Disholcaspis insulana (agamic)

Neuroterus junctor (sexgen)

Neuroterus reconditus (agamic)

Neuroterus visibilis (agamic)

Neuroterus volutans (agamic)

Neuroterus vulpinus (agamic)

Neuroterus tumba (agamic)

Andricus strues (agamic)

Andricus spicatus (agamic)

Cynips conspecta (agamic)

Atrusca rubella (agamic)

Sphaeroteras sagata (agamic)

Cynips lanaris (agamic)

Cynips molucrum (agamic)

Cynips torosa (agamic)

Disholcaspis pallens (agamic)

Disholcaspis largior (agamic)

Disholcaspis (fungiformis) insulana, new species
Agamic form

Gall: A dense cluster of fungiform galls similar to those of [Disholcaspis fungiformis Kinsey](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/815). Usually topped with a slender and sharply pointed or broader tip. The base of the gall is rather small. Light red yellow when fresh, weathering to brown and black; entirely naked.

Host: Quercus laeta, the peach-leaved-oak of the region.

Range: San Luis Potosi: Rio Verde, 14 W, 5500' (types). Possibly restricted to this one mountain range west of Rio Verde, in the eastern part of San Luis Potosi.

LIFE HISTORY.—Adults: December 6, 9. Before February 10, and on February 26. Most of the emergence in January ("before February 10"). 

Neuroterus junctor, new species
bisexual form?

GALL.—Irregular, monothalamous or polythalamous swellings in the blade of the leaf, wholly inseparable, well developed on both surfaces of the leaf, though more developed on the under surface ; covered with a short but dense pubescence, each gall separable or more or less fused with other galls.

HOST.—Quercus texcocana [deserticola] 

RANGE.—Mexico: Mexico City, 12 W, 8500' (types).

LIFE HISTORY.—Adults: March 15 (possibly of a bisexual, possibly of an agamic generation). 

This insect provides an important link between two complexes which were recognized as related, but not understandably connected by the previously described American species. The first, the [irregularis complex](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/765), is confined to the Eastern half of the United States. The second, [Neuroterus decipiens](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1722), is a single species known only from California. The gall of junctor is very much like the galls of the irregularis complex, but the insect is closer to N. decipiens—in fact, closer than any species of the irregularis complex. It has been puzzling to understand how the Eastern American group, irregularis, could have a close relative, decipiens, in California, when neither group is represented in the Rocky Mountain area; but with this new species junctor as a clue, we shall direct our search into Mexico for the connecting links between the American complexes. 

Since both irregularis and decipiens are known only from bisexual forms, it is quite possible that junctor represents a bisexual generation; but this is not determinable either from our limited material or from the collection and breeding dates with our series. 



Neuroterus (niger) reconditus, new species
Agamic form

GALL.—Minute, inconspicuous pustules in the blade of the leaf ; somewhat circular or more ovoid in shape, equally developed on both surfaces of the leaf, inconspicuous on both, but more conspicuous above because of the nature of the upper surface of the leaf ; gall surface naked, without irregularities other than those normal to the leaf surface ; fresh galls of the same color as the leaf, old galls becoming browner sooner than the
rest of the leaf; averaging 1.0 mm. in diameter. Galls fairly numerous on single leaves. 

HOST.— Quercus macrophylla [magnoliifolia], the largest-leaved white oak of the area. 

RANGE,—Aguascalientes: Pabellon, 20 W, 7000' (types). Probably confined to a portion of the Western Sierra in Mexico, including the state of Aguascalientes.

LIFE HISTORY.—Agamic females: emerging April 10. 

The niger complex has been known from the eastern U. S., from our Southwest (but not from the Rockies further north), and from California. The present species is the first to be described from Mexico. Like all the other described species of the group, reconditus differs chiefly in the minor color characters noted above; but the form of the gall provides some further basis of differentiation of the species.

Neuroterus (verrucarum) visibilis, new species 
agamic form 

GALL.—Very minute, elongate-oval, hard but thin-walled cells ; with a slightly elevated, circular apex in center of top surface ; surfaces of galls minutely granular ; each cell attached by a broad area to under surface of leaf, producing a barely evident elevation of upper surface of leaf, but cells not embedded in such a depression of under surface (i. e., an elevation of upper surface) as is usual in the American species of the complex ; cells sparsely hairy with rather long trichomes, this clothing however no heavier than that normal to under surface of leaf ; cells averaging 0.8 mm. in length and 0.4 mm. in diameter. Galls abundant on single leaves. 

