Celticecis capsularis

Celticecis oviformis

Celticecis pubescens

Celticecis pyriformis

Celticecis semenrumicis

Celticecis spiniformis

Pachypsylla venusta

Pachypsylla celtidisgemma

Pachypsylla celtidisvesicula

Pachypsylla celtidisasterisca

Pachypsylla celtidisumbilicus

Pachypsylla celtidismamma

Pachypsylla celtidiscucurbita

Pachypsylla celtidispubescens

Pachypsylla celtidisglobula

Proteoteras aesculana

[Unnamed, later named Cecidomyiaceltis capsularis by Patton]

33. Cecidomyidous galls on the under side of the leaf arising from the leaf-ribs, occurring either singly or in smaller or larger groups. Gall rosette-shaped, resembling the seed-capsule of certain Malvaceous plants of the genus Hibiscus, circular in outline, greatly flattened on the top and here furnished with a short central spine or median nipple (frequently broken off); sides sulcate, with from ten to twelve more or less marked furrows, and with the corresponding interstices convex. Surface of gall not shining, lighter or darker brown, speckled with small irregular blackish pustules, and sparsely beset with moderately long whitish hairs, which are easily abraded. Average height of gall, 75mm . diameter, 2 to 3 mm. Cell oblong oval, inclosed by thick, woody side walls, but with a thin bottom, and at the roof (i. e., toward the upper side of the leaf) covered with a thin soft layer. Gall on upper side of leaf usually visible as a small circular pustule of brownish or grayish color. The gall is also at once recognizable from its shape, but might readily be mistaken for a Psyllid gall. 

[No name given; species later named Cecidomyiaceltis oviformis by Patton]

30. Cecidomyidous galls on the tender twigs, either singly or placed in rows of two or more specimens ; occurring also singly on the petiole or on the lower surface of the leaf. Gall usually resembling somewhat a large egg of some diurnal Lepidopteron; short, conical, or subglobular in outline, arising from a circular, truncate base, rounded off at tip where it is furnished with a short spine or nipple; surface dark green, opaque, granulose, usually with faint and shallow longitudinal furrows and usually hirsute with short stout hairs; sides at the base with more or less distinct, irregular protuberances. The gall is not entirely sessile, but only connected with the twig at the central part of its base. A vertical section shows a single spherical cell (rarely two) having a thick whitish yellow, hard and woody wall. Average height of gall 4 mm (excluding the apical spine); average diameter at base 3.4mm. The gall varies in shape, some specimens being more conical, others nearly globular or even slightly depressed at tip, while others are not hairy and less opaque, the surface being covered with little pustules. The latter form possibly constitutes a distinct species. 

[No name given, later named Cecidomyiaceltis pubescens by Patton]

32. Cecidomyidous galls on the under side of the leaf, always arising from one of the principal leaf-veins, occurring usually singly, rarely in pairs. In form, sculpture, and pubescence the gall bears a most striking resemblance to that produced by Pachypsylla celtidis-pubescens (see p. 619) but it is much larger, more globular, and at once distinguished by the absence of the cupuliform depression on the upper side of the leaf which is so characteristic of many Pachypsylla galls. A vertical cut through the gall shows a relatively small ovoid cell surrounded by a thick, hard yellowish-white wall. On detaching the gall the base is seen to be truncate and attached to the rib of the leaf by an extremely short conical style which is not visible from the sides. Average height 3.5 mm; diameter at middle, 3.5 mm to 4 mm.

[No name given]

35. Cecidomyidous galls on the under side of the leaf arising from the leaf-veins, either singly or in groups or in rows, either assuming a vertical position or more or less reclining or even horizontally placed. Gall cylindrical, or very slightly narrowed at base ; at tip always truncate with a median nipple. Color pale yellow, surface opaque, faintly longitudinally striate and usually beset with sparse, long, white hairs, which, however, are easily lost. Average height of gall, 2.5mm; diameter, 1.2 mm. The walls are thin, the cell elongate with the apical side truncate, and the basal end conical. On the upper side of the leaf the gall is barely visible as a small yellowish spot on the veins. 

This often occurs in company with the preceding species, of which it may possibly be an extreme but constant variety: at least a form which combines the characters of the two is not infrequent. It is intermediate in size, short, conical, with truncate tip and either hairy or glabrous. 

