Antron douglasii (agamic)

Feron pattersonae (agamic)

Cynips quercusechinus (agamic)

Atrusca brevipennata (agamic)

Atrusca capronae (agamic)

Atrusca catena (agamic)

Atrusca cava (agamic)

Atrusca conexa (agamic)

Atrusca cubitalis (agamic)

Atrusca deceptrix (agamic)

Atrusca dugesi (agamic)

Atrusca emergens (agamic)

Atrusca longa (agamic)

Atrusca lucaris (agamic)

Atrusca luminata (agamic)

Atrusca occidua (agamic)

Atrusca oriens (agamic)

Atrusca pictor (agamic)

Atrusca pupoides (agamic)

Atrusca simulatrix (agamic)

Atrusca spadix (agamic)

Atrusca spiculi (agamic)

Atrusca spinalis (agamic)

Atrusca spinescens (agamic)

Atrusca spinifera (agamic)

Atrusca subnigra (agamic)

Atrusca vasta (agamic)

Atrusca bulboides (agamic)

Atrusca aequalis (agamic)

Atrusca bulbacea (agamic)

Atrusca bulbulus (agamic)

Atrusca bulla (agamic)

Atrusca aggregata (agamic)

Atrusca cucurbita (agamic)

Atrusca finitima (agamic)

Atrusca sierrae (agamic)

Atrusca tigrina (agamic)

Atrusca aspera (agamic)

Atrusca bella (agamic)

Atrusca congesta (agamic)

Atrusca pomifera (agamic)

Atrusca quercuscentricola (agamic)

Antron plumbeum (agamic)

Cynips claripennis (agamic)

Cynips euconus (agamic)

Cynips fucosa (agamic)

Cynips fuscipennis (agamic)

Cynips glabrescens (agamic)

Cynips hirsuta (agamic)

Cynips jalisco (agamic)

Cynips munda (agamic)

Cynips scutata (agamic)

Cynips subcostalis (agamic)

Cynips subfusca (agamic)

Cynips texcocana (agamic)

Philonix fulvicollis (agamic)

Philonix gigas (agamic)

Philonix insulensis (agamic)

Philonix latigenae (agamic)

Cynips arida (agamic)

Cynips conica (agamic)

Atrusca strians (agamic)

Atrusca clivorum (agamic)

Cynips (echinus) douglasii
Agamic form douglasii

Holcaspis douglasii Ashmead, 1896, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 19:127. 
Cynips echinus douglasii agamic form douglasii Kinsey, 1930, Ind. Univ. Studies 84-86:186, figs. 23, 154-159, 175. 
Cynips quercus-echinus Douglasi Houard, 1935, Marcellia 28:108, fig. 40-43. 

To the data given in Kinsey 1930, add: 

RANGE.-California: Island Mountain (E. R. Leach in Kinsey coll.). Visalia (galls, C. D. Michener in Kinsey coll.). Santa Rosa (Weld acc. Houard 1935). 

LIFE HISTORY..—Adults: December 8, 9-14, 16-30. Most of the emergence late in December. 

The new locality in Trinity County is somewhat northwest of the previously known range for douglasii. The material may average darker than that from Central California. Twenty-one of the 684 insects are very small (1.5 mm. or less) and very dark, some of the specimens being almost entirely black. It remains to determine whether these are abnormally developed individuals, a local, mutant race, or stray individuals from an undescribed species of the complex.

Cynips (echinus) dumosae Kinsey 
agamic form 

Cynips echinus dumosae Kinsey, 1930, Ind. Univ. Studies 84-86:199, figs. 26, 147-149, 179. 
Cynips echinus douglasi err. det. Hoffmeyer, 1933, Ent. Meddell. Kbhvn. 18: 248. 
Cynips dumosae Kinsey, 1930, Workbook in Biol.: 35. 

To the data given in Kinsey 1930, add: 

RANGE.-California: Santa Anita Canyon (north of Monrovia) (C. D. Michener in Kinsey coll.). 

LIFE HISTORY..—Adults: March 25, and April (without day). These dates are still later than the previously recorded dates for January and February. 

PARASITE.-Callimome warreni Cockerell (acc. Hoffmeyer 1933)

Cynips (echinus) echinus 
agamic form echinus Osten Sacken 

Cynips quercus echinus Osten Sacken, 1870, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 3:56. 
Cynips echinus echinus agamic form echinus Kinsey, 1930, Ind. Univ. Studies 84-86:191, figs. 24, 156-158, 163, 176, 191.
Diplolepis echina Balduf, 1932, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 79 (28):60. 
Cynips echinus Kinsey, 1934, Workbook in Biol.: 35. 

To the data given in Kinsey 1930, add: 

PARASITE.-Decatoma occidentalis Balduf (acc. Balduf 1932). 

Cynips (echinus) vicina 
agamic form vicina Kinsey 

Cynips echinus vicina agamic form vicina Kinsey, 1930, Ind. Univ. Studies 84-86:196, figs. 25, 177. 
Cynips vicina Kinsey, 1934, Workbook in Biol.: 36. 

To the data given in Kinsey 1930, add: 

RANGE.-California: Sequoia National Park (galls, C. D. Michener in Kinsey coll.). 

LIFE HISTORY..—Galls: mature September 4. 

Cynips (dugèsi) brevipennata (Gillette) 
agamic form 

[No photos of this gall are included]

[no name] Osten Sacken, 1873, Hayden Rpt. U.S. Geol. Surv.: 567, No. 1. Kinsey, 1926, Introd. Biol., fig. 277a. 
Holcaspis brevipennata Gillette, 1893, Ent. News 4:31. Gillette, 1896, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 23:93, 96. Dalla Torre and Kieffer, 1902, Gen. Ins. Hymen. Cynip.: 53. Beutenmüller, 1909, Journ. N.Y. Ent. Soc. 17:46. Beutenmüller, 1909, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 26:42, pl. 9 figs. 4-5. Thompson, 1915, Amer. Ins. Galls: 17, 39. 
Disholcaspis brevipennata Dalla Torre and Kieffer, 1910, Das Tierreich 24:373, 632, 634, 636, 811. Felt, 1918, N.Y. Mus. Bull. 200:100, fig. 63 (4-5). Kinsey, 1920, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 42:398. Houard, 1928, Marcellia, 24:106. 
Andricus pellucidus Kinsey, 1920, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 42:309, 384, pl. 23 figs. 19-21. 
Diplolepis brevipennata Weld, 1922 (not all records), Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 61 (18):7. Weld, 1926, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 68 (10):19. 
Cynips dugès i var. A Kinsey, 1927, Field and Lab. Man. in Biol.: 110. 
Cynips dugès i brevipennata Kinsey, 1930, Ind. Univ. Studies 84-86:282, figs. 44, 262, 273, 278. 

GALL.-Similar to all galls of the C. dugèsi and C. bella complexes; mature galls light rosy tan, unspotted; often shining; of moderate size, up to 19. mm., averaging nearer 14. mm. in diameter. 

HOSTS.—White oaks of the Q. Gambelii complex (= Q. undulata Gillette and other older authors, not undulata of recent authors). Also on Q. fendleri (acc. Weld), and Q. grisea (acc. Weld). 

RANGE.-Colorado: Manitou (Gillette; brevipennata types. Also galls, Kinsey coll.). Colorado Springs (Carpenter, pellucidus types). Colorado Springs, 25 SE (Holloway in Kinsey coll.). Happy Canyon (20 SE Denver). Palmer Lake (I. C. Campbell in Kinsey coll.). Trinidad (galls, Holloway in Kinsey coll. Also Weld). Morley, Wetmore, West Cliff, La Veta, Spanish Peaks (acc. Weld). 

New Mexico: Raton, Wagon Mound, Shoemaker, Glorieta, Tijeras, Las Vegas Hot Springs (acc. Weld). Raton, 8 N (galls, Holloway in Kinsey coll.). Raton Pass (W. J. Hughes in Kinsey coll.). Raton, 28 E (C. Schwachheim in Kinsey coll.). Santa Fe, 12 E (galls, Holloway in Kinsey coll.). 

Confined to an area in Colorado and New Mexico, east of the Continental Divide, extending from Denver, Colorado, south to a point (Tijeras) east of Albuquerque, N.M. Replaced in Colorado west of the Divide by C. cubitalis; replaced elsewhere in the Southwest by still other species of the dugès i complex. Figure 18. 

INQUILINES.–Synergus similis Gillette (acc. Gillette 1896). S. atripes Gillette (acc. Gillette 1896). S. oneratus (Harris) (acc. Dalla Torre and Kieffer 1910). Doubtful determination. 

LIFE HISTORY..—Larvae: August 22-25 (in most cases too small to breed). Pupae: October 4. Adults: in galls October 6, 31; November 9. Emerging October 31. November 15, 20, 26. December 15. January 10. Most of the emergence in November. See Kinsey 1930: 284 for further details. 

This short-winged insect is the best-known species of the complex, occurring on the eastern front of the Rockies in Colorado and New Mexico in a region where no species of the Cynips bella complex is found. Brevipennata is, consequently, the only producer of the oak-apple galls in that area. 

From the other distinctly short-winged species representing the dugèsi complex in the United States, brevipennata is distinct in having a generally bright rufous body color, a small but distinct areolet, and faint markings in the cubital cell. Of the two other short-winged species, cubitalis, in Colorado west of the Divide, has a nearly closed areolet and a nearly solid line of marks paralleling the cubital vein; and pupoides, in West Texas, has a generally dark rufous color with heavier marks in the cubital cell. These three short-winged insects must have originated one from the other, the first coming by direct mutation from such a long-winged type as C. simulatrix or C. subnigra in Southern Arizona and New Mexico. 

Cynips (dugèsi) capronae (Weld) 
agamic form
Figures 9, 18, 41, 56 

Diplolepis capronae Weld, 1930, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 32:29. 
Diplolepis Capronae Houard, 1934, Marcellia 28:35, figs. 14, 15

GALL.-Similar to other galls of the dugèsi and bella complexes, sometimes somewhat flattened basally, but sometimes with the vertical longer than the horizontal axis; up to 18. mm., averaging nearer 10. mm. in diameter; surface smooth and shining; older galls light brownish yellow, conspicuously striped with vertical, rarely anastomosing bands of purplish brown. Figures 9, 56. 

HOST.-Quercus subturbinella, a desert scrub of Californian affinities. 

RANGE.-Arizona: Camp Creek (Weld coll., types). Globe. Safford (galls only). Utah : Zion Park (questionable determ.). Possibly restricted to Quercus sub turbinella in an area in Central Ari zona, north of a line drawn from Safford to Phoenix. Possibly it is the same species ranging on the same oak into Southwestern Utah. Figure 18.

LIFE HISTORY..—Immature larvae: September 8. 

Adults mostly emerged November and December (acc. Weld), and January 20 (Kinsey). 

In 1920 I found the conspicuously striped galls of this species abundant in the Apache Trail area of Central Arizona. The material from which Weld described the species was collected just north of that same area.

From a gall which I collected in 1929 in the southwestern corner of Utah (Zion Park), I cut a well-developed adult which seems to differ from a paratype of capronae which Mr. Weld has lent me only in having darker wing veins and heavier spotting in the cubital cell. But in the original description it is noted that this spotting varies in the type series, and I should not question the identity of the Central Arizona and Southwestern Utah material if it were not that the gall from which my lone Utah insect was cut is without stripes, although somewhat marbled. My Utah specimens, however, were collected early in September, when the galls were very young and succulent; and it is possible (though by no means established) that the markings of the typical capronae gall do not develop until the structure is more mature. Weld's material and my 1920 material was collected when most of the insects had emerged, and my 1929 material when most of the larvae were too immature for breeding. We know some other cynipids which range from Central Arizona into Southwestern Utah, on Q. subturbinella, which is the host of capronae; but we cannot be entirely certain of the range of capronae until we can secure larger series of adults. 

This oak on which capronae occurs is a peculiar, prickly leaved scrub that pushes further out onto the desert in Southwestern Utah and adjacent Arizona (and Nevada?) than any other oak which I know in the United States. All of the affinities of the oak are in California. Its isolated occurrence east of the Great Basin must be connected with the moist period which that region enjoyed during the late Pleistocene. At that time several members of the California flora and fauna advanced east ward across a region that is now too dry to support any oak. Every cynipid found on Quercus subturbinella is, therefore, of especial interest in the interpretation of our Southwestern faunas and floras. In this particular case the host is Californian, but the insect entirely Rocky Mountain in its affinities. It would appear that the morphologic mutations by which this insect was separated from the other complexes of Atrusca must have been accompanied by as unique physiologic mutation which led to the insect's selection of its host. Moreover, it isapparent that these mutations must be of recent date. They must have occurred since the above-mentioned period in the late Pleistocene. 

Cynips capronae shows most of the characters found in the adjacent species of the dugèsi complex. It differs from most of the others in having a much shorter, more nearly triangulate hypopygial spine, a broad anterior depression of the scutellum which is divided by a fine but distinct carina, and a gall which is prominently striped. Note that the species occurs at one edge of the range of that complex, in an area and on an oak from which no other species of the complex is known. It is clearly a geographic segregate derived from C. simulatria by fairly direct though amaterial mutation. We have debated the desirability of recognizing these larger mutations by creating a distinct complex for capronae. If we did, it would certainly emphasize the fact that a complex may arise in the same fashion as species arise from each other within a group. To keep the species in the dugèsi complex is to emphasize the fact that degree of difference is no indicator of the number of times a species is removed from another in evolution. The phylogenetic interpretation seems clear; the manner in which we translate that story into the taxo nomic nomenclature is not so important. 

Capronae is ruled out of the bella complex by its much lighter wing markings (including the virtual absence of spots in the radial cell), and by the important fact that there is a species, vanescens of the bella complex, in that same part of Arizona and Utah, on the same oak host.

Cynips (dugèsi) catena, new species
agamic form

GALL.-Similar to all galls of the C. dugèsi and C. bella complexes. Mature galls spherical, yellow-tan to rosy-tan, flushed rose when younger, touched with darker purple rose in age, rather well peppered with fine, purplish marks; more or less dull; up to 17. mm., averaging near 14. mm. in diameter. 

HOST.-Quercus grisea, the evergreen white oak of the area. 

RANGE.-Texas: Alpine, 10 E. Possibly restricted to the single, low mountain range east of Alpine. Figure 18.

LIFE HISTORY..—Galls: nearly mature October 13. Adults: December 6, 14. January 9, 15. Most of the emergence in the first half of December. 

It is a great surprise to find this distinct species within 14 miles of the type locality for C. pupoides. The types of pupoides were collected seventeen years ago in the brush-covered hills west of the town of Alpine. They are matched by material collected that year from Fort Davis and, within the last year, from the Chisos Mountain Park. The extreme localities for pupoides are fully 100 miles apart. The stands of oak in that area are anything but continuous, and in places they may be as much as 20 or 30 miles apart. The oak-free stretch east of the town of Alpine is hardly 8 miles wide, but it isolates the so-called Del Norte Mountains from which we have this perfectly distinct insect, catena. 

While catena shows itself some relative of pupoides, it, as a matter of fact, is closer to the Central Texan C. cava than it is to the brevipennata-pupoides stock. The phylogenetic map will show how the brevipennata and cava stocks have come in from the west and east, respectively, to put their end products within 8miles of each other on either side of Alpine. Cateba differs from cava most obviously in its strictly spherical gall—the galls of cava being bulboid. The insect of cateba is generally darker rufous in color and has heavier wing veins.

Cynips (dugèsi) cava (Weld)
agamic form

Diplolepis cava Weld, 1926, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 68 (10):22, fig. 5.
Cynips cava Kinsey, 1930, Ind. Univ. Studies 84-86:293, figs. 46, 260-261,270, 283. Houard, 1934, Marcellia 28:38. Houard, 1935, Marcellia 28: 110

GALL.-Similar to other galls of the C. bella and C. dugèsi complexes, but gourd-shaped instead of spherical, having a short, rather stout, drawn out, more or less cylindric base which is up to 3.0 mm. in length and 3.0 mm. in diameter; body of gall up to 22.0 mm. in diameter. Young galls light yellow with a rosy tinge, older galls becoming light russet brown, unspotted or only obscurely spotted. Figure 9. 

HOST.-Quercus breviloba, Q. breviloba f. laceyi. 

RANGE.-Texas: Austin (type, Weld coll.; also Patterson in Kinsey coll.). Round Rock. Leander. Boerne and Kerrville (acc. Weld 1926). Probably restricted to a limited area in Central Texas, extending mostly west from Austin. Figure 18

LIFE HISTORY..—Galls: Young on June 7. Pupae: November 10, 20. Adults: November 25, 26. December 4, and before and after December 8. 

The gall differs from those of all the northern species of dugèsi in being stalked to bulboid in shape. Taken together, these differences would seem enough to warrant recognition of the distinct complex in which we cataloged this species in our 1930 monograph. But the potentialities for all of the cava characters are in the dugèsi complex. This is evidenced by their appearance, singly, or in limited combinations, in one place or another within that complex; and the geographic position of cava also indicates that it is a geographic segregate of the dugèsi complex. Whatever we do with the species for the convenience of our cataloging, it seems certain that cava is, phylogenetically, no further removed from simulatria than simulatriæ is from the next species within the list. Such extreme developments of the dugèsi complex as cava, brevipennata, capronae, and others give evidence of the essential identity of the processes by which both species and higher categories come into existence. 

