"The clavate mature galls (CG) are conspicuous, with variable size, and covered by hard cone-shaped emergences on the outer surface (Fig. 4A–C). The CG are green, but sometimes they may be reddish (Fig. 4A, B). Regardless of color and size, the CG are solitary or coalescent, hosting 1 to 3 larvae of E. nothofagi in a single gall chamber. Each larval chamber is narrow, elliptical in longitudinal section and spherical in transverse section (Fig. 4B). After the adult emergence, the gall turns into dark brown, and a circular exit channel is visible (Fig. 4C)...The CG develop as lateral bud galls (Fig. 4A,B). The apical meristem of N. obliqua is protected by numerous leaf primordia covered with trichomes differentiated from the protoderm (Fig. 4D). The establishment of the galls occurs in the ground meristem of the lateral buds (Fig. 4D). Anatomically, the CG have two tissue compartments (Fig. 4E). The outer tissue compartment is constituted of the epidermis, parenchyma, vascular bundles, and sclerenchyma (Fig. 4E). The epidermis is uniseriate, covered by thin cuticle (Fig. 4F), with non-glandular trichomes. The outer layers of cells form the chlorenchyma with abundant chloroplasts (Fig. 4F). Just internal to the chlorenchyma, large thin-walled parenchyma cells are observed (Fig. 4G). The individual vascular bundles are embedded in sclerenchyma and are evenly distributed around the larval chamber (Fig. 4H,I). Sometimes, the sclerenchyma cells may intersperse to the parenchyma (Fig. 4H) and extend to the cone-shaped emergences. Most sclerenchyma cells have living protoplasm, accumulating metabolites stained in red with safranin (Fig. 4H,I). The sclerenchyma layers limit the inner tissue compartment (Fig. 4H–J), which has 2–3 layers of common storage tissue and a variable number of concentric layers of typical nutritive tissue around the larval chamber (Fig. 4I,J). The typical nutritive cells have dense cytoplasm, and thick cell walls (Fig. 4J)." (Aguilera et al., 2022.)