HOST.—Quercus macrophylla, the largest-leaved white oak of the area. 

RANGE.—Guanajuato : San Felipe, 8 NE, 7000' (types). Probably throughout a more central area in Mexico, including the state of Guanajuato.

LIFE HISTORY.—Adults: March 6, 14, 25. 

The verrucarum complex has been known previously only from the eastern half of the United States. The present species, and the two that follow, extend the records through the Western Sierra to the southwestern corner of Mexico. 

This is the first instance of an exclusively Eastern American group occurring in the Western Sierra of Mexico. The gall of visibilis is, however, hardly different from the seed-like galls of the saltatorius complex (which are known both from the Eastern and the Western United States). None of these Mexican species has the gall embedded in as deep a depression as is common in the American species of the group, and the mode of attachment of this larval cell and the extent of the hairy covering of the gall are, after all, the chief differences between the verrucarum and the saltatorius complexes. Since the insects of the two groups differ in very few respects, it is not unlikely that these Mexican species will provide connecting links between them. 

Neuroterus (verrucarum) volutans, new species
agamic form

GALL.—Minute, elongate-oval, hard but thin-walled cells with a slightly elevated apex in center of top surface ; surfaces of galls minutely granular, each cell attached by a broad area to the under surface of the leaf, producing an inconspicuous, smooth but hardly elevated area on the upper surface of leaf ; galls not embedded in any deep depression of under surface of leaf such as is characteristic of the American species of the complex; cells fairly well covered and more or less hidden by a circular tangle of long, brown trichomes which more or less contrast with the normally hairy under-surface of leaf; cells averaging 1.4 mm. in length and 1.0 mm. in diameter, the whole mass of hairs on each gall averaging 2.0 mm. in diameter. Galls often densely covering under surfaces of leaves. 

HOST.—Quercus texcocana [deserticola], the smaller-leaved tree which is the commonest white oak in the mountains about the Valley of Mexico. 

RANGE.—Mexico: Mexico City, 17 S, 82'00'.

LIFE HISTORY. Agamic females: March 7, 14. 

The gall of volutans is superficially quite like those found in the verrucarum complex in the United States. Upon closer examination it will be seen to differ in having no real depression in which the larval cell is sunk—and consequently no great elevation on the upper surface of the leaf. 


Neuroterus (verrucarum) vulpinus, new species
agamic form

GALL.—Minute, elongate-oval, hard but thin-walled cells, usually with a slightly elevated apex in center of top surface ; surfaces of galls minutely granular, each cell attached by a broad area to the under surface of the leaf, not buried in the sort of depression
characteristic of American species of the group, and showing no deformation unless a slight discoloration on upper surface of leaf ; cells densely covered and entirely hidden by a circular tangle of long, whitish trichomes which contrast sharply with the normally hairy under surface of leaf ; cells averaging 0.7 mm. in length and less in diameter, the whole mass of hairs on each gall averaging 2.5 mm. in diameter. Galls densely covering under surfaces of leaves. 

HOST.—Quercus macrophylla, the larger-leaved white oak of the area. 

RANGE.—Guerrero: Taxco, 8 NE, 8000'. Probably confined to a southwestern portion of Mexico including at least a portion of the state of Guerrero.

Neuroterus (saltatorius) tumba, new species
agamic 

GALL.—An ovoid, naked cell, broadly attached to under surfaces of, and hence only poorly separated from the leaf. Cells averaging 1.5 mm. in length and 1.2 mm. in diameter, thin- but hard-walled, surface rough, the roughening sometimes more or less radiate from apex of gall, without hairs or other covering ; each gall mounted on a slight elevation of under surface, and hence causing a distinct depression of upper surface of leaf. Galls usually abundant on single leaves. 

HOST. —Quercus macrophylla [magnoliifolia], the larger-leaved white oak of the area. 

RANGE.—Guerrero : Chilpancingo, 6 S, 4000'.

LIFE HISTORY.—Agamic females: March 24. 