Cynips catena is the closest relative of cava. Catena is clearly an offshoot of the same stock which has moved further west into a single mountain range east of the town of Alpine, in West Texas. Cava is distinct from catena in being brighter rufous in color, in having a shorter hypopygial spine, rather distinctly shorter wings, a slightly smaller areolet, and a stalked-bulboid gall. 

Cynips (dugèsi) conexa, new species
agamic form

GALL.-Similar to all galls of the C. bella and C. dugèsi complexes. Mature galls in part light yellow, in part rosy or rosy brown, conspicuously marked with numerous, small, purplish spots, sometimes with a trace of a bluish puberulence; galls small, up to 18. mm., but averaging nearer 13. mm. in diameter. Figure 67. 

HOST.-Quercus nudinervis. NOT on Q. macrophylla in the same locality. [these are both Q magnoliifolia in modern terms]

RANGE.-Guerrero: Taxco, 8 NE, 8000' (types). Probably restricted to Q. mudimervis in the mountains of Northeastern Guerrero. Figure 18. 

LIFE HISTORY..—Adults: April 2, 15. 

In the mountains near Taxco, in Northeastern Guerrero, the prevailing oaks are Q. macrophylla and Q. nudinervis. Cynips spadia represents the dugèsi complex on Q. macrophylla; conexa is segregated on Q. nudinervis. Out of 64 insects from Q. nudinervis, all are typically conexa except one. 

From all other galls of the dugèsi complex in Southern Mexico, conexa galls are distinguished by their conspicuous covering of small, purplish spots. 

That conexa is a host-isolated relative of C. (dugèsi) spadia: near Taxco, in Guerrero, cannot be questioned. Its hypopygial spine, however, is some departure from the normal for the sub genus Atrusca, although it is not so elongated that one would consider placing it in another complex. Conexa is, however, also close to spiculi (near Mexico City), although this later insect has a still longer spine which might well lead to its placement in another complex or subgenus. 

Cynips (dugèsi) cubitalis, new species
agamic form

GALL.-Similar to all galls of the C. dugèsi and C. bella complexes. Mature galls light rosy tan, unspotted; often shining; of moderate size, up to 22. mm., averaging nearer 16. mm. in diameter. Figure 52. 

HOSTS.—Several oaks of the Q. Gambelii complex. 

RANGE.-Colorado: Glenwood Springs. Aspen, 6 E. Gunnison, 20 W (galls only). Colona. Ouray, 3 S. Durango, 12 N (types). Mesa Verde. Lewis. Utah : Monticello, 10 E (galls only). La Sal (galls only). Probably restricted to an area in the Rocky Mountains west of the Continental Divide, known from Western Colorado and easternmost Utah. Figure 18.

LIFE HISTORY.—Larvae: August 23 to September 2, in most cases too young to breed. Adults: October 29, November 4, 6, 9, 20, 21, 24. 

This short-winged species, cubitalis, is the producer of all the oak apples found in Colorado west of the Continental Divide. There is no species of the Cynips bella complex in that area. On the eastern slopes of the Colorado Rockies oak climbs hardly above 6,000 feet, falling some 4,000 feet short of most of the passes. On the western slopes, another oak of the Gambelii complex climbs much higher, reaching to about 9,500 feet, although it also falls short of the passes. The Western Colorado cynipids are, in consequence, well isolated from the Eastern Colorado species by a considerable oak-free area which extends over the Divide and well down on the eastern slopes of the range. Cubitalis is best distinguished by its nearly closed areolet and by the fusion of the marks in the cubital cell which form a line parallel to the cubital vein. Although the insect is in other respects hardly separable from brevipenmata, the characters noted are constant throughout the several localities, well distributed over the western half of Colorado, from which we have bred insects. 

Cynips (dugèsi) deceptrix, new species
agamic form

GALL.-Similar to all galls of the C. bella and C. dugès i complexes. Mature galls rosy or brownish tan, unspotted; always dull, minutely rough ened; moderately large, up to 22. mm., averaging under 17. mm. in diameter. Figure 70. 

HOSTS.—Quercus undata, Q. chihuahuensis. Insects from other oaks, especially the dwarf oaks, Q. depressipes and Q. striatula in the area, not clearly belonging to this species. 

RANGE.-Chihuahua: Parral, 12 W, 6800' (Q. undata; also galls on Q. saca me). Parral, 20 S (Q. undata). 

Durango: Villa Campos, 21 S, 6700' (Q. undata). Indé, 20 E, 6300' (Q. chihuahuensis). Patos, 15 W, 8000' (Q. sacame; also galls, Q. chihuahuen sis, Q. durangensis). Otinapa, 8500' (galls, Q. reticulata, Q. durangensis). Canatlan, 7 N, 7400' (Q. undata, types; also on Q. chihuahuensis). Durango, 2 N, 6500' (Q. undata). 

Zacatecas: Cantuna, 6 N, 6700' (Q. undata)

Probably restricted to the Western Sierra of Mexico, centering in the state of Durango, and extending northward only into the edge of Chihuahua and southward into the edge of Zacatecas. Figure 18

LIFE HISTORY.—Adults: November 9, 10, 17. December 5. February 1, 5, 8, 10, 18, 22, 26. March 2. Most of the emergence in the first half of February. 

The range of deceptrix centers in the state of Durango. The break between its range and that of emergens to the north occurs in the desert area between Chihuahua City and Parral, in the southern end of the state of Chihuahua. The southern limits of the range are marked by the high grass plateaus and astonishingly barren mountains of more northern Zacatecas. Through its range, deceptrix occurs on the common oaks of the region, both Q. undata and Q. chihuahuensis, but insects which we have from the dwarf oaks, Q. depressipes and Q. striatula, from Patos and Otinapa in Durango, do not appear to be deceptrix. Our limited material from the dwarfs is, however, not in condition to warrant description. 

Deceptrix is distinguished from its very close relative, emergens, by its more rufous color, especially its antennae which are largely bright rufous. From all of the more southern species of the complex, it is more strikingly distinct. 

In the northern half of the range of deceptrix, C. (bella) aspera produces an oak-apple gall which, however, is usually to be distinguished from the large, dull-surfaced, unspotted gall of deceptrix; for the gall of C. (bella) aspera is smaller and more heavily mottled.

Cynips (dugèsi) dugèsi (Mayr)
agamic form

Dryophanta Dugès i Mayr, 1886, Verh. zoo.-bot. Ges. Wien 36:370, pl. 12 fig. 1a, 1b, 2. Mayr, 1902, Verh. zoo.-bot. Ges. Wien 52:290. Dalla Torre and Kieffer, 1902, Gen. Ins. Hymen. Cynip.: 52.
Dryophanta dugesii Dalla Torre, 1893, Cat. Hymen. 2:50.
Dryophanta Dugesii Kieffer, 1901, André Hymen. d’Europe 7 (1):621.
Diplolepis dugesi Dalla Torre and Kieffer, 1910, Das Tierreich 24:344, 355, 811; figs. 76-77.
Dryophanta Dugesi Küster, 1911, Die Gallen der Pflanzen: 170.
Dryophanta dugesi Beutenmüller, 1911 (in small part only), Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 30:345, pl. 12 figs. 6-7. Felt, 1918, N.Y. Mus. Bull. 200:98, fig. 97 (6-7).
Cynips dugèsi dugèsi Kinsey, 1930 (in small part only), Ind. Univ. Studies 84–86: 281-282.

GALL.-Similar to all galls of the C. bella and C. dugèsi complexes. Mature galls rosy tan, unspotted; weakly shining; of moderate size, up to 21. mm., averaging nearer 17. mm. in diameter. Figure 71.

Original description Translation: The gall, which is produced by an as yet undescribed species of cynipid, is found on Quercus mexicana Humbolt and Bonplandt, and belongs to that group of American leaf galls which are connected with the under surfaces of the leaves only by a single point, have thin walls, and show in cross-section a central, egg-shaped larval cell from which radiating threads go to the inner surfaces of the outer walls of the gall. It is entirely spherical and measures 6. to 15. mm. in diameter; has a very thin wall which is for the most part not shining, largely a beautiful red in color, in part light yellow, or even with a light yellow ground finely marbled red; in the early stages it is covered with soft and short downy hairs which later must fall off because of the interference of the enlarging galls with each other or through rubbing. By cutting open the gall, one sees numerous, very fine, radially placed hairs extending from the centrally-placed, monothalamous larval cell to the outer wall, while, for instance in the galls of Dryophanta bella Bassett and D. polita Bassett these hairs are not very numerous and more or less fine. If one directs the cut through the new species so that it does not go through the larval cell, one may never or rarely see the cell because of the many hairs arising from it (see the illustration showing the cross-section of the gall).

HOST.S.–G) wercus microphylla, an alpine, dwarf white oak. Less often on Q. jaralensis, a scrub white oak. Not on the black oaks, Q. mexicana or Q. hypoleuca to which the types were mistakenly ascribed. 

RANGE.-Guanajuato: León, 20 NE, 9000' (Q. microphylla, Q. jara lensis). San Felipe, 20 SW, 8000' (Q. fara lensis). Type locality not known, but probably from near León. Chiefly restricted to the alpine dwarf oak, Q. microphylla, in that por tion of the Western Sierra of Mexico which centers in Guanajuato. Figure 18.

LIFE HISTORY..—Adults: February 15, 16, 20. March 2. 

All previous determinations of insect and gall material as Cynips dugèsi (in Beutenmüller 1911, Kinsey 1930, etc.) prove to have been incorrect. Through the courtesy of Dr. F. Maidl of the Vienna Museum I have now been able to examine a type insect and galls, and discover dugèsi to be an insect which we, in our own collections, found nearly confined to the little alpine dwarf, Q. microphylla, in the high mountains which lie northeast of León, in the Central Mexican Sierra. The twigs and leaves with the type galls have been variously mis-determined as belonging to the black oak, Quercus mexicana, or to the black oak, Q. hypoleuca ; but to one who has studied Mexican oaks in the field they are unmistakably those of Quercus microphylla, the same host on which we found the insect. Although the type collection was without locality record, other than “Mexico,” Dr. Dugès lived in León, and it is not improbable that his collections were made in the same high mountains from which we collected the species just northeast of León. We also have the insect from nearer San Felipe, also in the state of Guanajuato, but found it nowhere outside of that state. 

Practically all of the insects bred from all of the other oaks which occur in the Sierra near León represent Cynips (dugèsi) vulgata, but a few of the insects from the scrub oak, Q. jaralensis, prove to be C. dugèsi, indicating that the host isolation which normally segregates dugèsi on Q. microphylla may, on occasion, break down. No species of the C. bella complex occurs anywhere near the area in which dugèsi is found.

Cynips (dugèsi) emergens, new species
agamic form

GALLS.–Similar to all galls of the C. bella and C. dugèsi complexes; apparently indistinguishable from galls of C. (bella) bella which occur in the northern half of the range of emergens. Mature galls rosy or brownish tan, unspotted; more often dull (?); often large, up to 22. mm., averaging near 18. mm. in diameter. Figure 60. 

HOST.S. Quercus undata, Q. chihuahuensis, Q. sacame [arizonica], Q. Gambelii. Apparently on all the oaks of the area. 

RANGE.-Chihuahua: Pacheco, 13 NE, 7400' (Q. Gambelii, Q. saca me). Pacheco, 20 E, 5400' (Q. saca me). San Buenaventura, 3 E, 5600' (Q. chihuahuensis, Q. saca me). Las Cruces, 15 N, 6500' (Q. chihuahuensis). Namiquipa, 30 W, 5200 (Q. chihuahuensis). Madera, 10 SE (Q. chihua huensis, galls only). Matachic, 3 N, 6700' (Q. chihuahuensis). Pedernales, 2 E, 7500' (Q. chihuahuensis). Santa ſsabel, 6 E, 6000' (Q. undata; types). Santa ſsabel, 16 NE, 6000' (Q. undata; galls, Q. chihuahuensis). Probably restricted to the Western Sierra of Mexico in the state of Chihuahua, from Santa Ísabel north. Figure 18.

LIFE HISTORY..—Adults: December 10. January 20, 25, 29, 30. February 1, 5, 6, 9, 10, 17, 18, 28. Most of the emergence late in January and early in February. 

Emergens, distributed throughout the Sierra of Chihuahua, from Santa Ísabel and north, is one of the three closely related species which as a group range through our Southwest and south ward through the Mexican state of Durango. From the American species simulatrix, emergens is distinguished by its heavier veins and larger areolet; from deceptrix in Durango it is distinct in having antennae which are dark even on the basal segments. The break between the ranges of the two Mexican species comes in the hundred miles (largely desert and entirely oak-free, as far as we saw them) between Chihuahua City and Parral, in the southern end of the state of Chihuahua. Some of the Parral specimens were not clearly assignable to one or the other species, indicating some hybridization of emergens and deceptrix in that area, but only a few of the several hundred individuals in our collections were difficult to place. 

It must be noted that the galls of this species are apparently indistinguishable from the galls of C. (bella) bella, which occur in the northern part of the range of emergens (from Las Cruces, Chihuahua, and north). The galls of C. (bella) pomifera, which occur in the southern portion of the range of emergens, are prominently mottled and hence almost always separable from those of emergens. It is interesting to find that the ranges of the species in the bella complex in this area do not coincide with the ranges of the species of the dugèsi complex. 

Cynips (dugèsi) longa, new species
agamic form

GALL.-Similar to all galls in the C. bella and C. dugèsi complexes. Mature galls very light olive tan, less often rosy, unspotted; slightly tuberculate, not pubescent, of moderate size (never large), up to 18. mm., averaging nearer 15. mm. in diameter. Figure 58.

HOST.-Quercus rhodophlebia. Not on the dwarf oak, Q. repanda, in the same area.

RANGE.-Hidalgo: Pachuca, 7 N, 8700' (types). Probably throughout the mountains rimming the Valley of Mexico,
possibly occurring further east and north, but not southwest of those mountains. Figure 18.

LIFE HISTORY..—Adults: March 6, 18.

In the mountains to the north of the Valley of Mexico, this insect produces the common oak apples on the taller tree oaks, but not on the little alpine dwarf, Q. repanda. See C. pumilio, the species on the dwarf oak, for a further discussion. 

Longa is remarkable in having a nearly normal radial cell. In this respect, the insect is matched only by its Guatemalan relative, C. luminata. This normal cell is, of course, consequent on the fully normal wing of the insect (awing-body ratio of 1.35). The insect is probably close to the place of origin of the whole complex. For a further discussion of this point, see the introduction to the whole dugèsi complex. 

The galls of longa are slightly more distinctive than is usual in this complex, being more olive tan in color, with a minutely tuberculate surface. 

No species of the C. bella complex is found near the range of C. longa. 

Cynips (dugèsi) lucaris, new species
agamic form

GALL.-Similar to all galls of the C. bella and C. dugèsi complexes. Mature galls light yellow to rosy tan, flushed rose when younger, darkening with age; up to 28. mm., averaging nearer 14. mm. in diameter. 

HOST.-Quercus pilicaulis, a widespread tree with smoother, obovate, and crenate leaves—a “chestnut oak.” 

RANGE.-Guatemala: Huehuetenango, 14 S, 7500'. Huehuetenango, 3 S, 7300'. Quiché, 2 N, 7500'. Sololá, 11 N, 8500': Sacapulas, 9 S, 6000' (galls). Guatemala City, 5 W, 6500'. Restricted to the one oak, but probably ranging throughout the high mountain mass of Southwestern Guatemala; possibly extending into the connecting mountains of Chiapas. Figure 18.

LIFE HISTORY..—Adults: January 7, 8, 14, 15. February 1. 

This insect and C. luminata are responsible for the oak apples of the main mountain mass of Southwestern Guatemala. Lucaris is confined to the smoother, crenate-leaved oak of the region, Q. pilicaulis. Luminata is in the same localities on the coarser leaved oak of the decipiens complex. The host of luminata usually occurs some hundreds or thousands of feet higher than the host of lucaris in the same mountain ranges. Both of the insects belong to the main line of the dugèsi complex, its geographically closest relative among our described species being C. longa from the southern end of the state of Hidalgo in Mexico. These Guatemalan insects are not related to the long-spined species of the complex. 

Lucaris is readily distinguished from luminata by its generally dark color, especially by the large amount of black on the thorax and abdomen, by its slightly shortened wing with its com plex spotting in the cubital cell, the heavy blotch at the base of the cubital cell, the heavy infuscation and frequent spot in the radial cell, the shorter length of the whole insect (which averages near 2.9 mm.), and the smaller gall (which averages only about 1.4 mm.). 

Cynips (dugèsi) luminata, new species
agamic form

GALL.-Similar to all galls of the C. dugès i complex. Mature galls light rosy tan to bright rose, becoming light to dirty brown with age; some times unspotted, sometimes obscurely spotted or mottled with purplish; fairly large galls up to 32. mm., averaging nearer 22. mm. in diameter.

HOST.-Quercus decipiens [rugosa], the white oak with the largest and coarsest leaves in the region. 

