to galls of *bella* and *dugesi* complexes; impossible to distinguish from other galls of the two complexes. Globular gall with unspotted surface.

### Biology  
The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. grisea*. Galls mature in late autumn; adults start to emerge from December.

### Distribution  
USA: Texas.

## *Atrusca cubitalis* (Kinsey, 1936)  
**Figs 207–220**

**Synonymy**  
*Cynips (dugesi) cubitalis* Kinsey 1936: 107, female, gall.  
*Atrusca cubitalis* (Kinsey): Weld 1951: 638.

### Types examined  
HOLOTYPE female *Cynips cubitalis (dugesi)* “Durango Colo. 12N Gall 8.27.29, 1 fm. 11.4.29”, “Q. gambelii, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips cubitalis, Holo- Paratype”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Three PARATYPE females “Durango Colo 12N galls 8.27.29, females 11.9.29”, “Q. gambelii Kinsey coll.”, red label “Cynips cubitalis Paratype”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

### Gall (Fig. 220)  
The gall is similar to all galls of the *dugesi* and *bella* Kinsey’s complexes. Mature galls light rosy tan, unspotted, shining, up to 22 mm, with average 16 mm in diameter.

### Biology  
The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. gambelii*. Galls mature in autumn, first adults emerge in October–November.

### Distribution  
USA: Colorado.

## *Atrusca cucurbita* (Kinsey, 1936)  
**Figs 221–234**

**Synonymy**  
*Cynips (aggregata) cucurbita* Kinsey, 1936: 164, female, gall.  
*Atrusca cucurbita* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 314.

### Types examined  
HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (aggregata) cucurbita* “Atequiza 5E Jal. 6500’, Mex. Gall 12.23.31, fm. Spr’32”, “Q. haematophleb, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips cucurbita, Holo- Paratype”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Two PARATYPE females “Atequiza 5E, Jal. 6500’, Mex., galls 12.23.31, 2 females early 1932”, “Q. haematophlebia Kinsey coll.”, red label “Cynips cucurbita Paratype”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

### Gall (Fig. 234)  
Large, up to 30 mm, in average 22 mm in diameter, globular tapering gradually into a long, sharply-pointed pedicel at the base, light rose or yellow, older galls light rosy tan or brown, usually in dense clusters, galls inserted in cracks in the bark of young twigs.

### Biology  
The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. magnoliifolia* (= *Q. haematophlebia*), *Q. rugosa* (= *Q. rhodophlebia*). Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge in early spring next year.

### Distribution  
Mexico: Jalisco.

## *Atrusca deceptrix* (Kinsey, 1936)  
**Figs 235–248**

**Synonymy**  
*Cynips (dugesi) deceptrix* Kinsey, 1936: 108, female, gall.  
*Atrusca deceptrix* (Kinsey): Weld, 1952: 314.

### Types examined  
HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (dugesi) deceptrix* “Canatlan 7N Dgo 7400’, Mex. Gall 11.9.31, 117 fms. 2.5.32”, “Q. undata, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips deceptrix, Holo- Paratype”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Eight PARATYPE females “Canatlan 7N, Dgo 7400’ Mex., galls 11.09.31, 117 females to 2.5.32”, “Q. undata Kinsey coll.”, red label “Cynips deceptrix. Paratype”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

### Gall (Fig. 248)  
Similar to all galls of Kinsey’s *bella* and *dugesi* complexes. Mature galls rosy or brownish tan, unspotted; dull, minutely roughened, up to 22 mm, with average 17 mm in diameter.

### Biology  
The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. chihuahuensis*, *Q. undata*. Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge from February next year.

### Distribution  
Mexico: Chihuahua, Durango.

## *Atrusca dugesi* (Mayr, 1886)  
**Figs 249–261**

**Synonymy**  
*Dryophanta dugesi* Mayr, 1886: 370.  
*Cynips (Atrusca) dugesi* (Mayr): Kinsey 1930: 278, female, gall.  
*Cynips dugesi* variety *dugesi* (Mayr): Kinsey 1930: 281, female, gall.  
*Cynips dugesi dugesi* (Mayr): Kinsey 1936: 109, female, gall.  
*Atrusca dugesi* (Mayr): Pujade-Villar, 2009: 818.

### Types examined  
According to Melika & Bechtold (2001) Mayr’s type of *Dryophanta dugesi* was not found in the Mayr collection at the Natural History Museum in Vienna where the collection is deposited.

### Material examined  
Two females “San Felipe, Gto 8000’, 20Sw, Mex., gall 12.7.31, 7 females 2.15.32”, “Q. jaralensis Kinsey coll.”, “Cynips dugesi Kinsey det. ‘33”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

### Gall (Fig. 261)  
The gall is similar to galls of Kinsey’s *bella* and *dugesi* complexes. Mature galls rosy tan, unspotted, weakly shining, up to 21 mm, in average 17 mm in diameter. The gall pic from [https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3392](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3392) by Juan Carlos López Domínguez on *Q. microphylla*.