[No name given; later named Cecidomyiaceltis semenrumicis by Patton]

31. Cecidomyidous galls on the tender twigs occurring either singly or in groups of two, three, four or more specimens; rarely, also, singly on the under side or even the upper side of the leaf. The gall bears a close resemblance to the winged seed-capsule (achenium) of a Rumex, but the wings vary in number from three to five and are often irregularly developed, while the tip always ends in a long curved spine. The wings terminate in a sharp ridge which is sometimes double. Gall opaque, not hairy, sculpture consisting of faint and irregular transverse striae; color pale yellowish-green, at apical third usually of a more decided green and darker. A longitudinal section reveals a single large, regularly ovoid cell surrounded by a thin hard wall. Average height of gall 4.5 mm, excluding the apical spine; generally as wide as high; length of apical spine variable, but usually a little more than half the height of the gall. This gall is easily recognized from its peculiar form. 

[No name given; later named Cecidomyiaceltis spiniformis by Patton]

34. Cecidomyidous galls on the under side of the leaf, either singly or in smaller or larger numbers, usually between the leaf-veins, rarely crossing the large ribs. The gall is a more or less stout conical spine arising from a circular base, and either gradually and regularly tapering toward the tip or more suddenly narrowed a short distance from the base, and then with the sides more vertical; tip more or less acute and often slightly curved. Color pale yellowish, surface a little shining, either without distinct sculpture or with faint longitudinal furrows, especially near the base. Average height, 4 mm; average diameter at base, 2.8 mm. The walls of the gall are thin except near the base, where they are thicker; the cell is elongate ovoid, and extends from the base to the tip of the spine. On the upper side of the leaf the gall is visible as a small circular slightly depressed spot of pale color and furnished in the center with a small nipple. While issuing, the perfect insect pushes off the tip of the spine. 

Pachypsylla venusta

Generally globular, but often more or less irregularly ovoid, or even elongate. Color varying from pale buff to brown; surface opaque, with scattered, small, flattened postules. Diameter of globular form varying from 7 to 20mm, The gall consists of an outer shell and an inner core, which can easily be separated upon cutting the gall open. The outer shell is very hard and woody, varying in thickness from 1 to 3 mm. The apical portion of the gall has on one side a slit which is deepest and widest at the tip and connects here with the funnel-like, twisted, basal portion of the leaf. This slit exposes to view the inner core, which consists of the very thin and brittle walls of the irregular cells which fill the entire cavity of the outer shell. The number of these cells varies according to the size of the gall, but is rarely reduced to a single one. 

The full-grown pupa always leaves the gall through the apical opening, and in doing so has to saw its way out through the top of the inner core. 

The gall usually occupies the entire petiole, but in rare instances a small portion of the latter is visible between the gall and the twig. 

Pachypsylla (Blastophysa) celtidis-gemma

This gall is briefly referred to but not named by Osten Sacken (1. c, pp. 422, 423.) It is much smaller than the preceding [Pachypsylla venusta], very variable in size, and of irregular shape, but always bud-like, and looking as if formed by the conglomeration of a number of rounded nodules which are separated from the adjoining ones by shallow furrows. Color varying from light reddish-brown to dark brown or the color of the twig; surface of the young gall usually covered with a dense matting of white woolly hairs, which in the more mature gall are more or less completely lost. As in the preceding species, the gall is hard and woody, but entirely closed. It is usually opaque, rarely a little shining, the surface indistinctly sculptured, but occasionally roughened by adhering particles of the scales of the original bud. It has no inner core, and the cavity is entirely filled with the cells, which vary from one to eight in number. The outer wall is never more than one millimeter thick, often less, while the walls dividing the cells are sometimes very thin and sometimes even thicker than the outer wall. The gall occurs only on one-year-old twigs, and is formed by the young larva? settling on and sinking into such buds as would normally produce a new twig the ensuing year. Each mature pupa saws its way through the wall of the gall in spring and changes to imago immediately after issuing. 

Pachypsylla celtidis-vesiculum n. sp. 