RANGE.-Guatemala: Huehuetenango, 3 S, 7300'. Huehuetenango, 14 S, 7500': Quezaltenango, 5 N, 8800'. Sololá, 11 N, 8500'. San Marcos, 5 E, 8000'. San Marcos, 3 W, 8200'. Restricted to the one oak, but probably ranging throughout the high mountain mass of Southwestern Guatemala; possibly extending into the connecting mountains of Chiapas. Figure 18.

LIFE HISTORY.-Galls still soft, not wholly mature in last week of December. ADULTS: January 7, 8, 14, 21, 29. 

This insect and C. lucaris account for the oak apples of the main mountain mass of Southwestern Guatemala. Luminata is confined to the coarse-leaved oak which belongs to the Q, decipiens complex. Lucaris is on the “chestnut oak,” Q. pilicaulis, in the same area, although pilicaulis usually occurs a few hundred or thousand feet below the other oak. Both of the insects show relations to C. longa, from the southern end of the state of Hidalgo, north of Mexico City, nearly 300 miles from the Guate malan border. They are not closely related to the long-spined insects which break off of the dugèsi stocks near Mexico City. 

Cynips (dugèsi) occidua, new species
agamic form

GALL.-Similar to all galls of the C. bella and C. dugèsi complexes. Mature galls yellowish or bright rosy tan, younger galls richer rose; unspotted; smooth and shining to dull matte; very thin walled; moderate to very large, up to 24. mm., averaging near 21. mm. in diameter. Figure 57. 

HOSTS.—Quercus depressipes, Q. potosina. Probably restricted to scrub oaks. 

RANGE.-Zacatecas: Zacatecas, 22 SW (galls only, Q. potosima). La Mesa, 7000' (types, Q. depressipes). Probably restricted to an area in the Western Sierra of Mexico, in Zacatecas (and the adjacent corner of Ja lisco?). Figure 18. 

LIFE HISTORY.—Adults: November 21, 24, 29, 30. January 10. February 5, 20, 24. Most of the galls gathered on November 21 still too young to breed. Most of the emergence in February. 

This insect is known from only two collections on the high plateau that lies southwest of the city of Zacatecas. Whether the species is a geographic segregate occurring on all of the oaks of the region, or whether it is restricted to the alpine scrub oaks, remains to be discovered. Its closest relatives are oriens, found in the eastern mountains of San Luis Potosí, and vasta and oriunda in the eastern Sierra of Tamaulipas. From all of these others occidua is distinguishable by its nearly uniform, bright brownish rufous. From C. vulgata, the next more southern species in the Western Sierra, occidua differs in its shorter wing body ratio (1.15), in its lack of black on the thoracic lines, and in several other characters. 

No species of the C. bella complex is known from the area in which occidua occurs, so galls alone are determinable in this area.

Cynips (dugèsi) oriens, new species
agamic form

GALL. Similar to all galls in the C. bella and C. dugèsi complexes. Mature galls rosy tan or brighter rose, unspotted; usually not large, up to 21. mm., but averaging nearer 14. mm. in diameter. Figure 53

HOSTS.—Quercus potosina, Q. jaralensis [potosina], Q. intricata, Q. Pringlei, and Q. cordifolia, all of which are scrub oaks, though not all closely related oaks. Also on the larger trees, Q. polymorpha (?) and Q. sacame [arizonica]. 

RANGE.-San Luis Potosí : Cerritos, 21 W, 6000' (types). Tamau lipas : Miquihuana, 7 SE, 6000'. Probably restricted to scrub oaks in an area in the Eastern Sierra of Mexico, centering in the eastern part of San Luis Potosí and an adjacent southern portion of Tamaulipas. Figure 18. 

LIFE HISTORY.—Adults: November 23, 27, 30. December 6, 7, 12, 14, 15, 21. January 2, 9, 10. February 1, 5, 15, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28. March 1, 15. The bulk of the emergence in January and throughout February. 

Cynips oriens, known from the Eastern Sierra of Mexico near Cerritos, S.L.P., and from the adjacent mountains of Southern Tamaulipas, has its closest relatives in C. vasta, C. occidua, and C. oriunda. Oriens, vasta, and occidua occur on scrub oaks, while oriunda occurs on the large tree, Q. polymorpha. Vasta is found in a more eastern ridge of the Eastern Sierra (near Tula, in Tamaulipas) about 40 miles northeast of Cerritos. The closest relative of oriens is oriunda, from the tall tree, Q. polymorpha, in the southwestern portion of Tamaulipas. 

Thirty-five miles south of Cerritos, in the Eastern Sierra near Rio Verde, we found C. (dugèsi) pulea, an insect with a much reduced wing averaging only 0.90 times the body in length. In that group with reduced wings are the species puler, pumilio, pusa, and pictor, ranging through a great length of the Eastern Sierra both north, south, and east of oriens. From all of these oriens is distinct in its wing-body ratio of 1.10; but since the galls of both groups of species are essentially the same, insects must be had before determinations can be made. No species of the bella complex is known to occur near the range of oriens. 

Cynips (dugèsi) oriunda, new species
agamic form

GALL.-Similar to all galls of the C. bella and C. dugès i complexes. Mature galls yellow or more rosy tan, unspotted, up to 12. mm. in diameter. 

HOST.-Quercus polymorpha. 

RANGE.--Tamaulipas: Ciudad Victoria, 21 W, 4500'. San Luis Potosí: Cerritos, 25 W, 6000' (galls only). Probably restricted to the one oak, Q. polymorpha, in the Eastern Sierra of Southern Tamauli pas and adjacent San Luis Potosí. Figure 18. 

LIFE HISTORY..—Adult: December 7

This insect is very close to oriens which occurs on the scrub oaks of an adjacent portion of the Eastern Sierra. Oriunda is probably confined to the larger and quite distinct oak, Q. polymorpha.

Cynips (dugèsi) pictor, new species
agamic form

GALL.-Similar to all galls of the C. bella and C. dugès i complexes. Mature galls rather rich reddish or brownish tan, lightly but in most cases distinctly spotted; not shining; moderately small, up to 17. mm., averaging nearer 12. mm. in diameter. 

HOSTS.—Quercus cordifolia [striatula], Q. Pringlei. At the type locality (Miqui huana, 25 NW, Tams.) the first is the very dwarf scrub oak at the highest elevations (8600' or more); and the second is the head-high or taller shrub covering the slopes (7500' to 8500'). 

RANGE.--Tamaulipas: Miquihuana, 25 NW, 8500'. Probably extending northward, from west of Miquihuana, on the west ern slopes of the range of the Eastern Sierra which marks the southern portion of the boundary between Tamaulipas and Nuevo Leon. Replaced by C. oriens on the eastern slopes of the same range (nearer and east of Miquihuana). Figure 18. 

LIFE HISTORY..—Adults: November 26. December 6, 7, 14. January 1, 2, 8, 9, 16, 17, 23. February 16. Most of the emergence between Decem ber 6 and January 2. 

In the remote and inaccessible area which forms the very high mountain boundary between the southern extensions of the states of Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas, the present species, Cynips pictor, accounts for the oak apples on the western slopes of the Divide west of the town of Miquihuana. Directly east of the Divide, with its elevation of around 9,000 feet, it is C. oriens which represents this complex; and in an isolated canyon a little further east (22 miles north of Tula), C. vasta is the species producing similar oak apples. Our material of pictor comes from a single locality which is between the lumber station and mill of the hacienda known as “Aceradera”; but the range continues northward for some distance, past Soledad and west of Galeana, and pictor may extend for a hundred miles over the western slopes of this very high and inaccessible range. There seems no constant distinction between the material from the very low, alpine scrub, Q. cordifolia, and the taller shrub of the slopes, Q. Pringlei. 

This insect is one of the Eastern Sierran, short-winged group of species which includes C. pumilio, C. pulex, and C. pusa. Pictor is the most northern member of the group. From pumilio, which occurs in Southern Hidalgo, pictor is further to be distinguished by having a gall which is distinctly even if lightly spotted. Pictor, puler, and pusa are nearer the same color and are similarly hairy on the thorax, but pictor is dis tinguishable by its peculiar venation and spotted galls. 

Cynips (dugèsi) pulex, new species
agamic form

GALL.-Similar to all galls of the C. bella and C. dugès i complexes. Mature galls light yellow tan, unspotted; rather small, up to 14. mm., aver aging near 12. mm. in diameter. Figure 65.

HOSTS.—Quercus macrophylla, Q. potosina.

RANGE.-San Luis Potosí: Rio Verde, 14 W, 6500' (Q. macrophylla, types. Also on Q. polymorpha and Q. potosina). Not occurring to the north or west of the known locality; possibly occurring further east or south; possibly limited to the mountains west of Rio Verde. Figure 18.

LIFE HISTORY.—Adults: Early spring, before March 2

The type localities of pulex (from Rio Verde, in the state of San Luis Potosí) and of pusa (from Jacala, in Northern Hidalgo) are nearly a hundred miles apart, and it is nearer 125 miles to the type locality of pictor to the north (in Southwestern Tamaulipas). It is not impossible that additional species of the same group may occur in the largely impassable mountain areas that lie between Rio Verde and the nearest localities for these other species.

The type locality of pulex is only 35 miles from the type locality of the longer-winged species oriens (from Cerritos, also in San Luis Potosí); but the affinities of pulex are entirely with pictor, pusa, and pumilio, and not with oriens. Pulea is represented in our collections from the low trees, Q. macrophylla, the large tree, Q. polymorpha, and from the quite unrelated scrub oak, Q. potosina.

No species of the C. bella complex occurs near the area in which C. pulex is found.

Cynips (dugèsi) pusa, new species
agamic form

GALL-Similar to all galls of the C. bella and C. dugèsi complexes. Mature galls light olive tan, sometimes browner, but not rosy; unspotted; medium in size, up to 16. mm., averaging 13. mm. in diameter.

HOST.-Quercus repanda var., the lowest dwarf oak encountered along the Laredo-Mexico City highway east and west of Jacala.

RANGE.-Hidalgo: Jacala, 7 NE, 5000'. Jacala, 24 SW, 6800". Probably restricted to a portion of the Eastern Sierra in the northern end of the state of Hidalgo. Figure 18

LIFE HISTORY..—Adults: December 10, 14. January 1

This short-winged insect forms the common oak apples on the low-tufted dwarf oaks that are to be found both northeast and southwest of the town of Jacala, in the high mountain mass negotiated by the new Laredo-Mexico City highway. This is the main range of the Eastern Sierra, and so continuous that the species may spread for a good many miles. Its closest relative is C. pulex, found in an isolated range west of Rio Verde—nearly a hundred miles by airline from the type locality of pusa. Pulex: and pusa are clearly in the same evolutionary line as pumilio, which is found on Q. repanda, a close relative of the host of pusa, in the mountains at the southern end of the state of Hidalgo. The known localities for pusa and pumilio are still 50 miles apart. The intervening mountain mass is largely inaccessible, for it is avoided by the built highways, and the cynipid fauna between the recorded localities for the two species remains unknown and unpredictable.

The galls of pusa are distinctly olive, instead of rosy tan as in pumilio or yellow tan as in pulex.

Cynips (dugèsi) pumilio, new species
agamic form

GALL.—Similar to all galls of the C. bella and C. dugès i complexes. Mature galls light rosy tan, unspotted; always smooth and shining, large, up to 25. mm., averaging nearer 18. mm. in diameter. Figure 59.

HOST.-Quercus repanda, a low, alpine dwarf oak. Not on the taller oaks of the same area.

RANGE.-Hidalgo: Pachuca, 7 N, 8700'. Mexico: Mexico City, 32 E, 10,600'. Mexico City, 12 W, 8500'. Mexico City, 20 S, 9400' (galls only). Puebla: El Seco, 5 SW, 8200' (gall). Michoacán: Morelia, 14 E, 7000'. Probably wherever the alpine dwarf, Q. repanda, occurs. The recorded range, from Morelia to Pachuca and the mountains of Puebla represents the known range of the oak, but it may occur more widely, especially east and north. Figure 18

LIFE HISTORY..—Adults: January 12, 15, 25. February 2. March 7, 17, 25. Most of the emergence in March.

This is the short-winged producer of the oak apples on the dwarf oaks of the Mexican Cordillera, from Morelia to Pachuca and the mountains of Puebla. It may occur still further north and east. On the taller oaks in the mountains rimming the Valley of Mexico, in galls which may hang square over the car pet of dwarf oaks which bear Cynips pumilio, there is a long winged member of the dugèsi complex, namely Cynips longa. The galls of the two are nearly identical and one, gathering them without separating the material from the two hosts, might be surprised to find the longest-winged species in the complex, and the smallest-known dwarf in the complex coming from the one collection. It must convince one that the long-winged and short-winged species are relatives, and demonstrate the significance of mutation and isolation in the origin of species.

Pumilio is one of a group of short-winged species which also includes pictor, pusa, and pulex—all of them found in the East ern Sierra of Mexico. Geographically the species comes nearest C. pusa, pumilio being recorded from the southern end of the state of Hidalgo, while pusa is found in the northern end of the same state. Both insects occur on the same, very dwarf oak, Q. repanda, or species of that complex of oaks. The main highway connecting the two ends of the state of Hidalgo largely avoids the oak-inhabited mountain area, so we do not know whether any other species of this short-winged group occur between the ranges of pumilio and pusa.

No species of the C. bella complex occurs near the range of C. pumilio.

Cynips (dugèsi) pupoides Kinsey
agamic form

Diplolepis brevipenmata err. det. Weld, 1922 (in part), Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 61 (18): 7 (Teacas record only).
Cynips dugès i var. B Kinsey, 1927, Field and Lab. Man. in Biol.: 110.
Cynips dugès i pupoides Kinsey, 1930, Ind. Univ. Studies 84-86: 284, Figs. 44, 265, 267, 279.

GALL.-Very similar to all galls of the C. dugèsi and C. bella com plexes, apparently not to be distinguished from the galls of C. (bella) congesta which occur in the same region. Mature galls rosy tan, obscurely freckled or unspotted; more or less shining; up to 23. mm., averaging near 17. mm. in diameter. 

HOSTS.—Quercus grisea, Q. intricata (?), the evergreen white oaks of the area

RANGE.-Texas: Alpine, 4 W. Fort Davis. Chisos Mt. Park (Q. grisea and Q. intricata ?). Probably confined to the mountain ranges of West Texas. Figure 18.

LIFE HISTORY.—Adults: December 6, 14, 16. Most of the emergence still earlier. 

The gall of pupoides is indistinguishable from the gall of Cymips congesta of the bella complex; and since the two occur in the same region, the galls cannot be assigned even to their complexes unless insects are available for study. 

Cynips (dugèsi) simulatrix Kinsey
agamic form

Cynips dugès i var. C. Kinsey, 1927, Field and Lab. Man. in Biol.: 110.
Cynips dugesi simulatric Kinsey, 1930, Ind. Univ. Studies 84-86: 280, figs. 44, 263, 264, 266, 276, 287.
Cynips dugès i or simulatrix Hoffmeyer, 1933, Ent. Meddel. Kbhvn. 18: 247, 248.

GALL.-Very similar to all galls of the C. bella and C. dugèsi complexes, apparently indistinguishable from the galls of C. (bella) bella which occur in the same area. Mature galls rosy or brownish tan, unspotted; dull to shining; up to 27. mm., averaging near 20. mm. in diameter. 

HOSTS.—Q. undulata, Q. grisea, Q. oblongifolia, Q. arizonica, Q. Gambelii. Apparently on all of the white oaks of the area. Records for Q. grisea and Q. undulata often interchangeable because of poor determinations of New Mexican oaks. 

RANGE.-New Mexico: Magdalena. Near Alamogordo, 7000'. High rolls. Hillsboro (types). Kingston. (Above in more detail in Kinsey 1930: 280). Mountain Park (galls. Q. undulata, L. H. Bridewell in Kinsey coll.). Embudo Canyon in Sandia Mts. (E. B. Williamson in Kinsey coll.). Burro Mts. (Weld coll.). San Marcial, 24 S (galls, Q. grisea, Holloway in Kinsey coll.). Mayhill (galls, Q. Gambelii, Holloway in Kinsey coll.). Arizona: Prescott (Kinsey coll., and E. R. Leach, Jr., in Kinsey coll.). Safford. Oracle. Bisbee. Sabino Trail in Santa Catalina Mts., 4000'. Santa Rita Mts. Courtland. Fort Huachuca. (Above in more detail in Kinsey 1930: 280.) Oracle (galls, Q. arizonica, Holloway in Kinsey coll.). Ash fork, Chiricahua Mts., Patagonia (Weld coll.). Probably confined to the western half of New Mexico and the state of Arizona. Figure 18.

LIFE HISTORY..—Adults: November 15, 20, 27. December 14. January 6, 23. Most of the emergence late in November or early in December.

This wide-ranging species, found in Western New Mexico and in Southern Arizona, is distinct enough from the four other species found in our Southwest, but it has very close relatives in the two species, emergens and deceptria, which are found in the Sierra of Chihuahua and Durango. 

The gall of simulatrix is indistinguishable from the gall of Cynips bella of the bella complex; and since the two occur in much the same region, the galls cannot be assigned even to their complexes unless insects are available for study. 


Cynips (dugèsi) spadix, new species
agamic form

GALL.-Similar to all galls of the C. bella and C. dugèsi complexes. Mature galls yellow to light rosy tan, unspotted, usually shining, sometimes puberulent or even powdered; large to very large, up to 32. mm., averaging near 22. mm. in diameter. Figure 54. 