### Biology  
The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. jaralensis* [syn. of Quercus potosina], *Q. microphylla*. Galls mature in autumn; adults emerge in February–March next year.

### Distribution  
Mexico: Guanajuato.

## *Atrusca dumosae* Melika & Pujade-Villar, 2011  
**Figs 262–275**

**Synonymy**  
*Atrusca dumosae* Melika & Pujade-Villar: Pujade-Villar et al. 2011: 24, female, gall.

### Types examined  
HOLOTYPE female “Mexico, Agua Amarilla, San Pedro Mártir, Baja California Norte, (31.X.2008) XI.2008; ex *Quercus dumosa*, N 32°08'28" and E 115°56'08", 1729 m a.s.l.”, deposited in USNM. Ten PARATYPE females with the same label as the HOLOTYPE (Pujade-Villar et al. 2011).

### Gall (Fig. 275)  
Galls are bulboid, nearly spherical, slightly tapering at the base, monolocular, located usually on the underside of leaves, attached by a single fine point to the main vein. Young galls are greenish to yellowish; mature galls brownish tan or dark reddish brown, unspotted or heavily mottled with brownish purple. The surface of the gall smooth, only microscopically roughened, shiny, thin-walled, with radiating fine filaments, supporting the central larval chamber. Galls are 18–25 mm in diameter.

### Biology  
The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. dumosa*. Galls mature in late October and beginning of November; adults emerge right after galls were collected.

### Distribution  
Mexico: Baja California

## *Atrusca emergens* (Kinsey, 1936)  
**Figs 276–289**

**Synonymy**  
*Cynips (dugesi) emergens* Kinsey, 1936: 113, female, gall.  
*Atrusca emergens* (Kinsey): Weld, 1952: 314

### Types examined  
HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (dugesi) emergens* “Sta Isabel 6E Chi 6000’, Mex. Gall 10.24.31, 7 fms. 2.9.32”, “Q. undata, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips emergens, Holo- Paratype”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Five PARATYPE females “Sta. Isabel, 6E, Chi 6000’ Mex., galls 10.24.31, 113 females 1.30.32”, “Q. undata Kinsey coll.”, red label “Cynips emergens. Paratype”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

### Gall (Fig. 289)  
The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s *bella* and *dugesi* complexes; indistinguishable from *A. bella* galls. Mature galls rosy or brownish tan, unspotted, up to 22 mm, in average 18 mm in diameter.

### Biology  
The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. arizonica* (= *Q. sacame*), *Q. chihuahuensis*, *Q. gambelii*, *Q. undata*. Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge in January–February next year.

### Distribution  
Mexico: Chihuahua.

## *Atrusca finitima* (Kinsey, 1936)  
**Figs 290–303**

**Synonymy**  
*Cynips (aggregata) finitima* Kinsey, 1936: 165, female, gall.  
*Atrusca finitima* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 314.

### Types examined  
HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (aggregata) finitima* “Pacheco 13 NE Chi 7400’, Mex. Gall 10.14.31, 3 fms. 2.4.32”, “Q. sacame, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips finitima, Holo- Paratype”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Two PARATYPE females “Pacheco 20E, Chi 7400’, Mex., galls 10.14.31, 3 females 2.4.32.”, “Q. sacame Kinsey coll.”, red label “Cynips finitima Paratype”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

### Gall (Fig. 303)  
The gall up to 25 mm, in average 19 mm in diameter, with a slender, sharply-pointed pedicel at the base; light yellow tan to dark russet brown, usually spotted or irregularly striped with dull purple, often with a whitish or bluish puberulence; singly or more often in large clusters; galls inserted in cracks in the bark of young twigs.

### Biology  
The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. arizonica* (= *Q. sacame*). Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge from February next year.

### Distribution  
Mexico: Chihuahua.

## *Atrusca longa* (Kinsey, 1936)  
**Figs 304–317**

**Synonymy**  
*Cynips (dugesi) longa* Kinsey, 1936: 115, female, gall.  
*Atrusca longa* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 314.

### Types examined  
HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (dugesi) longa* “Pachuca 7S Hgo 8700’, Mex. Gall 1.15.32, 3 fms. 3.18.32”, “Q. rhodophlebia, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips longa, Holo- Paratype”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Three PARATYPE females “Pachuca 7N, Hgo 7800’, Mex., galls 1.15.32, 35 females 3.6.32”, “Q. rhodophlebia Kinsey coll.”, red label “Cynips longa Paratype”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

### Gall (Fig. 317)  
The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s *bella* and *dugesi* complexes. Mature galls very light olive tan, less often rosy, unspotted, slightly tuberculate, not pubescent, up to 18 mm, in average 15 mm in diameter.