This is the first insect of the saltatorius complex described from Mexico. The complex has previously been recorded from Eastern, Southwestern, and Pacific areas of the United States. The galls of tumba are most like those of N. (saltatorius) saltarius which Weld described from Indiana, and they are still more like undescribed species from Texas. It is interesting to find Eastern American, instead of the usual Rocky Mountain affinities, in this Southwestern corner of Mexico

Conobius (spicatus) strues, new species
Agamic form

GALL.—As described for the genus; distinguished as follows: color dark reddish brown, probably weathering darker; individal galls up to 9 mm in length and 6.5 mm in diameter; the whole cluster up to 23 mm in diameter.

[Description for the genus, shared with [Conobius spicatus](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2123): Woody, seed-like cells densely clustered on stems, the clusters resembling small nubbins of dent corn. Each cell monothalamous, roughly conical, sharply pointed at place of attachment, expanding into a broadened, distinctly flattened top, the top centrally tipped with a small scar, the individual galls mis-shapened, often flattened on the sides because of the pressure within the cluster of galls: each cell covered with a thin, hard-papery epidermis which usually shrivels or becomes fluted, and sometimes flaker off in dried galls.]

The galls are practically identical to those of spicatus.

HOSTS.—Quercus undata, an evergreen white oak with ovate leaves which are soft pubescent beneath

RANGE.— Chihuahua. Santa Isabel, 6 E 6000'

LIFE HISTORY.—Adults: March 1

Conobius (spicatus) spicatus (Bassett) 
Agamic form

Loxaulus spicatus
Loxaulus spicata

GALL.—As described for the genus, distinguished as follows : Color dark reddish brown, weathering dark to black, the old epidermis becoming quite ashy gray ; individual galls up to 9.0 mm. in length and 6.5 mm. in diameter ; the whole cluster up to 28. mm. in diameter. 

[Description for the genus, shared with [Conobius strues](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2122): Woody, seed-like cells densely clustered on stems, the clusters resembling small nubbins of dent corn. Each cell monothalamous, roughly conical, sharply pointed at place of attachment, expanding into a broadened, distinctly flattened top, the top centrally tipped with a small scar, the individual galls mis-shapened, often flattened on the sides because of the pressure within the cluster of galls: each cell covered with a thin, hard-papery epidermis which usually shrivels or becomes fluted, and sometimes flaker off in dried galls.]

HOST. — Quercus grisea (Kinsey coll.). Q. arizonica. Q. oblongifolia. Q. Toumeyi (ace. Weld, 1926 ; possibly more than one species of cynipid involved). 

RANGE.—New Mexico: Hillsboro. (Kinsey coll.). Arizona: Whetstone (galls, Q arizonica). Sabino Trail in Santa Catalina Mountains (galls, Q. oblongifolia, Kinsey coll. Also ace. Weld, 1926). Oracle Q. arizonica, Kinsey coll. Also ace. Weld, 1926). Huachuca Mountains, Mule Mountains, Santa Rita Mountains, Patagonia Mountains (ace. Weld, 1926). 

Probably restricted to southernmost Arizona and immediately adjacent portions of New Mexico

This species appears to be the only American representative of the complex, though we have galls of other species of the group from a wide area in western Mexico, as far south as Jalisco. The galls of spicatus and strues are hardly distinguishable. Spicatus was originally described as a species of Loxaulus. True Loxaulus, according to my studies, includes the genotypes of Compsodryoxenus. The genus (Mayr, 1881, Gen. gallenbew. Cynip. :9, 12, 33) was monobasic, with Bassett's species mammula as type; but spicatus is not at all closely related to true Loxaulus. Weld (1926, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 68 (10) :45) recognized this error in assigning spicatus to Loxaulus, but made no re-assignment of the species. 

Cynips (arida) conspecta, new species
Agamic form

GALL.—Similar to but readily distinguished from other galls of the complex. Mature gall almost strictly spherical, with a flat or slightly concave base; perfectly smooth, light led brown in color, with a white scurf which persists on at least part of the gall; up to 6.5 mm., averaging near 5.0 mm. in diameter.

HOST. — Quercus Pringlei, one of the several scrub oaks of the region; replaced on other scrub oaks in the same area by C. rubella. 

RANGE.—Tamaulipas : Miquihuana, 7 SE, 6000' (types). Known only from this one locality in the southwestern corner of Tamaulipas. 

In our previous revision of the Cynips arida complex (Kinsey 1936, Ind. Univ. Sci. Ser. 4:217-237), the only species reported from the Eastern Mexican Sierra was Cynips saxifera, from a locality west of Ciudad Victoria, in the southwestern corner of Tamaulipas. From a few miles west of that same locality, from Miquihuana, which is still in Tamaulipas but immediately east of the main divides of the Sierra, we now have two more species to describe. 