HOST.-Quercus macrophylla. Not on Q. nudinervis in the same area. 

RANGE.-Guerrero: Taxco, 8 NE, 8000' (types). Chilpancingo, 6 S, 4000'. Tierra Colorada, 14 N, 3200'. Probably restricted to Quercus macrophylla in a southwestern portion of Mexico, involving most of the state of Guerrero. Figure 18

LIFE HISTORY..—Adult: January 20. February 1, 10. March 10.

Spadix is known to extend from the northern boundary of Guerrero to the southwestern limit of oak, not 25 miles from the Pacific Coast, on the road from Mexico City to Acapulco. The galls of spadix are more or less distinctive in a complex of mostly uniform galls. They are light yellow tan and in some cases very large in size and pruinose in surface. The material from our most southern locality, Tierra Colorada in Guerrero, includes more large and distinctly pruinose specimens than the material from the type locality (Taxco, in northeastern Guerrero); but the insects from these two collections appear identical, and we credit the differences in the two lots of galls to the fact that one is a larger and more inclusive series. 

Near Taxco, Quercus macrophylla and Q. nudinervis may be found growing together. Spadix is confined to macrophylla. On Q. nudinervis the conspicuously spotted galls of C. conexa represent the same complex. See conexa for the distinctions between the two. 

In Morelos there is another insect, C. spinalis, which matches spadix in color, but it matches spinifera in its long spine, smooth mesopleuron, and light olive tan galls. 

Cynips (dugèsi) spiculi, new species
agamic form

Diplolepis n. sp. Trotter, 1910, Boll. Lab. Zoël. Portici 5:129 [syn. based on Trotter material in Kinsey collection].

GALL.-Similar to all galls of the C. bella and C. dugèsi complexes. Mature galls peculiarly rosy brown or darker, prominently bluish with a puberulence, sometimes faintly, less often conspicuously spotted, mottled, or irregularly striped with purplish marks; smooth, shining; large galls, up to 25. mm., averaging near 20. mm. in diameter. Figure 69. 

HOSTS.—Quercus texcocana [deserticola], Q. conglomerata [rugosa], Q. decipiens [rugosa]. Probably on all of the white oaks of the area except the alpine dwarf, Q. repanda.

RANGE.-Mexico: Mexico City, 25 E, 7000' (Q. texcocama; types). Mexico City, 17 S, 8200' (Q. texcocana, Q. conglomerata). Mexico City, 12 W, 8500' (Q. texcocana, Q. conglomerata). Puebla: El Seco, 5 SW, 8000' (Q. texcocana). Tehuacán, 17 NE, 7900' (Q. decipiens). Probably ranging from the Valley of Mexico, through the mountains to the southeast, to the borders of the state of Vera Cruz. Replaced at the northern end of the Valley (near Pachuca) by C. longa. Figure 18.

LIFE HISTORY.—Adults: December 8, 16, 23. January 2, 25. Feb ruary 1, 25. March 10, 30. Some pupae alive April 13. The bulk of the emergence early in March. 

This is the dugèsi representative on all of the white oaks except the alpine dwarf, Q. repanda, in the mountains rimming the Valley of Mexico. The gall is larger than those of most of the Southern Mexican species, and often obscurely spotted or striped with dull purple. On the dwarf oak, repanda, the short-winged C. pumilio is found in the same area. At the northern end of the Valley, near Pachuca, C. (dugèsi) longa is found on Q. rhodo phlebia. Along the Mexico City–Acapulco road across the Divide at the southwestern end of the Valley, C. (dugèsi) spinalis is found on the westerly facing slopes of the same mountain range. Spiculi, then, does not range west of the Valley of Mexico, but it extends southeast well toward the borders of the state of Vera Cruz. 

Cynips (dugèsi) spinalis, new species
agamic form

GALL.-Similar to all galls of the C. bella and C. dugèsi complexes. Mature galls very light olive tan, less often rosy, unspotted, smooth, shining, often bluish puberulent, rather small, up to 16. mm., averaging near 13. mm. in diameter. 

HOST.-Quercus texcocama [deserticola]

RANGE.-Morelos: Cuernavaca, 8 N, 8700' (types). Probably restricted to the western slopes of the mountains which separate the Valley of Mexico from the valleys of Morelos. Figure 18. 

LIFE HISTORY.—Galls: Still fresh and succulent, January 7. Adults: January 25.

This long-spined insect is very close to C. spinifera of the adjacent state of Michoacán, matching it in its long spine, smooth mesopleuron, and olive tan galls. In all these characters it differs from the otherwise very similar species, spadix, in Guerrero. The three species must be segregates of the same stock, spinalis and spinifera being closer than either is to spadix. 

Our collections of spinalis were made on the Mexico City Acapulco road on the mountain slopes above the city of Cuerna vaca. This was only a few miles—perhaps not 8 or 10—from a locality from which we collected the very different insect, C. spiculi, on the eastern slopes of the same mountain overlooking the Valley of Mexico. The two localities, however, are separated by a high divide, at about 10,500 feet, to which white oaks do not ascend, and spiculi and spinalis are thus effectually isolated. In our study of Cynipidae we have found no other area in which so many narrow-ranging species are as effectively isolated as in the high mountain and sub-tropic valley country of the Mexican Cordillera.

Cynips (dugèsi) spinescens, new species
agamic form

GALL.—Very similar to all galls of the C. bella and C. dugèsi complexes. Mature galls in part light yellowish tan and in part rich rosy or purplish brown, usually well marked with purple spots or streaks, with traces of a bluish bloom; of moderate size or smaller, up to 19. mm., aver aging nearer 14. mm. in diameter. Figure 68. 

HOST.-Quercus Purpusi, the rusty, pubescent white oak of the region. 

RANGE.-Mexico: Jilótepec, 7 NW, 9500' (types). Probably restricted to a small area in the high mountains about 45 miles northwest of Mexico City. Figure 18

LIFE HISTORY..—Adults: March 6, 17

In the mountains east, south, and west of Mexico City, the dugèsi complex is represented by C. pumilio (on Quercus repanda) and C. spiculi (on all other white oaks), but in the high mountains 45 miles northwest of Mexico City we found this long spined species, spinescens, as the segregate of the complex. The locality is similarly about 45 miles east of Pachuca, where pumilio and longa are the dugèsi species, and perhaps 80 miles from a locality north of Querétaro where we found C. (dugèsi) vulgata. Spinescens is, therefore, probably restricted to a limited mountain area in and adjacent to the northwestern corner of the state of Mexico. It is a long-spined species very close to the long spined spiculi and the short-spined longa. It is to be distinguished from spiculi in averaging smaller in size, in having a radial cell which is relatively longer because the second abscissa of the radius is not so strongly curved in its terminal third, and in having galls which are at least in part yellow tan with a rather obvious spotting of purple. The gall characters alone would mark it as a distinct species. 

Cynips (dugèsi) spinifera, new species
agamic form

GALL.-Similar to all galls in the C. bella and C. dugès i complexes. Mature galls light straw tan to yellowish brown, less often tending to brownish or purplish olive, rarely rosy, practically unmarked, with a con spicuous bluish puberulence; rather small galls, up to 17. mm., averaging near 13. mm. in diameter. Figure 55. 

HOST.-Quercus conglomerata [rugosa], the larger, common white oak of the region. 

RANGE.-Michoacán: Morelia, 14 E, 7000' (types). Purépero, 5 W, 8500'. Probably restricted to a limited mountain area in the Mexican Cordil lera of Michoacán. Figure 18.

LIFE HISTORY..—Adults: January 2, 25. February 15. March 22. April 10, 15. Most of the emergence late in March.

This long-spined insect is a very close duplicate of the short spined C. (dugèsi) spadia and of the long-spined C. spiculi which occur in the adjacent states of Guerrero and of Mexico, respectively.  The galls of spinifera are distinctly small and never as rosy brown as the galls of spadix. 

Spinifera is still more closely matched by C. spinalis which occurs in another adjacent area, namely in Morelos. In spinifera and spinalis the spine, mesopleuron, and gall characters are the same, but the areolet of spinifera is always smaller, and the thoracic lines darker than in spinalis.

In the same area with spinifera, the alpine dwarf oak, Q. repanda, bears a short-winged species of the dugèsi complex, C. pumilio. 

Cynips (dugèsi) subnigra, new species
agamic form

Cymips dugèsi simulatrix, err. det. Kinsey, 1930, Ind. Univ. Studies 84-86: 280 (Organ Mt. record only)

GALL.-Very similar to all galls of the C. bella and C. dugèsi complexes, apparently indistinguishable from galls of C. (bella) bella which occur in the same region. Mature galls rosy or brownish tan, unspotted or obscurely mottled, usually shining, often large, up to 25. mm., averaging near 20. mm. in diameter. Figure 62. 

HOST.-Quercus grisea. 

RANGE.-New Mexico: Las Cruces, 16 E (= Organ Mts.) (types). Soldedad Canyon in Organ Mts. (galls, L. H. Bridewell in Kinsey coll.). Possibly restricted to the Organ Mts. in Southeastern New Mexico; or possibly occurring in all the eastern mountains of New Mexico, south of Albuquerque. Figure 18.

LIFE HISTORY.—Adults: January 10, 26; February 5, 28

Subnigra has been taken only in the Organ Mountains of Southeastern New Mexico (just north of El Paso). It is one of the most surprising discoveries in the complex. While C. simulatrix, which is the wide-spread representative of the dugèsi complex in Southern Arizona and Southwestern New Mexico, is matched by 2 species (emergens and deceptrix) in Mexico which are distinguished from simulatrix only with difficulty, the present species, subnigra, is abundantly distinct from everything else in the complex. Subnigra is the only species of the 23 which has a spot in the radial cell. It is a large-bodied, strikingly dark in sect with other distinctive characters. It is a long-winged insect interpolated between the short-winged brevipennata to the north and the short-winged pupoides to the south and east. It now remains to discover how many of our previously published records for simulatrix (Kinsey 1930: 280–281), based on galls alone, really apply to subnigra. Is subnigraactually restricted to the Organ Mountains; or is it the wide-spread species throughout New Mexico east of the Rio Grande and south of Albuquerque? 

The galls of C. (dugèsi) subnigra are indistinguishable from the galls of C. (bella) bella. Both species occur on the same oaks in the Organ Mountains; but while subnigra does not occur south of that range, bella extends for 200 miles into the Sierra of Chihuahua. 

Cynips (dugèsi) vasta, new species
agamic form

GALL.—Similar to all galls of the C. bella and C. dugès i complexes. Mature galls peculiarly, deep rosy brown tan, practically unspotted; rather small, up to 21. mm., but averaging nearer 14. mm. in diameter. Figure 64. 

HOSTS.–Scrub oaks, Quercus intricata and Q. Pringlei (the two species not well separated in our collections). Also on Q. sillae [vaseyana] ?

RANGE.--Tamaulipas: Tula, 22 N, 6100' (types, Q. intricata, Q. Pringlei). Tula, 26 N, 5300' (Q. sillae, galls only). Possibly restricted to a limited portion of the Eastern Sierra of Mexico, in the southern end of the state of Tamaulipas. Figure 18. 

LIFE HISTORY..—Adults: February 2, 16. Most of the emergence on the later date.

This insect is closest to C. oriens, which we found 40 miles to the south in the Eastern Sierra near Cerritos, and to C. oriumda, which we found west of Ciudad Victoria in Tamaulipas, hardly 35 miles from the type locality of vasta. Vasta differs from oriens and oriunda in having more bright rufous over the whole body, the antennae and legs being similarly bright rufous. Vasta also differs from oriens in having lighter wing veins and less abundant cubital cell markings. C. occidua, in the Western Sierra of Zacatecas, is also a relative from which vasta is best distin guished by its black thoracic lines and small areolet. 

Our limited collections in the Eastern Sierra of Mexico give us no basis for judging the extension of the ranges of these several species, but the taking of C. oriens and C. oriunda so near the type localities of vasta shows that vasta cannot extend very far either northeast or southwest. It is possible that the largely barren mountains and valleys in this portion of Mexico isolate some species with ranges not larger than a single slope of a single mountain ridge. 

No species of the C. bella complex is yet known to occur in the range of vasta, but since the bella complex is known not far away, gall determinations for this species should be verified by insect material. 

Cynips (dugèsi) vulgata, new species
agamic form

Dryophanta dugès i err. det. Beutenmüller, 1911, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 30:345 (in large part). Err. det. Kinsey, 1920, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 42: pl. 32 fig. 25.
Cynips dugès i dugès i err. det. Kinsey, 1930, Ind. Univ. Studies 84-86:281 282, figs. 44, 268, 277 (in large part).

GALL.-Similar to all galls of the C. bella and C. dugès i complexes. Mature galls rosy tan, unspotted; dull to weakly shining; of moderate size, up to 20. mm., averaging near 14. mm. in diameter. Figure 66. 

HOSTS.—Quercus potosina, Q. jaralensis [potosina], Q. chihuahuensis, Q. undata, Q. sacame [arizonica], Q. reticulata [rugosa]. Possibly on all oaks of the area except the alpine dwarf oaks, Q. microphylla, etc. 

RANGE.-Aguascalientes: Pabellón, 20 W, 7000' (Q. sacame, Q. un data, Q. chihuahuensis). Pabellón, 23 W, 8500' (Q. potosima). Jalisco: Aguascalientes, 35 E, 7000' (Q. potosima). San Luis Potosí: San Luis Potosí, 15 W, 8000' (Q. potosina, types. Also Q. potosina, Ed. Palmer, 1878, in Kinsey coll.; and Q. unda'a, Kinsey coll.). Guanajuato: Mountains of Guanajuato (Dugès in U.S. Nat. Mus.). San Felipe, 8 NE, 7000' (Q. undata, galls only). San Felipe, 20 SW, 8000' (Q. chihuahuensis. Also Q. macrophylla 2 galls only). León, 20 NE, 9000' (Q. faralensis, Q. reticulata). Querétaro: Querétaro, 28 N, 7300' (Q. chihuahuensis; galls, Q. jara lensis). Wide-spread, from Aguascalientes to Guanajuato and Querétaro, known from all the oaks of the area except dwarfs of the Q. microphylla complex. Figure 18. 

LIFE HISTORY..—Adults: December 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 19, 26. February 10, 15, 20, 24, 25, 28. March 1, 2, 3. Most of the emergence in February.

Vulgata produces the common oak apple in the Western Sierra of Central Mexico, from Aguascalientes and the western mountains of San Luis Potosí to Guanajuato and Querétaro. Although we have bred material from 7 of the oaks of that area, we find vulgata on all of them except the little alpine dwarf, Q. microphylla. It is C. dugèsi on that oak, an insect which is close to vulgata. 

No species of the C. bella complex is known to occur near the range of C. vulgata, so galls from this area need not be confused with material of the other complex. 

Cynips (bulboides) bulboides, new species
agamic form

GALL.-Bulboid, as described for the complex. Mature galls peculiarly dark rosy brown, not noticeably puberulent, usually unspotted; younger galls more often spotted, with some of the mature galls obscurely spotted, but only a very few of them conspicuously spotted with purple; up to 23. mm., averaging nearer 15. mm. in diameter. Figures 9, 77. 

HOSTS.—Quercus undata, Q. chihuahuensis, Q. sacame, Q. oblongifolia, Q. reticulata, Q. durangensis, Q. depressipes, Q. striatula. Apparently on all of the white oaks of the area. 

RANGE.-Chihuahua: Parral, 20 S (Q. undata; also galls on Q. sacame). Durango: Villa Campos, 21 S, 6700' (Q. undata). Indé, 20 E, 6300' (Q. chihuahuensis). Patos, 15 W, 8000' (Q. chihuahuensis, Q. sacame, Q. oblongifolia. Also galls on Q. reticulata, Q. striatula). Canatlan, 7 N, 7400' (Q. undata). Durango, 2 N, 6500' (Q. undata). Otinapa, 8500' (Q. sacame, Q. durangensis, Q. depressipes, Q. reticulata). Zacatecas: Cantuna, 6 N, 7600' (Q. undata). Apparently restricted to the Sierra of Durango and immediately ad jacent portions of Chihuahua and Zacatecas. Figure 75

LIFE HISTORY..—Adults: November 20, December 5, January 20, 29. February 4, 5, 10, 12, 15, 22, 26, 29. March 2, 3, 6, 16. April 10. The bulk of the emergence in the first half of February. 

In the bulboides complex this is the only species represented by large series in our collections. The species occupies the center of the range of the complex. It probably does not represent the oldest species in the group, although it is the only one which (in insect characters) is precisely identical with one of the species (spiculi) of the dugèsi complex. Between spiculi and bulboides lie 3 other species (1 of the dugès i and 2 of the bulboides complex), and the identity of bulboides and spiculi must be taken to be coincidence, dependent upon the close relations of the two species. The bulboid gall of bulboides is quite different from the spherical galls of the dugèsi and bella complexes.

In northern Durango (at Villa Campos, Indé, and possibly elsewhere) heavily mottled, spherical galls, indistinguishable from those of C. (bella) aspera, give a long-spined insect which is in every respect identical with C. bulboides. This insect, here listed as C. (bulboides) aequalis, may be a Mendelian form of the present species, bulboides, or it may represent a distinct species which is the connecting link between the bella and bulboides complexes.