This gall appears upon the upper side of the leaf merely as a flat blister of yellowish or reddish-yellow color and of irregular outline. It is generally rounded, but often influenced and limited by the larger leaf nerves, which are rarely crossed by the gall. On the under side of the leaf the gall is still less conspicuous, and is visible only as a discolored spot with a small rounded nipple in the center. The sculpture of the surface of the gall is the same as that of the leaf, and the walls are not thickened. This gall often occurs in very large numbers on one and the same leaf, crowding one another, and often confluent. The full-grown pupae break through the wall of the gall either on the upper or lower side of the leaf. The species is most readily recognized from the very inconspicuous appearance of the gall, and more especially from the fact that it is the only one which is hardly developed on the under side of the leaf, whereas all the other leaf-galls assume there a more or less conspicuous form. 

Pachypsylla celtidis-asteriscus n. sp.

This gall, on the upper side of the leaf, is very similar to the foregoing species, i.e., represented only by a barely raised, blister-like spot, distinguished from the surface of the leaf mainly by its lighter color but furnished in the middle with a moderately long spine which is sometimes clavate but readily broken off and often lost when the galls attain maturity or in dried specimens. In this case there is a more or less conspicuous nipple left in the center of the gall. The gall is normally circular in outline, but often irregular and limited by the leaf-nervules. Average diameter, 5mm.; sculpture coarser than, but of the same nature as, that of the leaf. On the under side of leaf it is barely distinguishable as a slightly discolored spot, but the center rises from a thin base and, spreading out, assumes the form of a small flower (resembling somewhat that of a Convolvulus) or a star, and this resemblance to a flower is increased by the presence of a small, rounded, median nipple, which is often surrounded by a circular rim. Average height of this flower shaped excrescence, 1.25mm; diameter at top, 2.50mm. The walls of these galls are a little thicker than the leaf itself, and, as in the preceding species, the cell is a low chamber with a straight roof (i.e., toward the upper surface of the leaf) and the bottom a little convex. The mature pupa makes its way out through an oval slit always on one side of the roof of the gall. 

Pachypsylla celtidisumbilicus n. sp. 

This gall occurs on the upper side of the leaf, is regularly circular in outline and abruptly depressed at its outer margin beneath the surface of the leaf. From this outer margin toward the center the gall gradually rises again to about the level of the surface or even above it, the center being furnished with an elongate nipple (frequently broken off). The color in fresh specimens is a little lighter than that of the leaf, but fully developed and dried specimens are more yellow. Surface opaque, either without any decided sculpture, or rugose and with the venation of the leaf still preserved. On the under side of the leaf it is distinctly elevated, averaging 2 mm in height and 5 mm wide, circular in outline, the sides not abruptly elevated but gradually rising, with a larger or smaller shallow depression at top which is often furnished with a small central nipple. Color, yellowish-green in fresh, and more yellow in dried specimens ; surface opaque, rugose. Gall woody and hard, the wall at the bottom about 1 mm in thickness; that of the roof about 0.5 mm. Cell formed as in the preceding species [Pachypsylla celtidisvesicula], but much larger; mode of issuing of mature pupa also as in the preceding. There is no difficulty in recognizing this gall, especially from its appearance on the upper side of a leaf. 

Pachypsylla celtidis-mamma

This gall, on upper side of leaf, is represented by a very regular cup-shaped impression, measuring on the average 4.5mm across, with the upper, outer rim always regularly circular, and not, or but slightly, elevated above the surface of the leaf; at the bottom of the cup a small median nipple (often obsolete); walls of the impression greenish, the bottom more yellowish. On the under side of the leaf it is much larger than in any of the other leaf galls, conical, either slightly narrowing apically or, more frequently, slightly enlarged. The sides are vertical or nearly so; the top broadly rounded without median depression or central nipple. Size very variable; averaging in height 6 to 7 mm, and in diameter at base 4 to 5 mm. Color pale greenish yellow, with the tip more brownish; surface opaque, rugosely reticulate; at base often covered with a whitish pruinescence, rarely with a few scattered hairs near the top. The walls of the gall are hard and woody, at the bottom averaging 1.75 mm, at the roof 0.75 mm in thickness. The cell is large, and in cross-section much more crescent-shaped than in the preceding species. The mature pupa issues through an oval slit sawed through the roof, always near the side where the wall is less thick. 

Pachypsylla celtidiscucurbita n. sp. 