### Biology  
The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. rugosa* (= *Q. rhodophlebia*). Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge in March next year.

### Distribution  
Mexico: Hidalgo.

## *Atrusca lucaris* (Kinsey, 1936)  
**Figs 318–330**

**Synonymy**  
*Cynips (dugesi) lucaris* Kinsey, 1936: 116, female, gall.  
*Atrusca lucaris* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 314.

### Types examined  
HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (dugesi) lucaris* “Huehuetenango Guate 4S 7500’, Mex. Gall 12.2.35, 12 fms. 1.8.36”, “Q. pilicaulis, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips lucaris, Holo- Paratype”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Two PARATYPE females “Huehuetenango, Guate 14S, 7500’ Mex., galls 12.23.35.”, “Q. pilicaulis Kinsey coll.”, red label “Cynips lucaris. Paratype”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

### Gall  
The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s *bella* and *dugesi* complexes, globular. Mature galls light yellow to rosy tan, flushed rose when younger, unspotted, darkening with age, up to 28 mm, in average 14 mm in diameter.

### Biology  
The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. peduncularis* (= *Q. pilicaulis*). Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge in January–February next year.

### Distribution  
Guatemala.

## *Atrusca luminata* (Kinsey, 1936)  
**Figs 331–343**

**Synonymy**  
*Cynips (dugesi) luminata* Kinsey, 1936: 118, female, gall.  
*Atrusca luminata* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 314.

### Types examined  
HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (dugesi) luminata* “Quezaltenango 5N Guate 8800’, Mex. Gall 12.21.35, 4 fms. 1.14.36”, “Q. decipiens, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips luminata, Holo- Paratype”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Two PARATYPE females “Quezaltenango, Guat 5N, 8800’, Mex., galls 12.21.35”, “Q. decipiens Kinsey coll.”, red label “Cynips luminata Paratype”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

### Gall  
The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s *bella* and *dugesi* complexes. Mature galls light rosy tan to bright rose, becoming light to dirty brown with age, sometimes unspotted, sometimes obscurely spotted or mottled with purplish; up to 32 mm, in average 22 mm in diameter.

### Biology  
The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. rugosa* (= *Q. decipiens*). Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge in January–February next year.

### Distribution  
Guatemala.

## *Atrusca occidua* (Kinsey, 1936)  
**Figs 344–351**

**Synonymy**  
*Cynips (dugesi) occidua* Kinsey, 1936: 119, female, gall.  
*Atrusca occidua* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 314.

### Types examined  
HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (dugesi) occidua* “La Mesa Zac 7000’, Mex. Gall 11.21.31, 5 fms. 11.30.31”, “Q. depressipes, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips occidua, Holo- Paratype”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. 119 PARATYPES were designated by Kinsey, deposited in the general collection of AMNH, 10 of them were examined by GM.

### Gall (Fig. 351)  
The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s *bella* and *dugesi* complexes. Mature galls yellowish or bright rosy tan, younger galls richer rose, unspotted, smooth, shining to dull matte, thin-walled, up to 24 mm, in average 21 mm in diameter.

### Biology  
The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. depressipes*, *Q. potosina*. Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge in January–February next year.

### Distribution  
Mexico: Zacatecas.

## *Atrusca oriens* (Kinsey, 1936)  
**Figs 352–367**

**Synonymy**  
*Cynips (dugesi) oriens* Kinsey, 1936: 120, female, gall.  
*Atrusca oriens* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 314.  
*Cynips (dugesi) oriunda* Kinsey, 1936: 122, female, gall; **syn. nov.** herein  
*Atrusca oriunda* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 315.

### Types examined  
HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (dugesi) oriens* “Cerritos 25w S.L.P. 6000’, Mex. Gall 12.2.31, 64 fms. 2.1.32”, “Q. potosina, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips oriens, Holo- Paratype”. HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (dugesi) oriunda* “C. Victoria 21w Tams. 4500’, Mex. Gall 11.17.35, 1 fm. 12.7.36”, “Q. polymorpha, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips oriunda, Holo- Paratype”. Both HOLOTYPEs are deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. For *Cynips (dugesi) oriens*: eleven PARATYPE females “Cerritos 25w, S.L.P. 6000’, Mex., galls 12.2.31, 47 females 2.24.32”, “Q. potosina Kinsey coll.” red label “Cynips oriens Paratype”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

### Gall (Figs 365, 367)  
The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s *bella* and *dugesi* complexes. Mature globular galls rosy tan or brighter rose, unspotted, up to 21 mm, in average 14 mm in diameter.

### Biology  
The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. cordifolia*, *Q. depressipes*, *Q. intricata*, *Q. jaralensis*, *Q. polymorpha*, *Q. potosina*, *Q. pringlei*. Galls mature in late autumn; adults start to emerge from November–December till January–February next year.