Cynips (bulboides) aequalis, new species
agamic form

GALL.-Not bulboid but spherical, apparently indistinguishable from the galls of C. (bella) pomifera and C. (bella) aspera. Mature galls light straw yellow, sometimes touched with rose or brown, always conspicuously mottled with purplish brown; up to 15. mm. but averaging near 10. mm. in diameter. Figures 9, 76.

HOSTS.—Quercus chihuahuensis, Q. undata.

RANGE.-Chihuahua: Pedernales, 2 E, 7500' (det. uncertain; Q. chi huahuensis). Parral, 20 S (Q. undata). Durango: Villa Campos, 21 S, 6700' (Q. undata). Indé, 20 E, 6300' (Q. chihuahuensis; types). Apparently restricted to an area in the Western Sierra of southern most Chihuahua and Northern Durango. Figure 75.

LIFE HISTORY.—Adults: January 20, 30. February 8, 9, 10, 19. Most of the emergence late in January and early in February.

The insect of aequalis is to all appearances identical with the insect of C. (bulboides) bulboides which occurs on the same trees, in the same localities in which aequalis is found. But the galls of the two are very different. The bulboid gall typical of the present complex is replaced in aequalis by a small, spherical, heavily mottled gall indistinguishable from that of C. (bella) pomifera and C. (bella) aspera. On gall characters alone, aequalis belongs to the bella complex, but the insect is in many respects unlike bella and—again—identical with bulboides. I am inclined to consider aequalis a Mendelian form within the species bulboides, and it is not impossible that it is the connecting link between the bulboides and bella complexes. Data that may throw more light on the origin of higher categories may be unraveled if we can obtain further material of this insect. 

The only localities in which we have definitely connected the insects and galls of aequalis are Villa Campos and Indé, in the northern end of the State of Durango. In our earlier collections from more northern localities we bred, in a single mixture, spherical galls which were mottled, spherical galls which were uniformly tan, and bulboid galls. We did this because the abund ance of intermediates and poorly defined galls in those localities misled us into believing that we had only one highly variable series. But in breeding material from Villa Campos and Indé we separated the 3 types of galls, securing insects of aequalis from the mottled galls, of dugºsi with a few stray adults of C. (bella) aspera from the uniformly tan galls, and of bulboides from the bulboid galls. 

Determinations in this group must be based on both insect and gall characters. When based on insects alone they may apply to either of the identical insects, bulboides or aequalis; when based on galls alone they may belong to the identical galls of aequalis and aspera, or to those of several other species of the bella and dugès i complexes. Until further collections can be made in Southern Chihuahua and Northern Durango, when each and every type of gall will be bred separately, it is uncertain how far north aequalis actually ranges. The southern limit of the range is probably not far from Indé, because all spotted galls, both of aequalis and of the bella complex, disappear from our collections south of Indé. 

Cynips (bulboides) bulbacea, new species
agamic form

GALL.-A bulboid gall, as described for the complex. Mature galls rosy or (often) yellow brown, not as dark as in some other species; notice ably blue with a puberulence, occasionally unspotted but almost always well marked, in some cases conspicuously marked with slightly raised spots and ridges of purple; up to 25. mm., averaging nearer 18. mm. in diameter. Figure 80. 

HOSTS.—Quercus laeta, Q. polymorpha, Q. macrophylla, Q. sacame. Possibly on all of the white oaks of the area. 

RANGE.-Tamaulipas: Miquihuana, 7 SE, 6000' (Q. sacame). San Luis Potosí: Rio Verde, 14 W, 6000' and 6500' (Q. laeta, types; also Q. polymorpha and Q. macrophylla). Probably widely spread through one of the more western ranges of the Eastern Sierra. Figure 75.

LIFE HISTORY.—Adults: January 8, 27. February 4, 10, 12, 15, 24. Most of the emergence early in February.

The two locality records for this species indicate that it ranges a considerable distance north and south; but the several ridges of the Eastern Sierra often isolate distinct cynipids, so bulbacea may not be expected east or west of the one range which includes the mountains near Miquihuana and those west of Rio Verde. 

The species is to be distinguished from bulboides by its smaller areolet, its wholly punctate anterior parallel lines, its smaller but more completely sculptured foveae, and (best of all) by its more bluish, puberulent galls with their conspicuous, often elevated mottling of purple spots and lines. 

Cynips (bulboides) bulbulus, new species
agamic form

GALL-A bulboid gall, as described for the complex. Mature galls rosy or yellow brown, not as dark as in some other species, not noticeably puberulent except on younger galls, usually unspotted, but sometimes well marked with purple; up to 23. mm., averaging nearer 17. mm. in diameter. Figure 78. 

HOST.-Quercus chihuahuensis. Not recovered from any of the sev eral other white oaks of the area. 

RANGE.-Chihuahua: Madera, 10 SE (gall only). Namiquipa, 30 W, 5200'. Matachic, 3 N, 6700'. Pedernales, 2 E, 7500' (types). Probably restricted to the Western Sierra in a more southern portion of Chihuahua. Figure 75.

LIFE HISTORY.--Adults: February 1, 5, 12, 18.

This insect produces the most northern of the bulboid oak apples, the complex reaching its northern limit in the middle of the state of Chihuahua, still 165 miles south of the International Boundary. Bulbulus was not commonly represented in our col lections in Chihuahua, certainly being much rarer (at least in 1931) than the next more southern species, bulboides. The in sect is best distinguished from the other species of the complex by the better developed line of spots which lies in the cubital cell parallel to the second abscissa of the radius, by the more fully sculptured foveae, and by the distinctly darker coloration of the whole body

Cynips (bulboides) bulla, new species
agamic form

GALL.-A bulboid gall, as described for the complex. Mature galls peculiarly dark rosy or dark yellow brown, not noticeably puberulent ex cept on younger galls; unspotted or only obscurely spotted; up to 25. mm., averaging nearer 18. mm. in diameter. Figure 79. 

HOSTS.—Quercus chihuahuensis, Q. jaralensis, Q. undata, Q. reticulata, Q. macrophylla. Possibly on all the white oaks except the alpine dwarf, Q. microphylla, in the area. 

RANGE.-San Luis Potosí: San Luis Potosí, 15 W, 8000' (Q. undata). Guanajuato: San Felipe, 8 NE, 7000' (Q. macrophylla). San Felipe, 20 SW, 8000' (Q. chihuahuensis, Q. macrophylla, Q. jaralensis). León, 20 NE, 9000' (Q. reticulata, Q. jaralensis). Querétaro: Querétaro, 28 N, 7300' (types); Q. chihuahuensis; also galls, (Q. faralensis). Probably restricted to an area in Central Mexico extending from San Luis Potosí through Guanajuato and Querétaro. Figure 75.

LIFE HISTORY..—Adults: December 9, 10, 11, 16, 18. February 10, 15. Most of the emergence early in February

Our material is scant, but it represents five localities and five hosts, ranging over a Central Mexican area 100 miles in diameter. From the adjacent state of Aguascalientes we have material obviously representing a different species of the complex, but our collections are not adequate for description. 

Cynips (aggregata) aggregata (Weld)
agamic form

Diplolepis aggregata Weld, 1926, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 68 (10): 15, fig. 3. Kinsey, 1930, Ind. Univ. Studies 84–86: 446. Houard, 1935, Marcellia 28: 99.
“Cynips howardiana Kinsey in litt., possibly C. plumbea Weld” Hoffmeyer, 1930, Ent. Meddel. Kbhvn. 17: 214.
Andricus aggregatus Hoffmeyer, 1933, Ent. Meddel. Kbhvn. 18: 247.

GALL.-Large, up to 33. mm., averaging nearer 28. mm. in diameter, with a slender, drawn-out, sharply-pointed pedicel at base; light pinkish to rose and light russet brown, often finely spotted (never striped), sometimes with a whitish or bluish puberulence; occurring singly or (more often) in large clusters; the galls inserted in cracks in the bark of young twigs. Figures 87, 89. 

HOSTS.—Quercus oblongifolia, Q. arizonica, Q. sacame, Q. diversicolor [rugosa] (?), Q. grisea, Q. toumeyi (the last record acc. Weld 1926). 

RANGE.-New Mexico: Hillsboro (galls, Q. grisea). Arizona: Globe. Safford (galls, Q. arizonica). Fort Grant (galls, Morrison acc. Weld 1926). Oracle (Q. arizonica, Kinsey coll. Also acc. Weld 1926, and also Holloway in Kinsey coll.). Sabino Trail in Santa Catalina Mts., 4000' (Q. oblongifolia, Q. arizonica, Q. diversicolor. Also Weld coll., and types, Chrisman coll.). Santa Rita Mts. (Q. oblongifolia, Q. ari zonica). Whetstone (Q. arizonica). Tumacacori Mts. (galls., acc. Weld 1926). Fort Huachuca (galls, Q. arizonica. Also Jacot acc. Weld 1926). Chiricahua Mts. (Q. arizonica, Weld and Hubbard, acc. Weld 1926). Pata gonia (galls, Q. tourneyi, acc. Weld 1926). 

Apparently confined to the oak-inhabited mountain ranges of South eastern Arizona and Southwestern New Mexico. Figure 84 

LIFE HISTORY..—Adults: Alive in gall November 26. Emerging November 5, 22, 27. Also before December 3, after January 1, on January 11, and on later dates. An insect cut from a gall on November 26 was still alive in a pill box on December 31 (acc. Weld 1926). The bulk of the emergence probably early in January.

This is the only species of the complex known from the United States. It is found only in the southeastern quarter of Arizona and in the immediately adjacent portions of New Mexico. On all of the evergreen white oaks in that area, the stem galls of aggregata are conspicuous objects forming clusters two thirds as large as a man's fist. My own collections of the species were made in 1919, but it is difficult to understand why the species was not collected earlier and described before 1926. 

Aggregata finds its closest relative in C. finitima, which occurs in the adjacent state of Chihuahua, in Mexico. From finitima, aggregata is to be distinguished by having a gall which is unspotted or only finely spotted with purple. The differences between the two insects are not great but enough, especially when fortified by the gall characters, to indicate that two populations are isolated in the two regions. 

Cynips (aggregata) cucurbita, new species
agamic form

Cynipide No. 24 Houard, 1928, Marcellia 24:47, Figs. 52-55.

GALL.-Rather large, up to 30. mm., but averaging nearer 22. mm. in diameter, the globular body tapering gradually (more so than in other species) into a long, drawn-out, sharply-pointed pedicel at base; light rose or yellow, older galls becoming a peculiar, light rosy tan, less often browner in color, with very little puberulence; occurring usually in dense clusters, the galls inserted in cracks in the bark of young twigs. Figure 90. 

HOST.S.—Quercus haematophlebia [magnoliifolia], Q. rhodophlebia [rugosa]

RANGE.-Jalisco: Atequiza, 5 E, 6500' (Q. haematophlebia). Gua dalajara, 25 S, 6000' (Q. haematophlebia). Sayula, 13 SW, 7700' (Q. rhodophlebia). Probably restricted to a portion of the state of Jalisco (and adjacent areas to the south?). Figure 84

LIFE HISTORY.—Adults: April 1.

This species, from the state of Jalisco in Southwestern Mexico, has a gall which is distinct in being peculiarly light rosy tan, not unlike some of the ripe cucurbs in color. The mesonotum of the insect has more bright rufous than is to be found on any of the other insects of the complex. We have bred cucurbita from three localities east and south of Guadalajara, in Jalisco, but insufficient material which we have from other localities indicates that the species may not spread north or west of that city


Cynips (aggregata) finitima, new species
agamic form

GALL.-Moderate in size, up to 25. mm., but averaging nearer 19. mm. in diameter, with a slender, drawn-out, sharply-pointed pedicel at base; light yellow tan to dark russet brown, usually spotted or irregularly striped with dull purple, these markings broader and more conspicuous than in aggregata; often with a whitish or bluish puberulence; occurring singly or (more often) in large clusters; the galls inserted in cracks in the bark of young twigs. Figure 85. 

HOST.-Quercus sacame, a close relative of the more northern Q. arizonica. 

RANGE.-Chihuahua: Pacheco, 13 NE, 7400', and 20 E, 5400' (types). Possibly wide-spread throughout the Western Sierra in the state of Chihuahua, at least in all but the southernmost hundred miles of that state. Figure 84.

LIFE HISTORY.—Adults: February 4 and later (unrecorded) dates

This insect, from Northern Chihuahua, is very close to aggregata of Southern Arizona and New Mexico. Finitima is generally darker, especially on the sides of the thorax and abdomen, it averages smaller, and—most certain distinction of all—it has a gall which is more conspicuously spotted and covered with purple markings which are broader than those of aggregata. 

Cynips (aggregata) sierrae, new species
agamic form

GALL.-Large, up to 32. mm., averaging nearer 28. mm. in diameter, with a slender, drawn-out, sharply-pointed pedicel at base; pinkish rose to brownish tan and darker brown, only obscurely mottled with purple, some times with a bluish puberulence, occurring singly or (more often) in large clusters; the galls inserted in cracks in the bark of young twigs. Figure 88. 

HOSTS.—Quercus sacame [arizonica], Q. chihuahuensis. 

RANGE.-Durango: Patos, 15 W, 8000' (Q. sacame, Q. chihuahuensis). Zacatecas: La Mesa, 8000' (galls, Q. saca me). Aguascalientes: Pabellón, 20 W, 7,000' (galls, Q. rhodophlebia.). Probably occurring throughout the more central portion of the West ern Sierra of Mexico, although the determinations are certain only from Southwestern Durango. Figure 84

LIFE HISTORY. —Adults: Mature in galls in first half of November. Emerging November 13, 18, 19. December 30. January 15. February 5, 10, 15, 20, 22, 23, 25. March 2, 10. April 1. Most of the emergence in the first half of February, the emergence dates previous to the first of February and after the last of February applying to a few stray insects only. 

We have bred the insect from the galls taken at only a single locality (west of Patos in more southern Durango), but we have galls of probably the same species from other and more southern locali ties in the Western Sierra. Our host records for Quercus sacame and Q. chihuahuensis may apply to one oak, for we were not able to make satisfactory differentiation of the two species in the field at this locality. Although both of the extreme types of oak were present, there also appeared to be every intermediate and recombination of the two types.

Cynips (aggregata) tigrina, new species
agamic form

GALL.-Moderate in size, up to 28. mm., but averaging nearer 20. mm. in diameter, the globular body drawn out into a very short, abruptly truncate stalk at base; light yellow to pinkish or rosy tan, very conspicuously spotted and irregularly striped with rich purple, usually dusted with a bluish puberulence; occurring singly, rarely in twos or threes, attached to the main veins of the leaves. Figures 9, 86. 

HOST.-Quercus nudinervis. 

RANGE.-Guerrero: Taxco, 8 NE, 8000' (types). Possibly extending over a much wider area in Southwestern Mexico, but so far known from only the single locality in Northeastern Guerrero. Figure 84. 

LIFE HISTORY..—Adults: March 18, 25. April 1, 2. The bulk of the emergence late in March and early in April.

The gall is spectacularly spotted with purple, and is unique in the complex in being located on leaves instead of on stems. This leaf gall provides the evidence that the stem-oviposition common in the complex was derived from leaf-ovipositing ancestors. See the introduction to the whole complex for a further discussion of the relation of this insect to the bulboides and dugèsi stocks. 

Cynips (bella) aspera, new species
agamic form

GALL.-Similar to all galls of the C. bella and C. dugèsi complexes. Mature galls rosy or (more often) light yellowish tan, always conspicuously mottled with purplish brown; sometimes large, up to 17. mm., but averaging much smaller, nearer 13. mm. in diameter. Figure 93. 

HOSTS.—Quercus undata, Q. chihuahuensis, Q. sacame [arizonica]. Probably on all of the white oaks of the area. 

RANGE.-Chihuahua: Parral, 12 W, 6800" (galls, Q. undata, Q. sacame). Parral, 20 S (Q. undata; types). Durango: Villa Campos, 21 S, 6700' (Q. undata). Indé, 20 E, 6300' (Q. chihuahuensis). Canatlán, 7 N, 7400' (Q. undata; one female only). Apparently confined to a portion of the Western Sierra of Mexico in southernmost Chihuahua and Northern Durango. Figure 96

LIFE HISTORY.—Adults: November 8. January 29, 30. February 9, 10, 22. Most of the emergence early in February.

This is the southernmost species of the bella complex. The northern limit of the range of aspera (Parral in southernmost Chihuahua) coincides with the northern limit of the range of C. (dugèsi) deceptrix, but deceptrix extends for 175 miles south of the southernmost point (east of Indé) from which we have aspera. Aspera is distinguished from the related pomifera to the north by having bright or rich rufous on the head, thorax, antennae, and legs, and an areolet of smaller size. These characters are, however, highly variable, and since the galls of aspera and pomifera agree in being light tan with a conspicuous purplish brown mottling, there is some reason for considering these two as one species. 

The mottled galls of aspera are almost always readily distin guishable from the uniformly tan, dull-surfaced galls of C. (du gèsi) deceptria. They differ in no respect from the mottled galls of C. (bulboides) aequalis (q.v.) which is known from several localities in Northern Chihuahua. 

