Loxaulus atrior (agamic)

Loxaulus beutenmuelleri (agamic)

Loxaulus boharti (agamic)

Loxaulus brunneus (agamic)

Loxaulus illinoisensis (agamic)

Loxaulus maculipennis (agamic)

Loxaulus pattersoni (agamic)

Loxaulus quercusmammula (sexgen)

Loxaulus tenuis (agamic)

Loxaulus trizonalis (agamic)

Loxaulus vaccinii (agamic)

Loxaulus trizonalis (sexgen)

Loxaulus atrior Kinsey

Campsodryoxenus brunneus var. atrior Kinsey
Loxaulus brunneus var. atrior Weld
Loxaulus atrior Dailey

Distribution: CA

Biology.--Only the unisexual generation is known. It induces stem swelling-like galls on Quercus lobata. Records of this species on Quercus douglasii must be confirmed.

Loxaulus beutenmuelleri Weld

Distribution: NJ, PA, IL, MI, VA

Biology.--Only the unisexual generation is known. It induces leaf galls on Quercus rubra. Galls mature in October and drop to the ground, adults emerge in April-May.


Loxaulus boharti Dailey and Sprenger [the description Melika and Abrahamson give for this gall does not match the original description or the one given by Russo and may have been given in error. Other agamic galls in the genus Loxaulus are integral stem galls and the gall described below would be anomalous for the genus.]

Distribution: CA, Baja California

Biology.--Only the unisexual generation is known. It induces yellow, pubescent aborted axillary bud or leaf petiole galls on Quercus dunnii. Adults emerge in December and January.

Loxaulus brunneus (Ashmead)

Compsodryoxenus brunneus Ashmead
Loxaulus brunneus Weld

Distribution.--CA

Biology.--Only the unisexual generation is known. It induces stem galls on Q. chrysolepis.

Loxaulus illinoisensis (Weld)

Compsodryoxenus illinoisensis Weld
Loxaulus illinoisensis Weld

Distribution: IL

Biology.--Only the unisexual generation is known. It induces subterranean stem swelling-like galls, usually at the base of young sprouts of Quercus macrocarpa. The abrupt stem swelling induced is approximately four to five times the diameter of the shoot and nearly 30 cm long. Galls mature in fall and adults emerge from the end of October through November.

Loxaulus maculipennis (Ashmead)

Compsodryoxenus maculipennis Ashmead
Loxaulus maculipennis Weld

Distribution.--AZ

Biology.--Only the unisexual generation is known. It induces stem swelling-like galls on live oak.

Loxaulus pattersoni (Kinseyi)

Compsodryoxenus pattersoni Kinsey
Loxaulus pattersoni Weld

Distribution.--TX

Biology.--Only the unisexual generation is known. It induces root galls on Quercus virginiana.

Loxaulus quercusmammula (Bassett)

Cynips quercus mammula Bassett
Loxaulus mammula Weld
Loxaulus quercus-mammula Dalla Torre and Kieffer
Loxaulus quercusmammula Burks
Loxaulus ashmeadi Kieffer New Synonymy

Comments.--Kieffer described Loxaulus ashmeadi from New England and noted that it induces galls under the bark of twigs similar to those of L quercusmammula. Kieffer associated this species with Quercus robur, and suggested that L ashmeadi was introduced to North American from Europe along with its host oak. However, Loxaulus is not known from Europe. More likely, the oak host of this species is Q alba which was misidentified as Q robur. This species cannot be distinguished from L quercusmammula on the basis of the description given by Kieffer, suggesting that this species is a synonym of L quercusmammula.

Distribution.--NJ, MD, CT, VA, FL, New England

Biology.--Only the bisexual generation is known. It induces stem swelling-like galls on Quercus alba and Q stellata (this must be confirmed because this host record may refer to L vaccinii and not to this species). Galls occur in June, adults emerge in July. 

Loxaulus tenuis (Weld)

Compsodryoxenus tenuis Weld
Loxaulus tenuis Weld

Distribution.--CO, NM

Biology.--Only the unisexual generation is known. It induces stem-swelling galls on Quercus undulata with larval cells hidden under the bark. The slight subterranean enlargements of the stem are about 3-15 mm in diameter. Cells are not scattered uniformly under the bark but situated in groups of 3 to 12 cells in depressions of the wood. Galls occur in July. Adult wasps were dissected from galls in September.

Loxaulus trizonalis Weld

Distribution.--CA

Biology.--Alternate unisexual and bisexual generations are known. The unisexual generation induces acorn galls while the bisexual generation stimulates stem galls on Quercus chrysolepis. The adults of the bisexual generation emerge from the stem galls in April and oviposit into young acorns; galls of the unisexual generation mature in September and the adults emerge the subsequent spring in March or remain in the galls for one year more and emerge in spring of the second year. 

Loxaulus vaccinii (Ashmead)

Solenozopheria vaccinii Ashmead
Loxaulus vaccinii Weld
Compsodryoxenus humilis Weld New Synonymy
Loxaulus humilis Weld

Comments.--The examination of all specimens of L humilis and L vaccinii show no differences between the two species. Descriptions of the galls for [L vaccinii and L humilis] are similar. L humilis causes a stem gall and not a real root gall as Weld suggested. The life histories of the two species are similar.

Distribution.--FL, ?Canada to Texas and Florida

Biology.--Only the unisexual generation is known. It induces stem galls, usually located at the base of young sprouts, with larval cells hidden under the bark on Quercus chapmanii and Q stellata. Galls occur in fall and contain adult wasps in November. The adults emerge the following early spring, in March to April. Ashmead suggested that the galls occur on Vaccinium corymbosum "but have bred but one fly." Ashmead incorrectly connected the gall and the gall-inducer.


Loxaulus trizonalis Weld

Distribution.--CA

Biology.--Alternate unisexual and bisexual generations are known. The unisexual generation induces acorn galls while the bisexual generation stimulates stem galls on Quercus chrysolepis. The adults of the bisexual generation emerge from the stem galls in April and oviposit into young acorns; galls of the unisexual generation mature in September and the adults emerge the subsequent spring in March or remain in the galls for one year more and emerge in spring of the second year.

Review of the cynipid gall wasps of the genus Loxaulus Mayr (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) with descriptions of new species