### Distribution  
Mexico: San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas.

## *Atrusca pictor* (Kinsey, 1936)  
**Figs 368–423**

**Synonymy**  
*Cynips (dugesi) pictor* Kinsey, 1936: 123, female, gall.  
*Atrusca pictor* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 315.  
*Cynips (dugesi) pulex* Kinsey, 1936: 125, female, gall. **Synonym in** Pujade-Villar et al. (2016).  
*Atrusca pulex* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 315.  
*Cynips (dugesi) pusa* Kinsey, 1936: 129, female, gall. **Synonym in** Pujade-Villar et al. (2016).  
*Atrusca pusa* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 315.  
*Cynips (dugesi) pumilio* Kinsey, 1936: 126, female, male. **Synonym in** Pujade-Villar et al. (2016).  
*Atrusca pumilio* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 315.

### Types examined  
HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (dugesi) pictor* “Miquihuana 25Nw Tams. 8500’, Mex. Gall 11.12.35, 8 fms. 11.26.35”, “Q. cordifolia, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips pictor, Holo- Paratype”.  
HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (dugesi) pulex* “Rio Verde 14w S.L.P. 6500’, Mex. Gall 12.9.31, 5 fms. 3.2.32”, “Q. macrophylla, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips pulex, Holo- Paratype”.  
HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (dugesi) pumilio* “Pachuca 7N Hgo 8700’, Mex. Gall 1.15.32, 7 fms. 3.17.32”, “Q. repanda, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips pumilio, Holo- Paratype”.  
HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (dugesi) pusa* “Jacala 24 Sw Hgo 6800’, Mex. Gall 12.1.35, 17 fms. 12.14.19”, “Q. grisea, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips pusa, Holo- Paratype”.  
All HOLOTYPEs are deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

### Material examined  
For *Cynips (dugesi) pictor*: seven PARATYPE females “Miquihuana, Tams 25Nw, Mex. 8500’, galls 11.12.35”, “Q. cordifolia Kinsey coll.”, red label “Cynips pictor Paratype”.  
For *Cynips (dugesi) pulex*: one PARATYPE female “Rio Verde 14w, S.L.P. 6500’, Mex., galls 12.4.31, 5 females to 3.2.32”, “Q. macrophilla Kinsey coll.”, red label “Cynips pulex Paratype”.  
For *Cynips (dugesi) pusa*: four PARATYPE females “Jalisco 24Sw, Hgo 6800’, Mex., galls 12.1.35., 13 females 12.14.35”, “Q. repanda var. Kinsey coll.”, red label “Cynips pusa. Paratype”.

### Gall (Figs 381, 395, 409, 423)  
The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s *bella* and *dugesi* complexes, globular. Mature galls rich reddish or brownish tan, lightly but in most cases distinctly spotted, not shining, up to 17 mm, in average 12 mm in diameter.

### Biology  
The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. magnoliifolia* (= *Q. macrophylla*), *Q. potosina*, *Q. pringlei*, *Q. repanda*, *Q. tardifolia*. Galls mature in late autumn; adults start to emerge from November–December till January–February next year.

### Distribution  
Mexico: Hidalgo, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas.

## *Atrusca pomifera* (Kinsey, 1936)  
**Figs 424–437**

**Synonymy**  
*Cynips (dugesi) pomifera* Kinsey, 1936: 176  
*Atrusca pomifera* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 315.

### Types examined  
HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (bella) pomifera* “Sta Isabel 16E Chi 6000’, Mex. Gall 10.24.31, 150 fms. 2.1.32”, “Q. undata, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips pomifera, Holo- Paratype”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Eight PARATYPE females “Sta. Isabel, 6E, Chi 6000’, Mex., galls 10.24.31, 150 females to 2.10.32.”, “Q. undata Kinsey coll.”, red label “Cynips pomifera Paratype.”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

### Gall (Fig. 437)  
The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s *bella* and *dugesi* complexes, globular. Mature galls rosy or more often light-yellow tan, always conspicuously mottled with purplish brown, up to 22 mm, in average 14 mm in diameter.

### Biology  
The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. chihuahuensis*, *Q. undata*. Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge in January–February next year.

### Distribution  
Mexico: Chihuahua.

## *Atrusca pupoides* (Kinsey, 1930)  
**Figs 438–446**

**Synonymy**  
*Cynips dugesi* variety *pupoides* Kinsey 1930: 284, female, gall.  
*Cynips (dugesi) pupoides* (Kinsey): Kinsey 1936: 128, female, gall.  
*Atrusca pupoides* (Kinsey): Weld 1951: 638.

### Types examined  
HOLOTYPE female *Cynips pupoides* var. *dugesi* “Alpine, Tex. 12.14.19, gall 12.14.19”, “Q. grisea, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips pupoides, Holo- Paratype”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

### Gall  
The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s *bella* and *dugesi* complexes, globular. Mature galls rosy tan, obscurely freckled or unspotted, more or less shining; up to 23 mm, averaging 17 mm in diameter.