Cynips (bella) bella Bassett
agamic form

Cynips bella Bassett, 1881, Canad. Ent. 13:93.
Holcaspis maculipennis Gillette, 1894, Canad. Ent. 26:236. Beutenmüller, 1909, Journ. N.Y. Ent. Soc. 17:46.
Cynips bella bella Kinsey, 1930, Ind. Univ. Studies 84-86; figs. 45, 263, 272, 280. See the last reference for a more extended bibliography.
[NOT Holcaspis maculipennis err. det. Beutenmüller et al., in references to Pacific Coast material which is correctly Cynips mirabilis Kinsey.]

GALL.-Similar to all galls of the C. bella and C. dugèsi complexes, apparently indistinguishable from galls of C. (dugèsi) simulatrix, C. (dugèsi) subnigra, and C. (dugèsi) emergens which occur in various parts of the range of the present species. Mature galls rosy or brownish tan, uniformly colored or only obscurely mottled; often large; up to 27. mm., averaging nearer 20. mm. in diameter. 

HOSTS.—Quercus grisea, Q. undulata, Q. chihuahuensis, Q. oblongifolia, Q. arizonica, Q. sacame [arizonica], Q. diversicolor [rugosa] (acc. Weld), Q. Gambelii, and Q. Toumeyi (acc. Weld). Apparently on all of the white oaks of the area. 

RANGE.-Arizona: Safford. Oracle. Courtland. Fort Huachuca, Bis bee. Santa Catalina Mts. near Tucson (types of bella). Santa Rita Mts. Tumacacori Mts. Patagonia Mts. Chiricahua Mts. Mule Mts. Nogales. New Mexico: Tijeras. Blue Canyon near Socorro. Abo Pass. Nogal Canyon. Burro Mts. Fierro. Near Alamogordo at 7000'. Highrolls. Moun tain Park. Hillsboro. Kingston. Organ Mts. (types of maculipennis). Soledad Canyon in Organ Mts. (Above records in detail in Kinsey 1930: 290.) Embudo Canyon in Sandia Mts. (galls. E. B. Williamson in Kinsey coll.). San Marcial, 24 S (galls, Q. grisea, Holloway in Kinsey coll.). Mayhill (galls, Q. Gambelii, Holloway in Kinsey coll.). Magdalena (Q. undulata, Kinsey coll.). Las Cruces, 16 E (= Organ Mts.; Q. grisea, Kinsey coll.). Chihuahua: Pacheco, 20 E, 5400' (Q. saca me). Pacheco, 13 NE, 7400' (Q. sacame, galls on Q. Gambelii). San Buenaventura, 3 E, 5600' (Q. sa came, Q. chihuahuensis). Las Cruces, 15 N, 6500' (Q. chihuahuensis). Apparently one species throughout the southern halves of Arizona and New Mexico and the northern half of Chihuahua. Known from Oracle and Safford (possibly from Prescott), Arizona, and from the Sandia Mountains, New Mexico, southward to Las Cruces in Chihuahua. Figure 96. 

LIFE HISTORY..—Galls: Nearly mature July 9; mature August 16, 22. Adults: October 25, 30. November 1. December 2, 10, 21, 26. Janu ary 1, 2, 10, 20, 25, 26, 29, 30. February 1, 5, 6, 10, 14, 15, 20, 28. Only stray adults before December. Most of the emergence in mid-December in Arizona and New Mexico, but in January in Chihuahua.

Throughout the whole of the southern half of Arizona and New Mexico and the northern half of Chihuahua, there seems to be but a single species of the bella complex, namely the typical species bella. We do not know of any other cynipid which ranges over as large a portion of our Southwest and Mexico. Within nearly the same area, there are three species of the dugèsi complex, producing galls which are apparently indistinguishable from the galls of bella; but repeated study of our more than 800 insects fails to show a basis for recognition of more than one species of bella in this area. Statistical studies might show differences in averages in the size of the areolet, and in the sizes of the spots in the radial and the cubital cells; but the limits of individual variation and the averages discernible on ready in spection do not show any differentiation into species. At one time it appeared to us that the insects from the Organ Mountains in New Mexico (= maculipennis Gillette) were, together with the Northern Chihuahua material, distinct from the rest of the Southwestern material in having larger areolets and more fused spots in the radial and cubital cells; but subsequent restudy of the material does not confirm that first impression. It is to be noted, however, that our Arizona series are not as large as those from Chihuahua, and additional material from Southern Arizona would provide a better basis for determining the limits of true bella. 

A physiologic item is in part responsible for some doubt as to the identity of the Arizona and Chihuahua material. The Arizona insects emerge for the most part in mid-December; our Organ Mountain and Chihuahua material agreed in emerging, for the most part, in January and even early February. This may or may not be associated with specific distinctions. 

C. (dugèsi) emergens, in Chihuahua, ranges as far south as Santa Ísabel. C. bella does not go as far south. It is C. (bella) pomifera, which is found in the Sierra from Namiquipa to Santa Ísabel, in Chihuahua.

From all other species of the complex, bella is distinguished by the more abundant and finer spots in the cubital cell, by the more massive, more complex spot in the radial cell, and by the larger areolet. While any one of these characters may fail to characterize individuals, the combination of characters clearly differentiates series of any size.

Cynips (bella) vanescens Kinsey
agamic form

Diplolepis bella err. det. Weld, 1930 (northern Arizona records only), Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 68 (10): 18.
Cynips bella bella err. det. Kinsey, 1930 (Prescott, Ariz. record only) Ind. Univ. Studies 84–86: 289.
Cynips bella vanescens Kinsey, 1930, Ind. Univ. Studies 84-86; 292, figs. 45, 282.
Diplolepis bella err. det. Weld, 1930, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 32:29.

GALLS.—Very similar to all galls of the C. bella and C. dugèsi complexes. Mature galls rosy or brownish tan, not mottled, up to 28. mm., averaging near 20. mm. in diameter.

HOSTS.—Definitely on Quercus subturbinella. The record of Q. grisea for the types is less certain. No records available to show whether other white oaks in the area are also involved.

RANGE.-Arizona: Globe (types). Apache Trail at Fish Creek (galls only, Kinsey coll.). Cave Creek (Weld coll.). Prescott (Kinsey coll. and E. R. Leach, Jr., in Kinsey coll.). Hackberry, Ashfork, Williams (Weld coll.). Utah : Leeds, 4 W (Q. subturbinella). Pine Valley (Q. subturbinella). Zion Park (Q. subturbinella). Apparently ranging from Southwestern Utah (and Southern Nevada?) through the northern half of Arizona as far south as the Apache Trail and Globe. Figure 96

LIFE HISTORY.--Adults: November 20, 27. December 14. Mostly before January 20. Some after January 20

Originally described from a single insect from Globe in Central Arizona, this species is now recovered from several localities in Northern Arizona and in Southwestern Utah. While the new material makes modifications in our description of the species, the identity of the Utah and Arizona material seems certain, for some of the Utah specimens fully match the type in having the spots faint and reduced in all cells, including the cubital cell. The available locality records for this insect now mark the limits of the range of the host, Q. subturbinella (and its relatives?). This is an interesting scrub oak with Californian affinities. On the same oak, in the same area, Cynips (dugèsi) capronae produces a gall which is (ordinarily?) distinguishable by its heavy purple striping. In series the insect of vanescens is recognizable from other species in the bella complex by its combination of a smaller size, a very black body, and a small areolet.

Cynips bella congesta Kinsey
agamic form

Cynips bella congesta Kinsey, 1930, Ind. Univ. Studies 84-86:292, figs. 45, 281.
Cynips bella var. Hoffmeyer, 1930, Ent. Meddel. Kbhvn. 17:214.
Cynips bella vanescens (error) Hoffmeyer, 1933, Ent. Meddel. Kbhvn. 18:247.

GALL.-Very similar to all galls of the C. bella and C. dugèsi complexes, apparently indistinguishable from galls of C. (dugèsi) pupoides which occur in the same region. Mature galls rosy tan, not mottled, up to 23. mm., averaging near 17. mm. in diameter. 

HOST.-Quercus grisea, the evergreen white oak of the area

RANGE.-Texas: Alpine. Fort Davis. Marfa, 22 S. Probably confined to the mountain ranges of West Texas. Figure 96.

LIFE HISTORY..—Adults: December 14, 16.

Restudy of our material in connection with the Mexican material now available in the complex confirms our opinion that congesta, from West Texas, is a distinct species. 

Cynips (bella) pomifera, new species
agamic forms

GALL.-Similar to all galls of the bella and dugèsi complexes. Mature galls rosy or (more often) light yellow tan, always conspicuously mottled with purplish brown; sometimes large, up to 22. mm., but averaging much smaller, usually not over 14. mm. in diameter. Figure 92. 

HOSTS.—Quercus chihuahuensis, Q. undata. Probably on the other white oaks of the region. 

RANGE.-Chihuahua: Namiquipa, 30 W, 5200' (Q. chihuahuensis). Madera, 10 SE (Q. chihuahuensis). Matachic, 3 N, 6700' (Q. chihuahuensis). Pedernales, 2 E, 7500' (Q. chihuahuensis). Santa ſsabel, 6 E, 6000' (Q. undata, types). Santa Isabel, 16 E, 6000' (Q. chihuahuensis, Q. undata). Apparently restricted to a portion of the Mexican Sierra in Central Chihuahua, known from Namiquipa to Santa ſsabel. Figure 96.

LIFE HISTORY..—Adults: January 20, 29, 30. February 1, 2, 5, 9, 10, 15, 28. March 2. Most of the emergence early in February.

While Cynips (bella) bella ranges widely over Southern Arizona, New Mexico, and Northern Chihuahua, C. (bella) pomifera is restricted to the 90 miles of Sierra which lie between Las Cruces and Santa Ísabel in more southern Chihuahua. This area represents only the southern half of the range of C. (dugèsi) emergens, an insect which produces a gall indistinguishable from that of pomifera. Pomifera and aspera agree in having rather small, light yellowish tan galls which are conspicuously mottled with purplish brown, and in this character they are distinct from the more northern species of the complex. The mottled galls of these two more southern species of the bella complex are readily distinguishable from the uniformly colored, dull-surfaced galls of the dugèsi species which occur in the same area. 

All of the galls of C. (bella) bella from north of Las Cruces, Chihuahua, are uniformly colored, unmottled; all of the galls of C. (bella) pomifera from south of Namiquipa are conspicuously mottled. However, the collections from Las Cruces and from Namiquipa include galls of both types, thus giving evidence of some interbreeding of bella and pomifera where the two ranges meet. The insects from those localities also show some hybridization, although their characters are too indefinite to give as clear evidence as the galls supply. Considering the proportional amounts of the characters appearing in each locality, we have listed Las Cruces, Chihuahua, in the range of C. bella, and the more southern locality, Namiquipa, in the range of C. pomifera; but it is to be understood that both of these are in a transition area between the two ranges. 

Cynips (centricola) centricola Osten Sacken
agamic form

Cynips quercus centricola Osten Sacken, 1861, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila. 1:53, 58. 
Holcaspis centricola Beutenmüller, 1909, Journ. N.Y. Ent. Soc. 17:46. Davis, 1918, Journ. N.Y. Ent. Soc. 26:48. 
Cynips centricola centricola Kinsey, 1930, Ind. Univ. Studies 84-86:297, figs. 47, 271, 284 (omitting the Illinois, Virginia, and Western Missouri records). 
Cynips centricola Davis, 1930, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 25:233. 

To the data given in Kinsey 1930, add: 

RANGE.-Missouri: Mineola (galls only). North Carolina: Marshall (gall only). 

LIFE HISTORY..—Galls: Mature at end of September. Adults: In galls early in October and early in November. Emerging November 17, 26. December 8.

Cynips (centricola) rubrae (Karsch)
agamic form

Diplolepis quercus-rubrae Karsch, 1880, Zeitschr. gesammt. Naturw. 53:293, pl. 6 figs. 4a,b.
Cynips centricola rubrae Kinsey, 1930, Ind. Univ. Studies 84-86:301, figs. 47, 274, 275.
Diplolepis centricola err. syn. Weld, 1931, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 33:224.

To the data given in Kinsey, 1930, add:

RANGE.-Texas: Greenville (galls only).

Weld (1931) compared specimens of centricola from Washington, D. C., with the Karsch types of rubrae at the Berlin Museum, and concluded that the two were synonyms. They are clearly in the same complex, but Weld's synonymy cannot stand until the characters of the several species in the group are taken into consideration. It is more likely that my strians is a synonym of rubrae. See the note under strians in the present study. 

Cynips (plumbea) plumbea Weld
agamic form

Cynips plumbea Weld, 1926, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 68 (10):64, fig. 12. Metcalf and Flint, 1932, Fundamentals of Ins. Life: fig. 223. Houard 1935, Marcellia 28:101.
Cynips (Philonix) plumbea Kinsey, 1930, Ind. Univ. Studies 84-86:245–248, figs. 36, 200, 225-226, 235-236, 246.

GALL.-Large, hemispherical, with a broadly flattened base; surface smooth and shining, shriveling; bluish gray scurf easily wiped off, exposing the dark tan to purple brown color of the older gall; up to 11.0 mm., averag ing 8.0 mm. in diameter. Figures 103, 109. 

HOSTS.—Quercus oblongifolia, Q. arizonica. 

RANGE.-Arizona: Globe. Whetstone. Oracle. Santa Catalina Mts. Santa Rita Mts. Fort Huachuca. Courtland. Chiricahua Mts. Nogales. Patagonia Mts. Tumacacori Mts. Data in more detail in Kimsey 1930:245. Apparently restricted to Southeastern Arizona (and to immediately adjacent portions of New Mexico?). Figure 102

LIFE HISTORY.—Pupae: December 7. Adults: November 22. December 14, 30. January 6, 8, 12, 13, 24, 25. February 3, 4, 6. (See Kinsey 1930:247). Most of the emergence early in January.

This is the only species of the complex that occurs within the United States. It is apparently confined to the island mountains of Southeastern Arizona (and immediately adjacent New Mexico?). We have no data further than those published in our 1930 monograph, but include the present descriptions in order to make comparisons with the several, newly described species of the complex. The insect is closest to, and the gall is identical with, that of C. subfusca from Northern Chihuahua. The insects of plumbea. are not quite as rich and dark a brownish rufous, and average a bit larger. Plumbea insects are also close to C. euconus, from Durango, but euconus is unique in the complex in having conical galls with circular bases. 

Cynips (plumbea) claripennis, new species
agamic form

GALL.-Nearly spherical, with an occasional, short, fine, bluntly pro truding point; gall flattened only on a limited base; dull, slightly shrivel ing, with lead gray scurf rather persistent; older gall reddish tan to dark red brown; up to 7.5 mm. in diameter. Figure 112. 

HOSTS.—Quercus intricata and Q. Pringlei, two shrubby oaks which were not well separated in the field at the time of our collections. 

RANGE.-Tamaulipas: Tula, 22 N, 6100' (types). Probably restricted to a more northern area in the Eastern Sierra of Mexico, possibly restricted to the intricata group of dwarf oaks. Figure 102

LIFE HISTORY..—Adults: February 2

This insect is close to plumbea, subfusca, and glabrescens, but its wing veins are heavier, and the cubital cell (in our two insects) is practically free of all spots and blotches. The gall, moreover, is so distinctive that we can be certain that there is a distinct species represented here, even if the available insect material is quite inadequate. The gall is not broadly flattened as in the other species; it is dull and more or less persistently Scurfy, and decidedly warty, with an occasional protruding point. The hosts are such distinctive dwarf oaks that host isolation alone might account for the segregation of the species, even if it were not separated from the related species by two or three hundred miles of largely oak-free plateau lying between the Eastern and Western Sierras. 

Cynips (plumbea) euconus, new species
agamic form

GALL.-Unique, a warped cone (quite like a “chocolate bud”) in shape. The base strictly circular, flat or somewhat concave, up to 11.0 mm., averaging near 9.0 mm. in diameter, centrally bearing a very short ridge or single point of tissue by which the gall is attached to the leaf; the conical body of the gall rising directly from the circular base, rising less abruptly basally, prolonged into a long, sharply-pointed tip which is often a bit bent or twisted; the whole gall up to 11.5 mm., averaging under 9.0 mm. in height; in color a peculiar chocolate tan with a more or less abundant bluish gray scurf. Figure 115. 

HOST.-Quercus sacame [arizonica]

RANGE.-Durango: Patos, 15 W, 8000' (types). Known only from this one locality in more southern Durango. Figure 102.

LIFE HISTORY..—Adults: February 10. March 10.

This species is unique in the complex in having sharply conical galls with circular, flattened bases. This gall represents a mutation from the spherical or hemispherical galls of the com plex which is, in its way, as striking as the short-winged insect mutants which we have found so interesting in Cynips. The gall would never lead one to place the species in the plumbea complex, but the insect is strikingly close to C. plumbea and C. subfusca, the relatives immediately to the north, differing from them only in being more yellow brown in color with darker markings on the thoracic lines and on the sides of the mesothorax. 

In our collections, euconus was found at only a single locality, Patos, in more southern Durango, but it was fairly common there. On the same trees, in the same locality, we found C. (plumbea) glabrescens. The significant thing is the close identity of euconus with the more northern insects of the com plex, and its more remote relation to glabrescens which occurs in the same locality with euconus. Euconus and glabrescens appear to have been independent mutants from the more northern stock of the complex; but the two species represent such diverse developments that they are apparently (probably physiologically) incapable of interbreeding. Thus they maintain their specific identity even though they occur on the same oaks in the same locality.