In this locality southeast of Miquihuana, there are several species of scrub or dwarf oaks, from three of which we have now bred insects of the present complex. Although these dwarf oaks are so closely related that it is often difficult to distinguish them in the field, we find that two perfectly distinct and not closely related insects are isolated on different oaks. The present species, C. conspecta, occurs on Q. Pringlei. As yet we do not have it from any other oak. It is C. rubella (described in the present paper) which occurs on the scrub oak, Q. intricata, and on the low dwarf, Q. cordifolia. The two cynipids are as different as the two most extreme forms in the arida complex. To note only a few of the differences: The galls of conspecta are nearly spherical, almost entirely smooth, and a bit smaller in average diameter; those of rubella are more hemispherical, distinctly shrivelled, and slightly larger in diameter. The insects of conspecta are almost uniformly brownish rufous, without any marks or blotches in the cubital cell, and with almost no infuscations at the base of the radial cell; the insects of rubella are red rufous with the lateral lines (and sometimes the anterior parallel lines) distinctly brown, and the splotches in the cubital cell and the infuscation at the base of the radial cell are distinct and of some size. Conspecta is most closely related to the contacta-eluta-eminida group of species from more southern Mexico; 266 Proceedings of Indiana Academy of Science rubella has its closest relatives in saxifera, from a more eastern part of the same Eastern Sierra, and in saxulum, from the Western Mexican Sierra. It is an interesting case of two branches of the one complex invading the one locality where they are, however, still separated by their restriction to different oak hosts. 

From contacta, its geographically and evolutionary nearest relative, conspecta is to be distinguished by . . . its larger and more spherical gall. In contacta the gall is distinctly dome-shaped. 

Cynips (arida) rubella, new species
Agamic form

GALL.—Similar to other galls of the complex. Mature galls more or less hemispherical, with a broadly flattened base, shrivelling considerably so gall is usually irregular in shape ; light red or purple brown in color, with some white scurf ; up to 7.0 mm., averaging near 5.5 mm. in diameter. 

HOSTS. — Quercus intricata, (types) ; Q. cordifolia [striulata]. The first is a shoulder-high scrub white oak, the second, the lowest dwarf oak of the region. Replaced on Q. Pringlei in the same area by C. conspecta. 

RANGE.—Tamaulipas: Miquihuana, 7 SE, 6000'(Q. intricata, types. Also on Q. cordifolia [striulata].) Not yet known beyond this one locality in the southwestern corner of Tamaulipas, in a central portion of the Eastern Mexican Sierra. 

This is one of the two species representing the arida complex near Miquihuana, in the southwestern corner of Tamaulipas. See the discussion under the other species, [C. conspecta](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3757), in the present paper. As noted in that discussion, rubella is found on Q. intricata and Q. cordifolia, while C. conspecta is found on Q. Pringlei in the same area. The two cynipid species are not closely related. Rubella is most closely related to the species saxifera and saxulum. Saxifera also occurs in the Eastern Sierra of Tamaulipas, just east of the locality from which we have rubella. Saxulum is a widespread species in the Western Sierra of Mexico, from southern Chihuahua through Durango. 

Cynips (mellea) sagata, new species
Agamic form

GALL.—As described for the complex. Finally naked, or retaining part of the microscopic, stellate pubescence ; flesh-colored to light brown, with considerable solid matter; rounded or flat basally, occurring singly on leaves. 

[Gall description for the complex: A small, globular, thick-walled leaf gall with the larval cell filling most of the interior. Monothalamous ; strictly spherical when fresh and sometimes when dried after maturity, often shrinking irregularly when dried; the gall sometimes drawn out at the point of attachment; the surface of the gall roughly, irregularly shagreened, densely covered with long, white or brown hairs when young (at least in some varieties), the hairs deciduous, leaving a stellate pubescence on older galls; the galls of all varieties finally naked (altho still appearing puberulent because of the shagreened surface; the naked galls whitish, flesh pink or pinkish brown in color; up to 7.0 mm., dried galls averaging about 4.0 mm. in diameter. The thin outer shell re-enforced with a more or less thin, solid mass of crystalline structure; the larval cell highly variable in size, often occupying most of the gall, the wall of the cell hardly differentiated from the solid, crystalline material. Attached to the veins, singly or in small clusters, on the upper or (less often) the under surfaces of leaves of white oaks of all groups.]

HOSTS. — Quercus oblongifolia (types) ; and a tree form of Q. breviloba. In this area, these are the two most abundant tree-forms of white oaks. 

RANGE.—Coahuila: Muzquiz, 7 SW, 3600' (Q. oblongifolia, types.) Muzquiz, 5 SW, 3000' (a tree form of Q. breviloba). Probably restricted to the most northern end of the Eastern Sierra of Mexico. 

Previously we have described 11 species of this C. mellea complex (see Kinsey 1930, Ind. Univ. Studies 84-86:314-338; and Kinsey 1936, Ind. Univ. Sci. Ser. 4:238-241). All of these are from the southeastern quarter of the United States, except for the one species [rydbergiana](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3396) in the mountains of northern New Mexico. Elsewhere in our Southwest and throughout most of Mexico the complex is replaced by the C. arida complex, and the relations of the two groups are so certain that we never expected to find the mellea complex in Mexico. It is, therefore, an item of some moment to have located a species of this Eastern American group south of the Rio Grande. 

This Mexican species, sagata, comes from the northern end of the state of Coahuila, from just south of the Edwards Plateau of Central Texas. Further east in Mexico and in the southeastern corner of Texas, there is a great area of mesquite desert which is an absolute barrier to the interchange of eastern American and Eastern Mexican cynipid faunas. This oak-free area is about 350 miles wide. But there are, nevertheless, some instances of Eastern American affinities in the Eastern Sierra of Mexico; and it took a great deal of field work, spread over many years, to discover that there really are presentday connections between these two faunas. The complete story must be detailed elsewhere. Enough here to record that two of the Central Texan oaks, the live oak, Q. virginiana, and the scrub post oak, Q. breviloba, come close to the border in the neighborhood of Del Rio and a few points further west; that the live oak on the Mexican side is nearly continuous to the border in that same region; and that there is a taller tree (an undescribed species of oak) in the mountains of northernmost Coahuila which is so close to the Texan Q. breviloba that all of its cynipid fauna has Eastern Texan affinities. The present species, C. sagata, is the first of these breviloba relatives to be described from Coahuila. 

One additional item of interest is involved in the fact that we have the present species, sagata, from this northern end of Coahuila, from both the Q. breviloba and from the Q. oblongifolia complexes. Oblongifolia is an oak of southern Arizona and northern Chihuahua. It is the only western oak that I have found in the northern end of the Eastern Sierra. Its presence there is probably due to the near approach of the Western and Eastern Sierra in northeastern Chihuahua and northwestern Coahuila. Nearly all of the cynipids on this oblongifolia relative in Coahuila have Western Sierran and Rocky Mountain affinities. The present instance of a cynipid with Eastern American affinities getting onto the western oak is a noteworthy exception to the rule. 

The Central Texan species of the mellea complex is as yet undescribed. The galls of that Texan species and of the species from Coahuila are indistinguishable and, it is to be noted, rather distinct from the galls of the Eastern American species of the complex. These galls are, however, close to those made by C. (mellea) rydbergiana, which occurs in the northeastern corner of New Mexico (and adjacent Colorado ? ) ; and the insects of sagata and rydbergiana are closer than either species is to any of the Southeastern American species. In the key to the complex given in Kinsey 1930 (Ind. Univ. Studies 84-86:494- 495), this species sagata would run to rydbergiana.  The galls of the two are larger, more strictly spherical, smoother on the surface, and thicker-walled than the galls of any other described species. In all these characters, however, sagata is still closer to the Central Texan species from Q. breviloba. 

Cynips (nubila) lanaris, new species
Agamic form

GALL.—Central core red-brown, densely covered with short, hair-like cells most of which are swollen at tip. Long, hair-like spines forming body of gall light straw white, tinged yellow; bases of these spines almost never swollen; these spines wavy for their whole length and densely set. Galls appear as loose tangles of hairs. 

HOST. — Quercus sacame [arizonica]. This is the largest tree among the evergreen white oaks of the region. 

RANGE.—Tamaulipas: Miquihuana, 7 SE, 6000'. Possibly extending for some distance through a more northern end of the Eastern Mexican Sierra, east of the main divides. 