### Biology  
The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. grisea*. Galls mature in autumn; adults emerge in January–February next year.

### Distribution  
USA: Texas.

## *Atrusca quercuscentricola* (Osten Sacken, 1861)  
**Figs 447–460**

**Synonymy**  
*Cynips quercus centricola* Osten Sacken, 1861: 53, 58, female, gall.  
*Cynips centricola* Osten Sacken, 1865: 339.  
*Loxaulis* \[sic!\] *centricola*: Ashmead 1885: 296.  
*Holcaspis centricola* Ashmead 1885: 304.  
*Dryophanta centricola*: Mayr 1902: 290.  
*Diplolepis quercus-centricola*: Dalla Torre & Kieffer 1910: 369.  
*Disholcaspis centricola*: Kinsey 1920: 398.  
*Cynips (Atrusca) centricola* Osten Sacken: Kinsey 1930: 295, female, gall.  
*Cynips centricola* variety *centricola* Osten Sacken: Kinsey 1930: 297, female, gall.  
*Diplolepis quercus-rubrae* Karsch, 1880: 293, female, gall. **Synonym in** Weld 1951: 638.  
*Cynips centricola* variety *rubrae* (Karsch): Kinsey 1930: 301, female, gall.  
*Atrusca centricola* (Osten Sacken): Weld 1951: 638.

### Type examined  
We did not find where the type is deposited, probably lost.

### Material examined  
Two non-paratype females “Hopk. US, 10774E”, “reared nov. 27-18”, “Quercus minor”, “SA Rohwer coll.”, “Ironton Mo”.

### Gall (Fig. 460)  
Large, up to 26.0 mm, in average 20 mm in diameter, strictly spherical, thin-shelled monolocular spotted leaf gall, with sparse, radiating fibres, slightly flattened at the attachment point, ivory to apricot or more pinkish; some galls covered with purplish spots, shining and smooth; young galls with microscopic, stellate pubescence. Internally hollow, except for the thick-walled larval cell which is up to 4.0 mm in length. The gall is attached by a minute point to a vein, usually on the underside of a leaf. The gall is from [https://www.gallformers.org/gall/583](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/583) by Lora Shadwick.

### Biology  
The asexual generation is only known to induce globular leaf galls on *Q. stellata*. Mature galls in early autumn; adults start to emerge from October–November.

### Distribution  
USA: from New Jersey to North Carolina, also Missouri, Arkansas, Texas.

## *Atrusca sierrae* (Kinsey, 1936)  
**Figs 461–474**

**Synonymy**  
*Cynips (aggregata) sierrae* Kinsey, 1936: 166, female, gall.  
*Atrusca sierrae* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 315.

### Types examined  
HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (aggregata) sierrae* “Patos 15N Dgo 8000’, Mex. Gall 11.11.31, 6 fms. 2.22.32”, “Q. sacame, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips sierrae, Holo- Paratype”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Three PARATYPE females “Patos, 15w, Dgo 8000’, Mex., galls 1.11.31, 8 females 11.18.31.”, “Q. sacame Kinsey coll.”, red label “Cynips sierrae Paratype”; one female “Otinapa, 15w, Dgo 8000’, Mex., galls 11.11.31, 36 females 2.10.32.”, “Q. sacame Kinsey coll.”, red label “Cynips sierrae Paratype”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

### Gall (Fig. 474)  
The gall is up to 32 mm, in average 28 mm in diameter, with a slender, sharply-pointed pedicel at base, pinkish rose to brownish tan and darker brown, obscurely mottled with purple, sometimes with bluish puberulence, singly or more often in large clusters; galls inserted in cracks in the bark of young twigs.

### Biology  
The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. arizonica* (= *Q. sacame*), *Q. chihuahuensis*. Mature galls in November; adults emerge from November, mainly in January–February and till April.

### Distribution  
Mexico: Durango.

## *Atrusca simulatrix* (Kinsey, 1930)  
**Figs 475–488**

**Synonymy**  
*Cynips dugesi* variety *simulatrix* Kinsey 1930: 280, female, gall.  
*Cynips (dugesi) simulatrix* Kinsey 1936: 131, female, gall.  
*Atrusca simulatrix* (Kinsey): Weld 1951: 638.

### Types examined  
HOLOTYPE female *Cynips simulatrix* var. *dugesi* “Hillsboro N.M. Gall 12.26.19”, “Q. grisea, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips simulatrix, Holo- Paratype”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Ten PARATYPES deposited in the general collection in AMNH were also examined by GM.