This gall, on the upper side of the leaf, forms a cup shaped impression, deeper than in P. c.-mamma., but less deep and with the walls less vertical than in P. c.-globulus ; the cavity is also not widened internally. The outer rim is not sharply limited and not elevated except in one specimen, where it is thickened and bulging as in P. c.-pubescens. The walls and the bottom of the cup are not distinctly sculptured and of a greenish-yellow color (in dried specimens), the rim being reddish yellow and rugose. Average diameter, 1.75 mm. 

On the under side of the leaf it arises from a rather slender, but not stylate, base and widens gradually to the middle, thence gradually narrowing toward apex. When viewed from the side the outline of the gall is therefore oval, but the top is always truncate. The sides near the top are furnished with short ribs, which are separated from each other by wide shallow depressions; the apex is formed by an acute rim, which surrounds a cup-shaped depression varying in size and depth according to specimens. Surface neither pubescent nor shining, but finely and indistinctly strigose. Color (dried specimen) rather bright yellow, brownish near center. Average height of gall, 4 mm; diameter, 3.3 mm. Cell as in P. c.mamma, the bottom wall at center much less thick than at sides. 

Pachypsylla celtidis-cucurbita var. ? 

Gall as seen on the upper side of leaf either as in P. c.-cucurbita, or more often as in P. c.-globulus, i. e., the impression is vertical and widening internally, but the upper rim is either barely or not at all elevated. On the under side of the leaf it is always sessile, not oval in outline, but depressed and button- shaped ; the disk being greatly flattened and with a shallow depression having a small central nipple and surrounded by two concentrical rims, the inner one often obsolete, the outer one rarely so. The sides of the gall have either faint longitudinal furrows or are irregularly rugose. Size very variable ; average height, 1.75 mm; width, 3 mm. 

Whether or not this form is specifically distinct from the typical P. c.-cucurbita can not yet be decided. Of the latter I have not many specimens, all from Missouri; while of the variety I have numerous specimens from Missouri and Texas. No specimens strictly intermediate have yet been found. 

Pachypsylla celtidis-pubescens n. sp.

 This gall on the upper side of the leaf is represented by a small circular cup-shaped impression, surrounded by a rather wide, thickened, and elevated margin, and furnished at the bottom with a small, usually star- shaped, median nipple. The bottom and sides of the impression are smooth and shining, and occasionally beset with a few scattered hairs; the elevated margin is coarsely rugose-plicate, and usually also shining. Average diameter of gall, including elevated rim, about 3 mm; without the latter, nearly 2mm. On the under side of leaf it is usually semi- globular, entirely sessile, sometimes more flattened, rarely more globular and then less sessile. Surface more or less rugose, not shining, and covered with long but not densely placed white woolly hairs. There is sometimes a small apical nipple surrounded by a slight depression. Average diameter, 3 mm. Color pale greenish-yellow. The walls are very thin, but much thicker than the leaf itself; the roof is straight and the cell comparatively large and crescent-shaped in a cross- cut. Mode of issuing of mature pupa as in the preceding. 

Pachypsylla celtidis-globulus n. sp. 

A gall on the upper side of the leaf represented by a very circular hole with vertical walls near the top and widening internally; the rim is not thickened, but is vertically elevated above the leaf surface around the opening. The walls and bottom of the excavation are without decided sculpture and of a lighter color than the leaf; the elevated rim is of the same color as and not thicker than the leaf. Average diameter 1.75 mm. On the under side of the leaf the gall is globular or slightly more pyriform and almost stylate, or slightly more flattened and more sessile. There is a larger or smaller shallow apical depression without central nipple, but sometimes limited by a raised rim. Surface a little shining, finely rugose and not pubescent, rarely furnished with a solitary hair. Average diameter 3.3 mm. I have only a single leaf covered with these galls received from Columbia, S. C, collected in the month of September. No imago has been reared therefrom. This is at once distinguished from the preceding species by the very deep vertical impression on the upper side of the leaf and its globular smooth form on the under side of the leaf. 

Proteoteras aesculana Riley. 

This species, which commonly feeds on the Buckeye, has been sent to me by Mr. L. Bruner from West Point, Nebr., on the short twigs of Celtis occidentalis. What is, without much doubt, the same species, has also been found upon the young shoots of Maple (Acer dasycarpum [saccharinum]) as also of Box Elder (Negundo aceroides). 

Insects injurious to the hackberry