LIFE HISTORY.—Adults ; December 10. 

In our previously published revision of this complex (Kinsey, 1936, Ind. Univ. Sci. Ser. 4:243-258) we reported on nine species: two from southeastern Arizona, and seven from Mexico. Six of the Mexican species were from the Western Sierra and from the more southern Cordillera. Only one species, nigricula, was described from the Eastern Sierra—from the eastern part of San Luis Potosi. North of that point the Eastern and Western Sierras are widely separated, and this may explain the comparative rarity of the nubila complex in the Eastern mountains of Mexico. To the previously described list of species, however, we can now add two from this Eastern Sierra—one from northern Hidalgo, and one from southern Tamaulipas; but north of these norther- most localities there are still 400 miles of Eastern Sierra in which we have not found this group. 

In the previously published key to this complex (Kinsey 1936:246- 247), the two species here described would run to sections 7 and 8; and the phylogenetic relations of the present species are clearly with incompta, nigricula, and chica, which appear in those sections of the key. This now gives us 5 species which have the parapsidal grooves continuous to the pronotum. As their geographic positions would lead one to expect, the present species are closest to nigricula and incompta. 

We have lanaris from a locality near the southern end of the boundary between Tamaulipas and Coahuila. Lanaris is most closely related to the more southern species molucrum (described in the present paper). Lanaris differs chiefly in having the central core of the gall covered with hair-like cells, most of which are swollen at the tips. The galls of lanaris and nigricula are essentially the same. From incompta, lanaris is to be distinguished by the darker thoracic lines, the darker abdomen, and the vein-like form of the infuscation on the first abscissa. The galls of the two species are essentially the same.

Cynips (nubila) molucrum, new species
Agamic form

GALL.—Central core tan or brownish, densely covered with short, hair-like cells, none of which are swollen at tip ; lorg, hair-like spines forming body of gall light straw white, tinged yellow and still more golden tan near tips ; bases of these spines almost never swollen ; these spines wavy for their whole length, and densely set. Galls appearing as loose tangles of hairs. 

HOSTS. — Quercus reticulata [rugosa] (types) ; Q. polymorpha. Large-leaved, evergreen, tree forms of white oaks. 

RANGE.—Hidalgo: Jacala, •> W, 5000' (types on Q. reticulata. Also on Q. polymorpha). Probably widespread through a central portion of the Eastern Sierra of Mexico, ex- tending north from more northern Hidalgo. 

This insect was collected along the Laredo-Mexico City highway, near Jacala, in the northern end of the state of Hidalgo. It may range more or less widely through the Eastern Mexican Sierra; but the complex is represented by the species nigricula in the Eastern Sierra of San Luis Potosi, and by the species lanaris, newly described in the present paper, from the northern end of the Eastern Sierra in Coahuila. The full extensions of these several ranges must, therefore, be determined by further collection. The characters of the present insect, molucrum, are closest to those of its nearest neighbors, C. incompta, C. lanaris, and C. nigricula (see Kinsey, 1936, Ind. Univ. Sci. Ser. 4:248, 251).

The galls of molucrum differ (from those of incompta) in having the central core tan rather than brownish red; and the hair-like processes covering the central core are almost never swollen. The gall of molucrum differs from that of nigricula in having the central core tan (not red-brown), and practically none of the hairs covering this core show swollen tips. 

From lanaris, molucrum differs principally in having the central core of the gall covered with short hairs which do not have swollen tips.

Cynips (plumbea) torosa, new species
Agamic form

GALL.—Large, spherical, rarely flattened on a small base, not pointed ; dull, slightly shrivelling, with a conspicuous, moderately heavy scurf (stellate pubescence) which is so persistent that even old galls are conspicuously bluish gray ; denuded surfaces of galls light tan to dark purplish brown; up to 9.5 mm., averaging near 7.0 mm. in diameter. 

HOSTS. — Quercus rhodophlebia [rugosa] (types) ; Q. texcocana [deserticola]. These are the two largest trees among the oaks of the region. 

RANGE.—Mexico : Mexico City, 22 E, 8200' (Q. rhodophlebia, Q. texcocana). Puebla: El Seco, 19 NE, 8500' (Q. rhodophlebia, types). El Seco, 5 SW, 8200' (Q. texcocana). Apparently restricted to the mountains east and southeast of Mexico City, ranging possibly into the state of Vera Cruz. Replaced south and west of Mexico City by C. texcocana Kinsey. 

From several points in the mountains south and west of Mexico City we have C. (plumbea) texcocana (see Kinsey 1936, Ind. Univ. Sci. Ser. 4:205). From collections made 15 miles east of Mexico City, in January, 1932, we obtained three insects which look like good texcocana; but from the more extensive collections made 22 miles east of Mexico City in December, 1935, and from our collections made in the more south- eastern state of Puebla we get a different insect, the present species torosa. The galls of texcocana and torosa are practically identical, but the insects are so different that there seems no chance of error in our determinations; and we must conclude that the more eastern and more western species meet in the Valley of Mexico, or else that our earlier record for texcocana from east of Mexico City involved some error in data. We have several other cases of cynipid groups represented by different species on the two sides of the Valley of Mexico. 

Disholcaspis (cinerosa) pallens, new species

GALL.—Practically identical with that of [Disholcaspis (cinerosa) cinerosa (Bassett)](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/814). Perhaps more often elongate and not as strictly spherical, more often drawn out to a slender point at base; averaging a bit smaller, up to 21.0 mm., mature galls averaging nearer 18.0 in diameter (Figure 2). 

HOST. — Quercus oleoides. This narrow- and evergreen-leaved white oak is the common representative of the Q. virginiana complex in the northeastern portion of Mexico. 

RANGE.—San Luis Potosi : Valles, 14 N, 900'. Probably confined to a central portion of the more eastern Mexican lowlands, iu- cluding the easternmost portions of the state of San Luis Potosi. 

LIFE HISTORY.—Adults : December 7, 14, January 1, 7, 8, 17, 20. Two-thirds of the emergence over by the first of January, but goodly emergence continuing throughout most of January. 

Two species of this complex have been previously described. The first, D. cinerosa (Bassett, 1881, Canad. Ent. 13:110) is widespread throughout the eastern two-thirds of Texas on the Texas live oak, Q. virginiana. Disholcaspis unicolor (Kinsey, 1920, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 42:316) came from near Saltillo, in the northeastern part of Mexico. The present species, pallens, comes from a locality about 275 miles further south, halfway down the eastern Mexican coast and not far inland from Tampico. The locality, Valles, is on the Laredo-Mexico City highway. This is one of the relatively few cases of an Eastern American group having affinities in Eastern Mexico; for the host of the species, namely Q. oleoides of the Q. virginiana complex, belongs to one of the few groups of oaks which range without material interruption across the Rio Grande. An instance of a similar range on oaks of the Q. breviloba group is discussed under Cynips (mellea) sagata, newly described in the present paper. See sagata for a further discussion. 

Disholcaspis (mexicana) largior, new species
Agamic form

GALL.—Rosy to brownish tan, probably light and brighter when fresh, weathering darker brown ; inner faces of galls which are pressed against other galls in the clusters are smooth and shiny, but exposed surfaces are very much wrinkled, and conspicuously reticulate ; individual galls (in the rare instances where they occur singly) are more or less globose, but galls in compact clusters are very much compressed, making each one thin and flat with the exposed tops triangulate in outline ; a whole cluster therefore with a surface much like that of an unopened pine cone ; individual galls up to 24. mm. in diameter and 19. mm. in height; whole clusters up to 83. mm. in length and 44. mm. in diameter (Figure 4). 

HOST. — Quercus rhodonplebia [rugosa], a large-leaved, evergreen white oak. Replaced on Q. chihuahuensis in the same area by Disholcaspis (mexicana) mexicana. 

RANGE.—Pabellon, 20 W, 7000' (types). Probably restricted to> a portion of the Western Sierra of Mexico, including the mountains of the state of Aguascalientes. 

LIFE HISTORY.—Adults: mature at some unrecorded date after November 26 (probably within the next few weeks). 

We found this insect occuring in the same locality with Disholcaspis (mexicana) mexicana (Beutenmiiller), west of Pabellon, in the state of Aguascalientes; but largior was found on Q. rhodophlebia, while mexicana was found, in this region, on Q. chihuahuensis. The galls of the two are even more different, for the individual galls of mexicana, even in compact clusters, are more globose and smooth and shining; while those of largior are conspicuously wrinkled and so distorted that they show triangulate ends in their cone-like clusters.

New Mexican gall wasps (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) IV