### Material examined  
Four females “USA, Arizona, Molino Basin campground, Santa Catalina Mnts., ex *Q. oblongifolia*, AZ2, AZ3, gall type 37, leg. J.A. Nicholls, 2007.10.28”;  
20 females “USA, Arizona, Chiricahua Mnts. western side, ex *Q. arizonica*, AZ8, gall type 37, leg. J.A. Nicholls, 2007.10.25”;  
1 female “USA, Arizona, Chiricahua Mnts. summit, ex *Q. arizonica*, AZ5, gall type 37, leg. J.A. Nicholls 2007.10.26”;  
20 females “USA, Arizona, Sonoita, ex *Q. arizonica*, AZ7, gall type 37, leg. J.A. Nicholls 2007.10.27”;  
5 females “USA, Arizona, 5 km N of Payson, ex *Q. turbinella*, AZ11, gall type 37, leg. J.A. Nicholls 2007.10.29”;  
14 females “USA, Arizona, 25 miles S of Flagstaff on I17, ex *Q. turbinella*, AZ9, AZ10, gall type 37, leg. J.A. Nicholls 2007.10.31”;  
1 female “USA, Arizona, Sedona, ex *Q. turbinella*, AZ1, gall type 37, leg. J.A. Nicholls 2007.10.29”.

### Gall (Fig. 488)  
The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s *bella* and *dugesi* complexes; impossible to distinguish from other galls of the complex. Mature galls globular, rosy or brownish tan, unspotted, dull or shining, up to 27 mm, averaging 20 mm in diameter.

### Biology  
The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. arizonica*, *Q. gambelii*, *Q. grisea*, *Q. oblongifolia*, *Q. sinuata* (= *Q. undulata*). Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge in January–February next year.

### Distribution  
USA: Arizona, New Mexico.

## *Atrusca spadix* (Kinsey, 1936)  
**Figs 489–502**

**Synonymy**  
*Cynips (dugesi) spadix* Kinsey, 1936: 132, female, gall.  
*Atrusca spadix* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 315.

### Types examined  
HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (dugesi) spadix* “Taxco 8NE Gro 8000’, Mex. Gall 1.7.32, 62 fms. 3.10.32”, “Q. macrophylla, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips spadix, Holo- Paratype”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.  
Three PARATYPE females “Taxco, 8NE, Gro 8000’, Mex., gall 1.7.32, 62 female 3.10.32”, red label “Cynips spadix Paratype”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

### Gall (Fig. 502)  
The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s *bella* and *dugesi* complexes. Mature galls yellow to light rosy tan, unspotted, usually shining, sometimes puberulent or even powdered, up to 32 mm, in average 22 mm in diameter.

### Biology  
The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. magnoliifolia* (= *Q. macrophylla*). Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge in January–March next year.

### Distribution  
Mexico: Guerrero.

## *Atrusca spiculi* (Kinsey, 1936)  
**Figs 503–515**

**Synonymy**  
*Cynips (dugesi) spiculi* Kinsey, 1936: 134, female, gall.  
*Atrusca spiculi* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 315.

### Types examined  
HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (dugesi) spiculi* “Mex (City) 25E D. F. 7000’, Mex. Gall 1.2.32, 30 fms. 3.10.32”, red “Cynips spiculi, Holo- Paratype”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.  
Five PARATYPE females “Mex. (City) 25E, D.F. 7000’, Mex., galls 1.2.31, 50 females to 3.10.32.”, “Q. texcocana Kinsey coll.”, red label “Cynips spiculi Paratype”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

### Gall (Fig. 515)  
The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s *bella* and *dugesi* complexes. Mature galls rosy brown or darker, prominently bluish with a puberulence, sometimes faintly, less often conspicuously spotted, mottled, or irregularly striped with purplish marks, smooth, shining, up to 25 mm, in average 20 mm in diameter.

### Biology  
The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. deserticola* (= *Q. texcocana*), *Q. rugosa* (= *Q. conglomerata*, = *Q. decipiens*). Galls mature in late autumn; adults start to emerge from December till January–March next year.

### Distribution  
Mexico: Mexico City, Puebla.

## *Atrusca spinalis* (Kinsey, 1936)  
**Figs 516–529**

**Synonymy**  
*Cynips (dugesi) spinalis* Kinsey, 1936: 136, female, gall.  
*Atrusca spinalis* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 315.

### Types examined  
HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (dugesi) spinalis* “Cuernavaca 8N Mor. 8700’, Mex. Gall 1.7.32, 24 fms. 1.25.32”, “Q. texcocana, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips spinalis, Holo- Paratype”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.  
Two PARATYPE females “Cuernavaca, 8N, Mor 8700’, Mex., galls 1.7.32, 24 females 1.25.32”, “Q. texcocana Kinsey coll.” red label “Cynips spinalis Paratype”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

### Gall (Fig. 529)  
The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s *bella* and *dugesi* complexes. Mature galls very light olive tan, less often rosy, unspotted, smooth, shining, often bluish puberulent, up to 16 mm, in average 13 mm in diameter.

### Biology  
The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. deserticola* (= *Q. texcocana*). Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge from January next year.