Cynips (plumbea) fucosa, new species
agamic form

GALL.-Very close to gall of texcocana. Almost perfectly spherical, or slightly flattened at base; dull, only slightly shriveling; with a conspicuous scurf which is persistent; old gall bluish gray; denuded gall dark purplish tan; up to 8.5 mm. in diameter. Figure 113.

HOST.-A relative of Quercus chihuahuensis or of the dwarf oak, O. microphylla. The host of our material a small tree apparently not yet described. 

RANGE.-Querétaro: Querétaro, 28 N, 7300' (types; trees near Q. microphylla). Guanajuato: San Felipe, 20 SW, 8000' (Q. chihuahuensis). Probably restricted to the high mountain areas of Central Mexico, centering in the states of Querétaro and Guanajuato. Figure 102

LIFE HISTORY..—Adults: March 2, 5, 17

This is the plumbea representative on the Q. chihuahuensis group of oaks in the high mountains which lie to the east of León and north of Querétaro, in Central Mexico. Both in insect and gall characters it is close to texcocana. Texcocana is confined to the mountains which rim the Valley of Mexico. 

Cynips (plumbea) fuscipennis, new species
agamic form

GALL.-Large, spherical, rarely flattened, almost always drawn out to a conical point basally; dull, slightly shriveling, with a conspicuous and heavy scurf which is quite persistent so old galls are often blue gray; de nuded surface light tan to (less often) dark purplish brown; up to 11.0 mm., averaging over 8.0 mm. in diameter. Figure 116. 

HOSTS.—Q. nudinervis, Q. conglomerata, Q. texcocana, Q. rhodophlebia, Q. convallata. Apparently on all white oaks of the region except Alpine dwarfs and oaks of macrophylla group

RANGE.-Morelos: Cuernavaca, 8 N, 8700' (Q. teaccocana; galls on Q. conglomerata). Guerrero: Taxco, 8 NE, 8000' (Q. mudimervis, types). Michoacán: Morelia, 14 E, 7000' (Q. conglomerata). Jalisco: Sayula, 13 SW, 7700' (Q. rhodophlebia, Q. convallata). Probably occurring over a wide area west and southwest of the mountains which rim the Valley of Mexico, from Morelos to Southern Jalisco and Eastern Guerrero. Figure 102.

LIFE HISTORY.—Adults: February 20. March 2, 3, 12, 15, 22, 29. April 5. Most of the emergence late in March.

The main road between Mexico City and Cuernavaca climbs Over a mountain pass at 10,200 feet. Although black oaks occur at the highest elevation, white oaks fail to reach the divide, and C. texcocana, occurring on the eastward face of the mountains, looking into the Valley of Mexico, seems effectually isolated from C. fuscipennis which occurs on the westward slopes of that same mountain ridge. Fuscipennis then ranges more than 300 miles to the west, over a very much dissected mountain country with arid, tropic valleys in it. The species extends even to the south ern end of the state of Jalisco. In the same area, C. hirsuta is a segregate of the same complex, but it occurs on the alpine dwarf oak, Q. repanda ; and C. subcostalis and C. scutata are segregates on the Q. macrophylla group of oaks. 

Cynips (plumbea) glabrescens, new species
agamic form

GALL.-Large, subspherical, with a broadly flattened or somewhat con cave base; dull; shallowly but very distinctly shriveling; with some lead gray scurf; older gall rather dark brown or reddish brown in color; up to 9.0 mm. in diameter. Often indistinguishable from galls of C. (arida) saxw lum which occur in parts of the same area. Figure 118. 

HOSTS.–Quercus undata, Q. chihuahuensis, Q. sacame [arizonica], Q. reticulata [rugosa]; and possibly on the dwarf oak Q. depressipes. 

RANGE.-Chihuahua: Santa ſsabel, 6 E, 6000' (gall; Q. umdata). Durango: Durango, 2 N, 6500' (Q. undata, types). Canatlán, 7 N, 7400' (Q. undata). Patos, 15 W, 8000' (Q. sacame, Q. chihuahuensis). Otinapa, 8500' (Q. sacame, Q. reticulata; galls on Q. depressipes 2). Probably restricted to a portion of the Western Sierra of Mexico, in southernmost Chihuahua, and in Durango. Figure 102.

LIFE HISTORY..—Mature larvae: November 8–14. Adults: November 19. February 5, 10, 15, 18, 20, 22, 25, 28, 29. March 2, 4, 8, 11, 22. Most of the emergence late in February, early in March.

This insect is closer in general appearance to plumbea than it is to subfusca, its immediate neighbor to the north. It differs from plumbea in several details, and in the interesting character of having hairs only on the second abdominal segment. The gall of glabrescens is obviously dull and shriveled on the surface, distinctly different from the smooth and shining galls of plumbea and subfusca. 

We are under the impression that the mountains of Central Durango are so separated from the rest of the Sierras that the oaks do not range continuously from there into the northern part of the state. We found it impossible to travel the mountain roads between Indé and Santiago Papasquiaro, so we cannot fix the northern boundary of the range of glabrescens. To the south, from Zacatecas through Jalisco, glabrescens is replaced by C. jalisco. 

Cynips (plumbea) hirsuta, new species
agamic form

GALL.-Of moderate size, almost perfectly spherical; dull, slightly shriveling, with only a limited amount of scurf; denuded surface yellow to rosy tan (darker when weathered); up to 9.5 mm., averaging 7.0 mm. in diameter. Figure 117. 

HOST.-Quercus repanda, a dwarf, alpine oak.

RANGE.-Michoacán: Morelia, 14 E, 7000'. Probably restricted to alpine dwarf oaks, probably not extending beyond the mountains of Morelia. Figure 120.

LIFE HISTORY.—Adults: February 25. March 2.

The galls of this insect were fairly common on the low, dwarf oak, a member of the Q. repanda complex, in the mountains east of Morelia. Since our material represents a single collection, it is uncertain how limited the range of the species may be; but the closely related dwarf oak in the mountains rimming the Val ley of Mexico is host to C. texcocana, another (although unrelated) member of the plumbea complex. In the same mountains east of Morelia, C. (plumbea) fuscipennis occurs on the scrub or tree oak, Q. conglomerata. 

The gall of hirsuta is similar to that of texcocana, fuscipennis, and fucosa, but hirsuta galls are more strictly spherical and lighter rose tan in color.

Cynips (plumbea) jalisco, new species
agamic form

GALL.-Indistinguishable from that of C. (plumbea) munda. Also in distinguishable from galls of C. (arida) eluta which occur in part of the same area. Of moderate size or small, either with a flattened base (when occurring singly) or drawn out to a conical tip (when occurring in clus ters); dull; very prominently shriveling; bluish gray with a more or less persistent scurf; older gall rose or purplish brown in color; up to 7.5 mm., averaging below 5.0 mm. in diameter. Figure 119. 

HOSTS.—Quercus macrophylla [magnoliifolia], Q. haematophlebia [magnoliifolia], Q. undata, and Q. sacame [arizonica]. Probably on most of the oaks of the area except the dwarf, alpine oaks and the scrub oaks of the Q. potosima complex.

RANGE.-Zacatecas: Cantuna, 6 N, 7600' (galls, Q. undata). Zaca tecas, 22 SW (Q. undata). La Mesa, 7000' (Q. saca me, Q. macrophylla). Aguascalientes: Pabellón, 20 W, 7000' (Q. undata, Q. macrophylla; galls on Q. sacame). Guanajuato: San Felipe, 20 SW, 8000' (Q. macrophylla). San Felipe, 8 NE, 7000' (Q. macrophylla). León, 20 NE, 9000' (Q. reticulata). Jalisco: Aguascalientes, 35 E, 7000' (Q. macrophylla; gall on Q. saca me). Atequiza, 5 E, 6500' (Q. haematophlebia). Guadalajara, 25 S, 6000' (Q. haematophlebia). Guadalajara, 10 W, 6000' (Q. macrophylla, types). Magdalena, 4 N, 4300' (Q. macrophylla; galls on Q. haemato phlebia). Probably on most of the oaks except those of the potosima complex, and restricted to an area in the Western Sierra and Western Cordillera of Mexico, from Zacatecas through Jalisco and Guanajuato. Figure 102. 

LIFE HISTORY.—Adults: November 24. December 15, 18. January 1, 12, 30. February 11, 13, 15, 20, 25, 26. March 2, 4, 6, 20. Most of the emergence late in February, early in March.

This species is very close to C. glabrescens, differing chiefly in being lighter in color, having usually heavier wing veins, a heavier infuscation on the first abscissa of the radius, darker splotches in the cubital cell, a smaller size, and a gall which is small and very much shriveled, being often drawn out to a point basally. The two galls are never to be confused, although it is not always possible to determine every insect. The geographic isolation of the two types of galls, and their correlation with the several insect structures, make it clear that in the high plateau plains which separate the mountains of Durango from the south ern portion of the Western Sierra, we have factors which have isolated distinct species. 

Cynips munda is a segregate from the present species, which occurs on the scrub oaks of the potosina group in part of the range of C. jalisco. 

Cynips (plumbea) munda, new species
agamic form

GALL.-Indistinguishable from that of C. (plumbea) jalisco. Also in distinguishable from galls of C. (arida) eluta which occur in parts of the same area. Of moderate size or small, either with a flattened base (when occurring singly) or drawn out to a conical tip (when occurring in clusters); dull; very prominently shriveling; bluish gray with a more or less persistent scurf, the older gall rose or purplish brown in color; up to 7.5 mm., averaging below 5.0 mm. in diameter. Figure 111. 

HOSTS.—Quercus potosina and Q. jaralensis, related scrub oaks, and probably on other species of the same complex. 

RANGE.-Zacatecas: Zacatecas, 22 SW (Q. potosima, galls). Aguascalientes: Pabellón, 20 W, 7000' (Q. potosina ; types). Jalisco: Aguascalientes, 35 E, 7000' (Q. potosima). Guanajuato: San Felipe, 20 SW, 8000' (Q. Jaralensis). León, 20 NE, 9000' (Q. Jaralensis). 

Probably restricted to oaks of the potosina complex wherever they occur, in an area in the Western Sierra of Mexico, from Zacatecas through Jalisco and Guanajuato. Figure 102.

LIFE HISTORY..—Adults: February 20. March 2. April 15.

Cynips munda occurs in much the same area as C. (plumbea) jalisco, from which species it is isolated by occurring on the very distinct potosina group of oaks. The galls of the two are identical. The insects are close, but munda is distinctly smaller. It has rather finer wing veins, and a cubital cell which is less heavily marked. The galls of munda are also indistinguishable from the galls of C. (arida) eluta which occur in the same region and on the same oaks occupied by munda. The insects must, therefore, be seen before determinations can be made. 

Cynips (plumbea) scutata, new species
agamic form

GALL.-Similar to gall of C. subcostalis. Rather large, subspherical, prominently drawn out to a conically tipped or truncate base; dull, only slightly shriveling, with light gray scurf prominent, persistent; denuded surface rosy tan or (more often) a peculiar salmon or rose brown; up to 9.0 mm. in diameter. Figure 107. 

HOSTS.– Quercus macrophylla and Q. nudinervis [both magnoliifolia], which are the prevalent oaks of Guerrero. 

RANGE.-Guerrero: Taxco, 8 NE, 8000' (types; Q. macrophylla). Possibly restricted to the eastern end of the state of Guerrero, Mexico. Figure 102

LIFE HISTORY..—Adults: March 10.

The gall is practically identical with the galls of subcostalis. Scutata and subcostalis are clearly geographic segregates from the texcocama group of species. Scutata occurs in Eastern Guerrero (known from near Taxco) on Q. macrophylla. Fuscipennis is found in the same area on Q. nudinervis. Subcostalis occurs in Western Guerrero (known from west of Chilpancingo) on both Q. macrophylla and Q. nudinervis. 

Cynips (plumbea) subcostalis, new species
agamic form

GALL.-Similar to gall of C. scutata. Very large, spherical, promi nently elongated into a conical or truncate base; dull, only slightly shriveling; light gray scurf prominent, quite persistent; denuded surface of gall rosy tan or (more often) a peculiar salmon or rosy brown to dark brown in color; up to 12.0 mm., averaging nearer 10.0 mm. in diameter. Figure 104. 

HOSTS.—Quercus macrophylla and Q. nudinervis [both magnoliifolia] two oaks that seem more closely related than the botanists have indicated. These were the only white oaks we found in the area. 

RANGE.-Guerrero: Chilpancingo, 6 S, 4000' (Q. macrophylla, types; Q. nudinervis). Tierra Colorada, 14 N, 3200' (Q. macrophylla). Probably confined to a more western portion of Guerrero and immediately adjacent states in Southwestern Mexico. Figure 102.

LIFE HISTORY..—Adults: February 10. March 10, 18, 26. April 9, 10, 15. Emergence mostly late in March and early April.

This species is known only from the western half of the state of Guerrero. The insect is close to C. fuscipennis which occurs in a territory just north and east. From fuscipennis, subcostalis is, however, perfectly distinct in having a very light, almost straw brown body, in having the full dorsal half of the abdomen naked, and in having a gall which is very large, basically conical, and peculiarly pink or salmon brown in color. The gall of subcostalis is nearly duplicated by the gall of scutata, a species which occurs on Q. macrophylla (not on Q. nudinervis) in the eastern part of Guerrero (known from near Taxco).  

The galls collected on January 8, 1932, were peculiarly fresh and not yet mature—less mature than the galls of any other species of the complex which we had collected after the middle of November. The galls of subcostalis may be delayed because their hosts occur in Southern Mexico at lower elevations (down to 3200 feet), in regions which are warmer than most of those in which we found oak in that country. 

Cynips (plumbea) subfusca, new species
agamic form

GALL.—Practically identical with galls of C. plumbea. Large, hemi spherical, with a broadly flattened base; surface smooth and shining, not shriveling; bluish gray scurf easily wiped off, exposing the tan brown color of older galls; up to 11.0 mm. in diameter. Figures 105, 108. 

HOST.-Quercus sacame, an oak closely related to Q. arizonica. 

RANGE.-Chihuahua: Pacheco, 20 E, 5400'. San Buenaventura, 3 E, 5600'. Occurring on the eastern side of the Western Sierra of Mexico, prob ably restricted to Chihuahua (and northernmost Durango?). Figure 102.

LIFE HISTORY..—Adults: January 20. February 6, 15.

The galls of subfusca are practically identical with the galls of plumbea. The insects of subfusca differ only in being richer and darker brown and in averaging rather smaller; but these differences are so evident to the naked eye, and so constant in a series of 40 individuals of subfusca, that it seems evident that here is a population with a distinct genetic make-up. Although lack of adequate maps and records of explorations makes our knowledge of the topography and flora of Northern Chihuahua uncertain, we ourselves were unable to find oak in that state north of a point lying between Casas Grandes and Pacheco. This leaves something like 100 miles of oak-free mountains and very arid deserts isolating subfusca from plumbea. 

The insects of subfusca are also close to those of C. euconus, from Southern Durango; but euconus galls are conical with circular bases.

Cynips (plumbea) texcocana, new species
agamic form

GALL.-Large, spherical, rarely flattened on a small base, more often drawn to a short point; dull, slightly shriveling, with a conspicuous and often heavy scurf (stellate pubescence) which is so persistent that even old galls are conspicuously blue gray; denuded surface of gall light tan to (more often) dark purplish brown; up to 10.0 mm., averaging near 7.5 mm. Figure 106. 

HOSTS.—Quercus texcocana [deserticola], Q. conglomerata [rugosa], Q. rhodophlebia [rugosa], Q. repanda. Apparently one species on all oaks, both trees and alpine dwarfs, in the region. 

RANGE.-Mexico: Mexico City, 12 W, 8500' (Q. tercocama, types; galls on Q. conglomerata, Q. repanda). Mexico City, 17 S, 8200' (Q. tear cocama, Q. conglomerata). Mexico City, 20 S, 9200-9400' (Q. rhodophlebia, Q. repanda). Mexico City, 15 E, 7000' (Q. tercocana). Apparently confined to the mountains bounding the Valley of Mexico; range limited by the divides which rise to elevations above those at which white oaks occur. Figure 102

LIFE HISTORY..—Adults: March 15, 20, 23, 29, 30. Emergence thus late in March.

On the inside of the remarkable mountain rim which bounds the Valley of Mexico, this is the only species of the plumbea. complex. Over the divide, to the west and southwest, on the outside of that same mountain rim, this species is replaced by C. fuscipennis, with still other species occurring on other groups of oaks in Central (and more southern ?) Mexico. 

Texcocana is a very striking insect, in no likelihood of being confused with the plumbea-glabrescens group of species of more northern Mexico and our own Southwest. The galls of texcocana and fuscipennis are very similar, but the ground color of the texcocana gall is more often dark purplish brown, that of fuscipennis light tan.

Cynips (fulvicollis) fulvicollis (Fitch)
agamic form

Philonix fulvicollis Fitch, 1859, 5th Rpt. Nox. Ins. N.Y.:783.
Cynips fulvicollis fulvicollis agamic form fulvicollis Kinsey, 1930, Ind. Univ. Studies 84-86:262, figs. 41, 228, 234, 242-243, 252, 255. 
Cynips fulvicollis Houard, 1934, Marcellia 28:44. Kinsey, 1934, Workbook in Biol.:42. Houard, 1935, Marcellia 28:117.
Philonix niger Britton, 1934, Conn. State Ent. Rpt. 33:395.

To the data given in Kinsey 1930, add:

RANGE.-Maine: Kezar Falls (galls, Mrs. D. Tenney in Kinsey coll.). Connecticut: Westport (gall, acc. Britton 1934). Maryland: Oakland, 9 S (galls). Virginia: East Falls Church (Weld acc. Houard 1935). West Virginia: Wolf Summit. Parkersburg (galls). Ohio: Chillicothe. Eaton, 6 E. Coolville (galls). Zanesville, 7 S. Kent (galls, Erlanson in Kinsey coll.). West Union. Malta, 2 N (with much major). Xenia, 5 W. South Bloomingville, 4 E. Michigan: Grayling. Big Rapids (galls). Maple Rapids (galls, E. S. Anderson in Kinsey coll.). Indiana: Kentland (R. Kessler in Kinsey coll.). Greensburg (galls, G. F. Hyatt in Kinsey coll.). Ladoga (galls, Hugh Lee in Kinsey coll.). Mongo. Hartsville, 4 W. Aurora (galls). Wyandot (galls). English (galls). Romney (galls). St. John (galls). Crossplains (galls). Chandler, 1 W. Belmont, 5 S (galls). Westfield, 9 N (galls). Winchester, 8 SW (galls). Bloomington, 8 W. Bloomington, 7 SW (Bugbee in Kinsey coll.). Illinois: Mahomet (galls, S. L. Neave in Kinsey coll.). Mt. Carmel, 12 W (gall). Seneca (galls). Green Valley in Du Page Co. (gall). Stock ton, 5 W. Michigan: West Branch (galls). Pentwater (gall, F. Payne in Kinsey coll.). Interlocken (galls, R. Voris in Kinsey coll.). Kentucky: Lebanon (gall). Whitley (galls). Carrollton, 2 S. Missouri: Marshall, 11 S (galls). Kansas City (gall). Mineola (galls). Kimmswick. Wisconsin: Dodgeville (galls). Stevens Point, 7 W (gall). Stevens Point, 5 N. Sparta, 7 W (galls). See Figure 120. 

These additional locality records are all within the limits of the range predicted in our previous publication on Cynips. The new dates for gall origin and development and for insect emergence also fall within the range previously published. We have over 800 insects of this species which we have bred since the previous publication. Of these, 250 were bred in the third year after the collection of the galls. 

Our new material has been the inspiration for complete re determinations of the several thousand insects and galls which we have previously studied and reported. It should be said, frankly, that the re-determinations were undertaken with numerous misgivings of our previous interpretations of the group, due to the small number of clear-cut taxonomic characters available on these highly simplified, wingless insects. After several weeks of study on this one species, we find our previously published conclusions well substantiated. We are dealing here with a population of hybrid origin, the product of the meeting of northern and southern species during the late Pleistocene glaciation. Unfortunately our collections, large as they are, are still too scant to warrant a statistically genetic analysis (which I have attempted) of the nature of the material. For such a study we need many more large series from many more localities.

Cynips (fulvicollis) major Kinsey
agamic form

Cynips fulvicollis major Kinsey, 1930, Ind. Univ. Studies 84-86:257, figs. 39, 227, 239, 249.

To the data given in the above, add:

RANGE.-Ohio: West Union, 4 S. Gallipolis, 6 N. Indiana: Charleston (H. Spieth in Kinsey coll.). Kentland, 4 N (R. Kessler in Kinsey coll.). Crawfordsville (Hugh Lee in Kinsey coll.). Fort Wayne. Chandler. Illinois: Marshall (galls, H. Spieth in Kinsey coll.). Olney. Danville (S. L. Neave in Kinsey coll.). Missouri: Allenton (E. S. Anderson in Kinsey coll.). Springfield (gall, R. Voris in Kinsey coll.). Sullivan, 1 NE (in part fulvicollis). Arkansas: Forrest City (gall). Camden, 7 N (gall). Busch, 4 W. (gall). Sheridan, 4 N (gall). Newport, 3 E (gall). Louisiana: Bernice. See Figure 120.

LIFE HISTORY..—Adults: October 20. November 22, 27. December 1, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 26, 28. January 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 15, 20, 21. February 2, 6, 20. April 25. Some emergence during the first year, most of the emergence in late December of the second year, some emergence in the third winter after the formation of the galls. 

Most of the new locality records lie within the previously recorded range. Three of the new localities lie further north on the Indiana-Illinois boundary. Although this latter area is nearly 200 miles north of the southern front of the Wisconsin glaciation, it is an area from which we have this and some other southern species which are not ordinarily found within the glaciated territory. Three of the records extend the range through Arkansas into Northern Louisiana. 

Our newly bred material gives us some more first- and second-year emergence records, and the first third-year records which we have for this species. 

Cynips (fulvicollis) vorisi Kinsey
agamic form

Cynips fulvicollis vorisi Kinsey 1930, Ind. Univ. Studies 84-86:255, figs. 38, 230, 238, 248.

To the data given in the above, add:

RANGE.-Illinois: Sparland (Q. macrocarpa, galls). Missouri: Kansas City (Q. macrocarpa). See Figure 120.

These new records for vorisi make its range more nearly accord with the range of typically Ozark species of Cynipidae. The galls collected at Kansas City on August 14 were for the most part small and immature, but some of them had attained the size and fibrous internal structure characteristic of the species. Since our previous publication we have bred hundreds of insects of vorisi in the second winter after the collection of the galls, and no less than 98 adults in the third winter after collection. Careful examination of the unemerged galls fails to show any larvae that remain to emerge in a fourth winter, and the third-year emergence will probably stand as the most delayed emergence known in the genus Cynips

Cynips (fulvicollis) gigas (Weld)
agamic form

Philonix gigas Weld, 1922, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 61 (18): 12, fig. 2.
Cynips fulvicollis gigas Kinsey, 1930, Ind. Univ. Studies 84-86:259, figs. 40, 229, 241, 250. Houard, 1935, Marcellia 28:126.

To the data given in Kinsey 1930, add:

RANGE.-Missouri: Kansas City (galls, Q. Michauxii). See Figure 120.

LIFE HISTORY. —Galls immature on August 14.

Cynips (fulvicollis) insulensis, new species
agamic form

GALL.--Typical of the fulvicollis complex; pubescent, up to 9 mm. or more in diameter. Figure 121. 

HOSTS.–In the Rockies: Q. Gambelii. In the Black Hills: A member of the Q. macrocarpa complex. East of the Rockies: Q. macrocarpa. 

RANGE.-Illinois: Stockton, 3 W (gall). Wisconsin: Portage, 14 W. Portage, 7 W (gall). Stevens Point, 5 S (gall). Stevens Point, 14 S (gall). Waupun, 8 N. Lake Geneva. Sparta, 7 E (gall). Wausau, 5 S (gall). Minnesota: Badger (galls, R. Voris in Kinsey coll.). Harmony, 6 N. Iowa: Postville, 3 E (galls). Nebraska: Seward (galls). Nebraska City (galls). South Dakota: Black Hills State Park. Deadwood (types). Wyoming: Sundance (galls). Colorado: Happy Canyon (20 SE Denver). Manitou (galls). Palmer Lake (galls). Occurring in the Rocky Mountains east of the Divide, and throughout the northern Middle West north of Missouri and west of Lake Michigan. Figure 120.

LIFE HISTORY.—Galls: immature mid-August to September 1. Adults: November 4, 13, 20, 25. December 1, 10, 24, 26, 28. Emergence in part in the first year, in part in the second year after formation of the gall. 

The present species closely resembles the eastern canadensis and the Utah species latigenae; but insulensis has parapsidal grooves which are more sharply defined than in any other species of the fulvicollis complex. 

It is interesting to find the range of this species discontinuous. It extends into the Rocky Mountains east of the Divide in Colorado (and Northern New Mexico?); into the essentially Rocky Mountain island which is the Black Hills; and into the eastern deciduous forests extending from the eastern part of the Dakotas through Minnesota and Wisconsin to Lake Michigan. While these three areas are well separated by arid plains, there is no good barrier to limit the range toward the south and east, and through Iowa and Northern Missouri we may expect to find the species hybridizing with C. vorisi. We have numer ous insects of the species, but select the types from our limited material from Deadwood, on the north side of the Black Hills. There the complete isolation of the area eliminates all hybridization of this with other species of the complex. 

Most interesting of the data presented by this species is the evidence that Quercus Gambelii, representing the only complex of broad-leaved white oaks in the Rocky Mountain area, has its closest relative in Q. macrocarpa in the eastern part of the United States. Extending east from its original home in the Rockies, the fulvicollis complex changed from Gambelii to macrocarpa, and only subsequently to Q. alba and the chestnut oaks. Indeed, the change from Gambelii to macrocarpa was so simple that the one species, insulensis, bridged the gap without having to develop mutant forms which would adopt the new host. 

Cynips (fulvicollis) latigenae, new species
agamic form

GALL.--Typical of the fulvicollis complex; always pubescent, not smooth; averaging 7.0 mm. in diameter. Figures 122, 123.

HOST.-Quercus utahensis [gambelii]

RANGE.-Utah : Kamas (types). Possibly wide-spread in the mountains of more northern Utah. Figure 120

LIFE HISTORY..—Adults: second winter after formation of gall

This species was collected in Northern Utah, very near the extreme, northeastern limit of oak in the Rocky Mountain system, at a point over 800 miles west of the range known for the complex at the time of publication of our Cynips monograph. In this same period we have found the complex in the Black Hills of South Dakota, and in Eastern Colorado. 

It is remarkable that latigenae very closely resembles the most northeastern member of the group, C. canadensis. The ranges of the two are separated by nearly 1000 miles of plains and mountains in which oak does not occur. I have considered the possibility of canadensis having been carried westward on nursery stock of its eastern host, Q. alba. The alternate genera tions of these insects live in small and inconspicuous cells in otherwise normal buds, and they might easily escape inspections exercised in horticultural quarantines. But we have good herbarium material of the oak host of our Kamas material, and it certainly belongs to the Utah species, Q. utahensis, and not to the Q. alba group of oaks. 

Although the characters are few, I believe that latigemae can be separated from canadensis by its more brightly rufous face and legs, its slightly longer wings, and cheeks which are distinctly broadened back of the eyes. This last is the distinctive character. In canadensis the cheeks are not broadened behind the eyes, and the head, in dorsal aspect, appears solid, somewhat chunky. The protruding cheeks in latigemac give a dorsal aspect of a finely formed head that seems shallow in its anterior posterior dimension. Finally, the 15 galls which we have of latigenae are all roughened and entirely pubescent, never smooth and shining as they are in canadensis. 

From insulensis, of the Black Hills of South Dakota, Eastern Colorado, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, the present species is well distinguished by its dark thorax, more poorly defined parapsidal grooves, and shorter wings. 

Cynips (arida) arida Kinsey
agamic form

Cynips (Acraspis) arida Kinsey, 1930, Ind. Univ. Studies 84-86:313, figs. 57, 290, 291, 333, 354, 403. 

GALL.-Indistinguishable from the galls of most other species of the complex. Mature gall dome-shaped with a broadly flattened base, shriveling, purplish brown in color, averaging near 5.0 mm. in diameter, a little smaller than saxulum or eluta. Figures 137, 141. 

HOST.-Quercus grisea. The only evergreen white oak of the area. 

RANGE.-Texas: Alpine. Fort Davis. Marfa, 22 S. Chisos Mountain Park. - Apparently restricted to West Texas. Figure 131

LIFE HISTORY.—Adults: November 21. December 14. January 8.

This species seems to be confined to West Texas, the most nearly adjacent localities from which we have material in New Mexico and Chihuahua yielding another species of the complex, namely C. tenebrica. The galls of arida are indistinguishable from those of tenebrica and, except for their slightly smaller size, from those of C. saxulum and C. eluta.

There is no species of the C. plumbea complex known from the range of arida, and the most nearly adjacent species of plumbea have smooth, hemispherical galls which are readily distinguished from the dome-shaped galls of arida.

Cynips (arida) conica Kinsey
agamic form

Cynips (Acraspis) conica Kinsey, 1930, Ind. Univ. Studies 84-86:338, figs. 57, 288-289, 336, 361, 404

GALL.-A smooth, pointed, conical gall with broadened base bearing spiny projections, differing in shape but similar in surface and internal structure to all other galls of the complex. Mature gall regularly or irregularly conical, up to 7.0 mm. in height, sometimes with tip rather sharply pointed and even curved; base sometimes flaring, its edge entire or bearing up to 6 short, blunt, spiny projections, up to 6.0 mm. in diameter; light pinkish brown in color, with a violet tinge due to a puberulence. Figure 133, 134. 

HOST.-Quercus subturbinella (erroneously ascribed to Q. grisea in the original publication). 

RANGE.-Arizona: Globe. Utah : Leeds (galls). Zion Park (galls). Apparently extending from the Apache Trail country of Central Ari zona to Southwestern Utah. Figure 131.

LIFE HISTORY.—Galls: immature first week in September. Adults: mostly emerged before January 20, stray adults after that date.

This insect is far enough removed from the others in the complex to have been published originally as a representative of another group, and it might still be maintained in that posi tion. In its nearly uniform brownish rufous color, in its rugose foveal groove, and particularly in its absence of infuscations and Splotches in the radial and cubital cells, this insect is distinct from any neighbor in the arida complex—although, curiously, it approaches the two most southern of the Mexican and, even more closely, the Guatemalan species of the complex. But conica is also close to C. arida in West Texas, and occupies a geographic area in which no other member of the complex occurs on the host, Q. subturbinella. Conica appears to be the host or geo graphic isolate, albeit an extreme development, of the arida complex. It is an academic question whether it should be considered in another complex, or a link in the endless chain of species by which one complex is transformed into another


Cynips (centricola) strians Kinsey 
agamic form 

Cynips centricola strians Kinsey, 1930, Ind. Univ. Studies 84-86:304, figs. 48, 256-257, 286 (omitting Eddyville record). 
Cynips quercus-centricola strians Houard, 1934, Marcellia 28:47. 
Cynips quercus-centricola Houard, 1935, Marcellia 28:122. 

To the data given in Kinsey 1930, add: 

RANGE.-Missouri: Springfield, 7 SE (R. Voris in Kinsey coll.). Norwood, 5 E. Sullivan, 1NE. Winona. Arkansas: Imboden, 5 SW (gall, B. C. Marshall in Kinsey coll.). Busch, 4 E. Sheridan, 4N. Prairie Grove, 4 E. Conway, 4 E. Hazen, 5 E. Jasper, 4 S. Oklahoma: Muldrow, 2W. Eldon, 4 E (gall only). Louisiana: Wyatt (gall only). 

LIFE HISTORY..—Pupae: October 10. Adults: November 26. December 6, 10, 12, 13, 20, 22, 24. January 5, 30. February 2. Most of the emergence in mid-December.

The new records show the extensive range of this species through the Ozarks of Missouri, Arkansas, and Easternmost Oklahoma. The occurrence as far south as Sheridan, Arkansas (and possibly in Northern Louisiana) suggests that strians may be the same as Karsch's rubrae which came, presumably, from Texas; but it will be well to avoid mistaken synonymy by maintaining the two as distinct for the time being. If material from Eastern Texas, and a study of the type of rubrae (at the Berlin Museum) shows it to be the same as strians, it will be easy enough then to combine the nomenclature and data. 

The spotted galls of strians are practically the same as those of centricola, differing perhaps in averaging smaller in diameter. Previously we considered that the well-developed median groove (found in most of the types) would always separate strians from centricola, but the more extended material which we now have from the Ozarks shows so much individual variation in this character that we must depend on the nearly uniform black color and the less triangulate tip of the second abscissa of the radius of strians as the best characters for distinguishing the insects. 


Cynips (centricola) clivorum Kinsey
agamic form

Cynips centricola clivorum Kinsey, 1930, Ind. Univ. Studies 84-86:300, figs. 48, 258-259, 269, 285. 

To the data given in the above monograph, add: 

RANGE.-Ohio: West Union, 6 N. Chillicothe (gall). Gallipolis, 6 N. Indiana: Boonville, 10 E (gall only). Illinois: Eddyville (O. Buchanan in Kinsey coll.). Kentucky: Sullivan, 1W (galls). Tennessee: Dickson, 7W. Jackson 3 S (gall only). Memphis, 12 E (gall only, Breland in Kinsey coll.). Virginia: Golansville

LIFE HISTORY..—Adults: November 2, 13, 20, 26. December 2, 3, 9, 15, 16, 18, 20, 24. January 2. Most of the emergence late in November and early in December. 

The new locality records put this Southern Appalachian species, clivorum, at additional points in the Ohio River Valley and in the western third of Tennessee. In the latter state, the distribution extends west to the Mississippi River, which is further west than anticipated. The black insect and unspotted galls make determinations of clivorum practically certain, for all of the other species of the complex have spotted galls (except for rare, unspotted, immature galls in centricola).

Origin of higher categories in Cynips