Galls in the first year are elongated and cylindrical, reaching about 5 mm in diameter (Site 4: mean = 4.98 ± 0.21 mm, n = 25; Site 6: mean = 4.99 ± 0.26 mm, n = 25). In the second year, galls became more globose and reach about 12 mm in diameter (Site 1: mean = 12.17 ± 0.27 mm, n = 25; Site 3: mean = 11.58 ± 0.52, n = 25). First and second-year galls are illustrated in Fig. 3. The opposite branching pattern should be noted, as well as the greater diameter of the galled stem relative to its ungalled member of the pair. Also, whereas ungalled stem pairs remain alive and develop at approximately the same rate, the ungalled stem frequently dies within one or two years at nodes with one stem galled, and the distal growth of the axis may even die, as shown in Fig. 3. The gall diverts energy into the stem on which it develops, both proximally and distally.