### Distribution  
Mexico: Morelos.

## *Atrusca spinescens* (Kinsey, 1936)  
**Figs 530–543**

**Synonymy**  
*Cynips (dugesi) spinescens* Kinsey, 1936: 137, female, gall.  
*Atrusca spinescens* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 315.

### Types examined  
HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (dugesi) spinescens* “Jilotepec 7Nw Mex. 9500’, Mex. Gall 1.16.32, 6 fms. 3.6.32”, “Q. purpusi, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips spinescens, Holo- Paratype”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.  
One PARATYPE female “Jilotepec, 7Nw, Mex 9500’, Mex., galls 1.16.32, 6 females 3.6.32”, “Q. purpusi Kinsey coll.”, red label “Cynips spinescens Paratype”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

### Gall (Fig. 543)  
The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s *bella* and *dugesi* complexes. Mature galls in part light yellowish tan and in part rich rosy or purplish brown, usually well marked with purple spots or streaks, with traces of bluish bloom, up to 19 mm, in average 14 mm in diameter.

### Biology  
The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. rugosa* (= *Q. purpusi*). Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge from March next year.

### Distribution  
Mexico: Jilotepec.

## *Atrusca spinifera* (Kinsey, 1936)  
**Figs 544–557**

**Synonymy**  
*Cynips (dugesi) spinifera* Kinsey, 1936: 138, female, gall.  
*Atrusca spinifera* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 315.

### Types examined  
HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (dugesi) spinifera* “Morelia 14E Mich 7000’, Mex. Gall 12.27.31, 234 fms. 3.22.32”, “Q. conglomerata, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips spinifera, Holo- Paratype”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.  
Seven PARATYPE females “Morelia, 14E, Mich 7000’, Mex., galls 12.27.31, 234 females 3.22.32.”, “Q. conglomerata Kinsey coll.”, red label “Cynips spinifera Paratype”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

### Gall (Fig. 557)  
The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s *bella* and *dugesi* complexes. Mature galls light straw tan to yellowish brown, less often brownish or purple olive, rarely rosy, unmarked, with a conspicuous bluish puberulence, up to 17 mm, in average 13 mm in diameter.

### Biology  
The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. rugosa* (= *Q. conglomerata*). Mature galls in late autumn, December; adults emerge in January–March next year.

### Distribution  
Mexico: Michoacán.

## *Atrusca strians* (Kinsey, 1930)  
**Figs 558–571**

**Synonymy**  
*Cynips centricola* variety *strians* Kinsey, 1930: 304, female, gall.  
*Cynips (Atrusca) (centricola) strians* Kinsey, 1936: 181.  
*Atrusca strians* (Kinsey): Weld 1951: 638.

### Types examined  
HOLOTYPE female *Cynips strians* var. *centricola* “Bonnie, Ill. Gall 10.15.27”, “Q. alba, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips strians, Holo- Paratype”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.  
Seven PARATYPE females “Morelia, 14E, Mich 7000’, Mex., galls 12.27.31, 234 females 3.22.32.”, “Q. conglomerata Kinsey coll.”, red label “Cynips spinifera Paratype”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

### Gall (Fig. 571)  
The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s *bella* and *dugesi* complexes. Mature galls globular, always well spotted, brownish purple.

### Biology  
The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. stellata*. Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge from December.

### Distribution  
USA: Illinois.

## *Atrusca subnigra* (Kinsey, 1936)  
**Figs 572–585**

**Synonymy**  
*Cynips (dugesi) subnigra* Kinsey, 1936: 140, female, gall.  
*Atrusca subnigra* (Kinsey): Weld 1951: 638.

### Types examined  
HOLOTYPE female *Cynips subnigra* (dugesi) “Las Cruces 16E N.M. Gall 10.6.31 107 fms. 1.26.32”, “Q. grisea, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips subnigra, Holo- Paratype”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.  
Two PARATYPE females “Las Cruces 16E, N.M.”, “Q. grisea Kinsey coll.”, red label “Cynips subnigra Paratype”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

### Gall (Fig. 585)  
The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s *bella* and *dugesi* complexes; indistinguishable from other galls of the *bella* complex. Mature galls rosy or brownish tan, unspotted or obscurely mottled, usually shining, up to 25 mm, in average 20 mm in diameter.

### Biology  
The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. grisea*. Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge in January–February next year.

### Distribution  
USA: New Mexico.

## *Atrusca tigrina* (Kinsey, 1936)  
**Figs 586–599**

**Synonymy**  
*Cynips (aggregata) tigrina* Kinsey, 1936: 167, female, gall.  
*Atrusca tigrina* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 316.

### Types examined  
HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (aggregata) tigrina* “Taxco 8NE Gro 8000’, Mex. Gall 1.7.32, 6 fms. 4.1.32”, “Q. nudinervis, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips tigrina, Holo- Paratype”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.  
Three PARATYPE females “Taxco, 8NE, Gro 8000’, Mex., gall 1.7.32., 6 females 4.1.32”, “Q. nudinervis Kinsey coll.”, red label “Cynips tigrina Paratype”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

### Gall (Fig. 599)  
The gall is up to 28 mm, in average 20 mm in diameter, globular, with a truncate pedicel, light yellow to pinkish or rosy tan, conspicuously spotted and irregularly striped with rich purple, usually dusted with a bluish puberulence; singly, rarely 2–3 in one cluster, attached to the main vein of the leaf.

### Biology  
The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on *Q. magnoliifolia* (= *Q. nudinervis*). Galls mature in late autumn – beginning of winter; adults emerge in March–April next year.

### Distribution  
Mexico: Guerrero.

## *Atrusca vasta* (Kinsey, 1936)  
**Figs 600–627**

**Synonymy**  
*Cynips (dugesi) vasta* Kinsey, 1936: 141, female, gall.  
*Atrusca vasta* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 316.  
*Cynips (dugesi) vulgata* Kinsey, 1936: 143, female, gall, **syn. nov.** herein.  
*Atrusca vulgata* (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 316.

### Types examined  
HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (dugesi) vasta* “Tula 22N Tams. 6100’, Mex. Gall 1.20.32, 72 fms. 2.16.32.”, “Q. intricata + Q. pringlei, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips vasta, Holo- Paratype”.  
HOLOTYPE female *Cynips (dugesi) vulgata* “S. Luis Potosi 15w S.L.P. 8000’, Mex. Gall 11.30.31, 24 fms. 2.20.32.”, “Q. potosina, Kinsey coll.”, red “Cynips vulgata, Holo- Paratype”. Both types are deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

For *Cynips (dugesi) vasta*: three PARATYPE females “Tula 22N, Tams 6100’, Mex., galls 1.20.32., 72 females 2.16.32.”, “Q. intricata + Q. pringlei Kinsey coll.” red label “Cynips vasta Paratype”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.  
For *Cynips (dugesi) vulgata*: two PARATYPE females “St. Luis Potosi 15w, S.L.P. 8000’, Mex., galls 11.30.31., 24 females 2.20.32.”, “Q. potosina Kinsey coll.” red label “Cynips vulgata Paratype”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.

### Gall (Figs 613, 627)  
The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s *bella* and *dugesi* complexes. Mature galls globular, deep rosy brown tan, unspotted, up to 21 mm, in average 14 mm in diameter.

### Biology  
The asexual generation is only known to induce galls on leaves of *Q. arizonica* (= *Q. sacame*), *Q. chihuahuensis*, *Q. intricata*, *Q. jaralensis*, *Q. potosina*, *Q. pringlei*, *Q. rugosa* (= *Q. reticulata*), *Q. undata*. Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge from February next year.

### Distribution  
Mexico: Aguascalientes, San Luis Potosi, Guanajuato, Queretaro, Tamaulipas.

## *Xanthoteras* Ashmead, 1897, re-established genus

Beutenmueller (1911) originally described *Dryophanta clavula*. Subsequently, Kinsey (1930: 215) reassigned this taxon as a variety of *Cynips (Antron) teres* (Weld). However, due to the preoccupation of the name *clavula*, he proposed the replacement name *Cynips teres* var. *clavuloides*. Later, Burks (1979) recognized this species within *Xanthoteras* Ashmead, 1897, a placement later formalized by Dailey and Menke (1980), who transferred it to *Xanthoteras* and designated a lectotype. Finally, Melika and Abrahamson (2002) transferred this species to *Atrusca*.

Based on a critical re-examination of the diagnostic character states, we re-establish the genus *Xanthoteras* gen. rev. and transfer back the species *X. clavuloides* (Kinsey, 1930), comb. rev., while recognizing that the limits of this genus are still uncertain and require revision. Recent phylogenetic studies have shown that the genus *Atrusca* and *X. clavuloides* comb. rev. are closely related, along with *Cynips* (= *Besbicus*), *Philonix*, and some *Sphaeroteras* (Nicholls et al. 2017; Melika et al. 2021a, 2021b; Nieves-Aldrey et al. 2021; Cuesta-Porta et al. 2023). However, the morphology of *X. clavuloides* comb. rev. does not align with *Atrusca*, given the presence of the malar sulcus. Preliminary molecular analyses (James Nicholls, unpublished data) suggest that *X. clavuloides* comb. rev. forms a distinct lineage independent from *Atrusca* and *Sphaeroteras*. Thus, a detailed revision of all species from *Sphaeroteras* and *Xanthoteras* is necessary to establish the true limits of the two genera.

Atrusca sagata (Kinsey, 1938) herein transferred to Sphaeroteras genus, S. sagata (Kinsey), **comb. nov.**

Review of the Nearctic and Neotropical genus Atrusca Kinsey, 1930 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini)