Aulacidea acroptilonica

Cupressatia siskiyou

Rhopalomyia tripleurospermi

Spurgia euphorbiae

Contarinia acetosellae

Trisetacus juniperinus

Contarinia nasturtii

Aceria chondrillae

Puccinia urticata

Zeuxidiplosis giardi

Aceria malherbae

Piceacecis abietiperda

Synchytrium papillatum

Synchytrium myosotidis

Exobasidium cassandrae

Exobasidium cassiopes

Exobasidium oxycocci

Exobasidium uvae-ursi

Plasmodiophora brassicae

Taphrina confusa

Taphrina farlowii

Puccinia poarum

Saperda populnea

Cystiphora sonchi

Exobasidium karstenii

Aulacidea subterminalis

Aulacidea pilosellae

Synchytrium stellariae

Synchytrium fulgens

Exobasidium camelliae

Asphondylia pilosa

Mayetiola destructor

Ophelimus maskelli

Auleutes epilobii

Contarinia rumicis

Pineus similis

Acalitus longisetosus

Chirosia betuleti

Pseudomonas savastanoi (pv nerii)

Taphrina wiesneri

Ditylenchus dipsaci

Puccinia coronata

Planchonia arabidis

Procecidochares utilis

Phanacis taraxaci

Physoderma pulposum

Heterotrioza chenopodii

Aculops fuchsiae

Rhinusa antirrhini

Dasineura epilobii

Lipara rufitarsis

Lipara pullitarsis

Dasineura pteridis

Aulacidea follioti

Contarinia quinquenotata

Asterodiaspis spp

Gymnosporangium sabinae (on Pyrus)

Mamianiella coryli

Aceria ambrosiae

Hyaloperonospora sisymbrii-loeselii

Synchytrium erieum

Protomyces pachydermus

smooth fusiform lignified swellings of the stem, generally 2.5 cm long and 2 cm thick, with 1-30 gall chambers. The larvae hibernate in the gall, next pupate there.

The cones are somewhat malformed and discoloured. The seeds are distorted, because a cavity has been formed in which a larva lies. The young larva is pale yellow, later it turns orange. The larva hibernates in a coccon in the gall, and pupates there in spring.

Axillary buds and flower heads may turn into unilocular galls, but the apical meristem ma[y] form an aggregate of up to 80 cells, each with one red larva. Multivoltine, pupation in the gall.

Larvae in enlarged terminal buds. The galls may be relatively loose and slender, green en with cleary widened scales. Somewhat later in the year the galls are more compact and globular, pink, and with less strongly widened scales. Larvae yellow, gregarious, active. Multivoltine. Pupation in a cocoon in the gall or in the soil. Hibernation in the soil. Only the adult midges can be distinguished from those of S. esulae.

Gall: The flower buds are discoloured, they remain closed and are twice their normal size. Larvae gregarious, jumping, yellowish white, pink or orange. Pupation mostly in the gall, univoltine. Mostly the female flowers are galled.

Host plants: Rumex acetosa, acetosella, crispus.

[click below for photos]

Trisetacus juniperinus

Gall: Shoot tip gall. The final internodes are strongly shortened and the upper needles are swollen and widened at their base. The result is a globular gall. Also lower on the shoot a number of needles may basally swollen. In cypress trees the young shoots are swollen, excessively branching; the terminal buds are killed.

Gall

This species makes both flower galls [and] causes a swelling and shortening of the shoot (lower picture). The larvae are gregarious, lemon yellow when fully developed, and have several generations per year; they can jump. Pupation in the ground in a silken cocoon.

buds transformed into a 1-1.5 cm coralloid mass of disfigured stems and scale-like leaves

... spermogonia in small groups on the upper side of the leaf. Aecia hypophyllous, cupulate with a well-developed peridium on strongly galled spots. [Excellent photos on webpage] 

The topmost leaf pair of a sterile stem is strongly thickened, broadened and shortened, often also coloured red, and forms a spherical gall. 

GALL 
the midrib is thickened and curved, the leaf becomes a rough surface and is disfigured, the growth of the plant stops.

HOST PLANTS
Convolvulaceae, narrowly oligophagous

Calystegia sepium; Convolvulus arvensis.

NOTES
applied in the United States in the biological control of “bindweed”.

"small swelling under the bud scales of a current year’s shoot, mostly several together. In each gall a larva with the colour of red lead. Univoltine." 

[photos] 

Synchytrium papillatum
Farlow, 1878
on Erodium
GALL
less than a mm wide, purplish red, semiglobular warts, mainly on the lower leaves, often in large numbers.

HOSTPLANTS
Geraniaceae, monophagous

Erodium cicutarium, malacoides, moschatum.

Synchytrium myosotidis
Kühn, 1868
on Boraginaceae
GALL
leaves, sometimes even the petals, with numerous, up to a quarter of a mm large vesicles, with colours running form yellow over crimson to almost black. Each gall consists of a single enlarged cell.

HOSTPLANTS
Boraginaceae, oligophagous

Buglossoides arvensis; Lappula squarrosa; Lithospermum officinale; Myosotis scorpioides, stricta, sylvatica; Rochelia disperma subsp. retorta.

on Chamaedaphne ... leaves somewhat swollen and disfigured; sometimes also red leaf spots.

[L]eaves discoloured yellowish or reddish, shorter or longer than normal, internodia abnormally long; leaves, mainly at their underside, with a fungal flush (basidia).

[T]erminal shoots grow erect; they are somewhat swollen and coloured pink; leaves are disfigured. The spores are up to 15 µm, banana-shaped, 1-3 septate.

[S]hoots densely clustered, upright, swollen, bright red

GALL
the root collar and roots are strongly swollen, spindle-shaped; there is no gall chamber.

HOST PLANTS
Brassicaceae, broadly oligophagous:

Aethionema saxatile; Alliaria petiolata; Alyssoides utriculata; Alyssum alyssoides, desertorum, montanum; Arabidopsis arenosa, suecica, thaliana; Arabis; Armoracia rusticana; Aubrieta columnae, deltoidea, pinardii; Aurinia petraea, saxatilis; Barbarea stricta, verna, vulgaris; Berteroa incana; Biscutella auriculata, didyma, laevigata; Brassica oleracea; Braya alpina; Bunias erucago, orientalis; Calepina irregularis; Camelina; Capsella bursa-pastoris, orientalis, rubella; Cardamine amara, parviflora, pratensis; Cardaria draba; Coclearia anglica, danica, groenlandica, officinalis; Coincya monensis subsp. cheirantho, wrightiis; Conringia orientalis; Crambe abyssinica, maritima, tataria; Descuriania sophia; Diplotaxis erucoides; Draba; Erophila verna; Eruca vesicaria; Erucastrum gallicum, nasturtiifolium; Erysimum cheiranthoides, cheiri, crepidifolium, hieraciifolium, odoratum; Hesperis kotschyana, matronalis, tristis; Hirschfeldia incana; Iberis; Isatis glauca, praecox, tinctoria; Lepidium campestre, coronopus, densiflorum, didymum, ruderale, sativum, viriginium; Lobularia maritima; Lunaria annua, rediviva; Malcolmia africana, flexuosa, maritima, orsiniana subsp. angulifolia; Matthiola incana, longipetala subsp. bicornis, tricuspidata; Myagrum perfoliatum; Nasturtium; Neslia paniculata; Petrocallis pyrenaica; Raphanus raphanistrum & subsp. rostratus, sativus; Rapistrum perenne, rugosum; Rorippa austriaca, islandica, sylvestris; Sinapis alba, arvensis & subsp. allionii; Sisymbrium; Syrenia cana; Thlaspi.

References to Papaver, Reseda and especially Agrostis, Fragaria, Holcus, Lolium by Brandenburger, Klenke & Scholler need further confirmation.



[This source seems to suggest that Taphrina confusa may also gall leaves, shoots, and petioles.]

Taphrina confusa ... gall [s]imilar to T. padi, but on different host plants.

[Taphrina padi page] less conspicuously, probably also less frequently, also leaves and young shoots are galled.

[Note that Mix had described T. padi, a European gall, simply as "Causing deformed fruits (pockets)."]

Taphrina farlowii ... Until recently leaf curls in Prunus serotina were attributed in the European literature to Taphrina deformans. However, German mycologists discovered that a separate species was involved, that in the United States commonly was associated with this plant. 

[click below for photos of leaf blisters and leaf curls]

GALL
Spermogonia numerous, yellow, epiphyllous. Aecia hypophyllous. [click below for photos]

HOST PLANTS
Salicaceae, oligophagous

Populus nigra, tremula, trichocarpa; Salix alba, aurita, caprea, x fragilis, apponum. 



Circular, lower-surface blotch [mine], about 5 mm in diam, often quite a number together on a leaf. Upper surface wart-like, strongly reddish discoloured, opaque. At the lower surface the mine is closed only by the epidermis. The larva is easily visible, as is its food: drops of liquid resulting from external digestion. Pupation sometimes in the mine, sometimes in the soil. At least two annual generations. Pupa in a white cocoon.. . 

The biology of Cystiphora species forms a transition between the mining and galling ways of life. 

GALL
leaves much broader than normal, reddened to bluish-purple; the shoots are somewhat enlarged; usually the galling concerns isolated shoots. The spores are curved, septate, up to 18 µm long.
HOST PLANTS
Ericaceae, monophagous: Andromeda polifolia.

[click link below for photos]

GALL
Hard, hairy, multilocular swelling, as large as a marble, in a stolon, just below a rosette.

GALL
Pupation within the gall.

HOST PLANTS
Asteraceae, monophagous

Pilosella cymosa, echioides, flagellaris, floribunda, officinarum, onegensis.

PARASITOIDS, PREDATORS
Eupelmus messene; Eurytoma cynipsea; Pteromalus isarchus.

NOTES
The species is fully parthenogenetic, and can have several generations in a season 

[click link below for photos]

On Cerastium, Stellaria

GALL
numerous, less than a mm wide, semiglobular shiny pustules, mainly at the underside of low leaves, c. 200-350 µm. Galls formed in summer, containing sporangia, are orange to golden orange. Galls formed in autumn contain resting sporangia and are reddish- to chestnut-brown.

HOSTPLANTS
Caryophyllaceae, oligophagous

Cerastium glomeratum; Stellaria media, nemorum.

GALL
tiny pustules, consisting of a few enlarged cells only, often in large numbers on basal leaves. They consist of a single infected cell, surrounded by a 1-3 layers of not infected, yet swollen and discoloured cells. During summer the galls are yellow-orange to lavender, in autumn, when resting sporangia are formed, they are lavender-red to reddish brown.

HOST PLANTS
Onagraceae, oligophagous

Clarkia; Oenothera biennis, laciniata.

GALL
young shoots clustered, premature budding; leaves reduced, turning yellow, then red, with fleshy swellings.

GALL
axillary bud changed into a egg-shaped gall with a remarkably long tapering tip; the gall measures up to one cm, and mostly (?) is long, patently hairy. The gall chamber is lined with mycelium. Larva solitary, pupates in the gall.

HOST PLANTS
Fabaceae, narrowly monophagous

Cytisus scoparius.

GALL
The weakly swollen culm [aboveground stem] has, just above a node, one or more shallow oval depressions. They are not covered by the epidermis, but generally lie within a leaf sheath. In each a single, 3 mm long, larva is found, that is almost hyaline. Pupation within the gall: the larva forms a dark reddish brown puparium. Usually bivoltine. Heavily infested plants die off.

Only in the first and second instar the larva does feed. The third instar larva remains immobile within the dried larval skin of the second instar, a puparium, that functions as a cocoon. Before the definite pupation the larvae has to reverse its position to head upwards within the puparium; in this way the emerging imago will be able to leave the gall.

HOST PLANTS
Poaceae, oligophagous

Cynodon dactylon; Elytrigia repens; Holcus lanatus; Hordeum murinum, vulgare & subsp. distichon; Phleum pratense; Poa nemoralis; Secale cereale; Triticum aestivum.

mainly in cereal crop species, wheat in the first place.

GALL
numerous, ± 1 mm large, pale green to reddish pustules, up to 100 on leaf. After the wasp has vacated the gall, a conspicuous opening remains in the top. Two or more generations.



GALL
up to 1.5 cm long, often one-sided, swelling of the stem, especially at the level of the inflorescence. Inside a single white weevil larva; pupation in the soil.

HOST PLANTS
Onagraceae, oligophagous

Chamerion angustifolium; Epilobium hirsutum,* montanum.*

*  According to Rheinheimer & Hassler only on Chamerion.

GALL
One to three larvae live between the inner petals and the developing achene; the warts on the inner petals are enlarged and brightly coloured. The achene becomes malformed. The mature larve is lemon yellow. Multivoltine, pupation in the gall or in the soil.

HOST PLANTS ....
Rumex acetosella, conglomeratus, crispus, maritimus, obtusifolius, palustris, pulcher & subsp. woodsii, sanguineus.

[click below for photos]

GALL
O[n] the ends of [the] shoot the needle bases are shortened and curved, explaining the American name “ragged spruce gall adelgid”. Contrary to Adelges the thickened needle bases are not fused. The aphids are dark reddish-brown.

HOSTPLANTS
Picea sitchensis.

In North America on several more Picea species.

[click below for photo]

GALL
The hairs of the erineum are short, mushroom-shaped. 

HOSTPLANTS
...  Betula humilis, nana, pendula, pubescens.

[click link below for photos]

... this species makes a gall, rather than a mine ... Larva in the leaf tip, that is strongly contorted. An elongated white egg shell is visible at the centre of the mass ...

HOST PLANTS
polyphagous on Pteridophyta

Athyrium distentifolium, filix-femina; Dryopteris carthusiana, cristata, dilatata, filix-mas; Pteridium aquilinum.

Recorded by Dietrich (2016a) from Thelytpteris limbosperma. In eastern Canada often on Onoclea [=Matteuccia] struthiopteris (von Aderkas & Peterson (1987a).



GALL
upperside of the leaves with hollow blisters that may be reddish brown above; their underside bears a layer of microscopical asci that, when fully developed, may give the surface a mealy aspect. Also many-years old witches’ brooms may be formed.

HOST PLANTS
Prunus avium, cerasus, fruticosa, padus.

[click below for photos]

Ditylenchus dipsaci Kuhn, 1857
Stem and bulb nematode on numerous herbaceous plants

GALL
The nematode feeds on the parenchyma of the aboveground parts of the plant. The stems are shortened and thickened; no gall chambers. Also the leaves have spongy swellings, and show growth disturbances. The inflorescence is stunted and disfigured. In section nematodes can be seen, especially by teasing apart a small piece of the gall in water; they are 1-2 mm in length.

HOST PLANTS
strongly polyphagous on herbaceous plants

Aethusa cynapium; Agrostemma githago; Agrostis stolonifera; Allium cepa, proliferum, schoenoprasum, vineale; Amberboa moschata; Anagallis arvensis; Anemone coronaria, “japonica”; Angelica archangelica; Anthoxanthum odoratum; Anthriscus sylvestris; Anthyllis vulneraria; Apera spica-venti; Apium graveolens; Arabidopsis thaliana; Arabis alpina subsp. caucasica, hirsuta; Arenaria serpyllifolia; Argentina anserina; Armoracia rusticana; Arnoseris minima; Arrhenatherum elatius & subsp. bulbosum; Artemisia campestris; “Aster”; Atriplex hortensis, patula; Aubrieta deltoidea; Avena fatua, sativa; Bellevalia; Bellis; Brassica napus; Callistephus chinensis; Camelina microcarpa, sativa; Campanula carpatica; Cannabis sativa; Capsella bursa-pastoris; Capsicum annuum; Cardamine hirsuta, pratensis; Cardaria draba; Carduus crispus; Carlina vulgaris; Carum carvi, verticillatum; Cerastium arvense, fontanum subsp. vulgare, semidecandrum; Chelone glabra; Chenopodium album, foliosum; Cichorium intybus;Cirsium arvense, oleraceum, tataricum; Colchicum autumnale; Convolvulus arvensis Crepis biennis, capillaris, foetida & subsp. rhoeadifolia, leontodontoides, paludosa, tectorum, vesicaria subsp. taraxacifolia; Cucumis melo, sativus; Cyanus segetum; Dactylis glomerata; Daucus carota; Delphinium; Dianthus barbatus, caryophyllus, chinensis; Digitalis purpurea; Dipsacus fullonum, sativus; Echinochloa crus-galli; Eplobium palustre; Erigeron canadensis; Erodium cicutarium; Erysimum bicolor, cheiri, x marshallii; Fagopyrum esculentum; Falcaria vulgaris; Fallopia convolvulus, dumetorum; Festuca; Fragaria; Fumaria officinalis; Gagea pratensis; Galanthus nivalis; Galeopsis angustifola, ladanum, speciosa, tetrahit; Galinsoga parviflora; Galium; Geranium dissectum, molle; Gladiolus; Gnaphalium uliginosum; Helianthus annuus, tuberosus; Hepatica nobilis; Hieracium prenanthoides; Hirschfeldia incana; Holcus lanatus; Hordeum vulgare; Hyacinthoides hispanica; Hyacinthus; Hydrangea macrophylla; Hyoscyamus aureus, niger; Hypochaeris maculata, radicata Iris; Isatis tinctoria; Juncus bufonius; Kickxia spuria; Knautia arvensis; Koeleria pyramidata; Lactuca serriola; Lamium amplexicaule, purpureum; Lathyrus odoratus; Leontodon hispidus & subsp. hastilis, incanus; Lepidium coronopus; Leucanthemum maximum, vulgare; Linaria arvensis; Linum tenuifolium, usitatissimum; Lipandra polysperma; Lolium perenne, multiflorum; Lupinus angustifolius, luteus; Lycopersicon esculentum; Lycopsis arvensis; Lysimachia punctata, vulgaris; Medicago lupulina, sativa; Melampyrum arvense; Melilotus albus, officinalis; Mentha arvensis, pulegium; Mercurialis; Muscari botryoides; Myosotis micrantha; Myosurus minimus; Narcissus poeticus subsp. radiiflorus; Nicotiana tabacum; Ochlopoa annua; Odontites; Oenothera biennis; Onobrychis viciifolia; Ornithogalum candicans; Ornithopus perpusillus, sativus; Panicum miliaceum; Papaver dubium, rhoeas, setigerum; Pastinaca sativa; Penstemon barbatus, eatonii, fruticosus, gentianoides, hartwegii; Persicaria dubia, lapathifolia, maculosa, minor; Petroselinum crispum; Phacelia tanacetifolia; Phaseolus vulgaris; Phleum pratense; Phlox amoena, paniculata; Picris hieracioides; Pilosella cymosa, officinarum; Pisum sativum; Plantago cornutii, holosteum, lanceolata, major, maritima, media; Poa trivialis; Polygonum aviculare; Primula veris; Ranunculus acris, arvensis, auricomus, bulbosus, repens, sceleratus; Raphanus raphanistrum; Rheum rhabarbarum, rhaponticum; Rhinanthus angustifolius; Rumex acetosa, acetosella, crispus; Saponaria ocymoides, officinalis; Satureja hortensis; Saussurea alpina; Saxifraga umbrosa; Scilla bifolia, sibirica; Scorzonera hispanica; Scorzoneroides autumnalis, pyrenaica; Scrophularia nodosa, umbrosa; Secale cereale; Senecio vulgaris; Silene armeria, bupleuroides, coelirosa, gallica, italica, latifolia, noctiflora, nutans, reichenbachii, viridiflora; Sinapis alba, arvensis; Solanum tuberosum; Solidago canadensis; Sonchus asper, arvensis, bulbosus, oleraceus; Spergula arvensis, morisonii, pentandra; Spinacia oleracea; Stachys arvensis, palustris, setifera; Stellaria media; Tagetes patula; Tanacetum cinerariifolium, vulgare; Taraxacum officinale; Thlaspi; Tragopogon pratensis; Trifolium arvense, campestre, dubium, hybridum, incarnatum, medium, pratense, repens; Triglochin maritima, palustris; Trigonella foenum-graecum; Tripleurospermum inodorum; Triticum aestivum; Tropaeolum majus; Tulipa; Urtica urens; Valeriana officinalis; Valerianella locusta; Veronica agrestis, arvensis, chamaedrys, hederifolia, opaca, peregrina, praecox, serpyllifolia, spicata; Vicia cracca, faba, hirsuta, pannonica, sativa, tetrasperma, villosa; Viola arvensis, tricolor, x wittrockiana; Vitis vinifera; Zea mays.

NOTES
When food runs out, the nematodes may migrate to the surface. Depending on the circumstances the nematodes may become dehydrated and become “worm wool”, perfectly apt for wind dispersal.

SYNONYMS
Anguillulina dipsaci; Ditylenchus phloxidis Kirjanova, 1951; Tylenchus devastatrix (Kühn) Oerley; Tylenchus hyacinthi Prillieux, 1881; Tylenchus havensteini Kühn, 1881.

PHOTOS: Click below

Puccinia coronata
Corda, 1837
barley crown rust
on Frangula, Rhamnus
GALL
spermogonia

SPERMOGONIA, AECIA
Rhamnaceae, oligophagous

Frangula azorica; Frangula alnus; Rhamnus alaternus, alpina, cathartica, crenulata, lycioides subsp. graeca, pumila, saxatilis. [Note: Host list drawn from European plants, but the rust, a commercially destructive one, is widespread in N. America too.]

[click below for photos] 

Planchonia arabidis
Signoret, 1876
pittosporum pit scale
GALL
scale, attached to the stem in a low depression that is surrounded by a low ridge. Locally the stem is swollen and malformed... also leaves become disfigured ... 

HOST PLANTS
polyphagous

Achillea millefolium, setacea; Aegonychon purpurocaeruleum; ?Alchemilla vulgaris; Alyssum montanum; Anthyllis vulneraria; Arabis collina, rosea; Bupleurum falcatum; Campanula garganica, glomerata, rapunculoides, rapunculus, trachelium; Capsella bursa-pastoris; Cardamine glauca; Centaurea scabiosa; Chenopodiastrum hybridum; Clinopodium acinos; Cota tinctoria; Echium vulgare; Epilobium palustre, roseum; Eupatorium cannabinum; Euphrasia; Falcaria vulgaris; Fragaria vesca; Gentianella ciliata, germanica; Geranium robertianum; Glaux maritima; Gypsophila fastigiata; Hedera helix; Helianthemum nummularium; Heracleum sphondylium; Hieracium; Holosteum umbellatum; Hylotelephium telephium; Hypericum perforatum, pulchrum; Inula ensifolia; Knautia arvensis; Lactuca serriola, viminea; Leontodon hispidus; Leucanthemum vulgare; Ligustrum vulgare; Linaria; Lithospermum officinale; Lotus corniculatus; Malva thuringiaca; Medicago falcata, lupulina; Melilotus dentatus; Nigella arvensis; Onobrychis arenaria; Origanum; Pastinca sativa; Picris hieracioides; Pimpinella saxifragae; Pittosporum tobira; Plantago lanceolata; Polygonum; Potentilla argentea, erecta, grandiflora, hirta, recta; Pulsatilla pratensis; Salvia x sylvestris, verticillata; Sanguisorba minor; Scabiosa ochroleuca; Scorzoneroides autumnalis; Scrophularia; Securigera varia; Seseli annuum, libanotis, osseum; Silene viscaria; Sisymbrium altissimum; Stachys officinalis, recta; Teucrium chamaedrys, scorodonia; Thesium humifusum, linophyllon subsp. montanum; Thymus serpyllum, vulgaris; Veronica chamaedrys, officinalis; Vicia disperma, tenuifolia.

[click below for photos]

PARASITE
Conspicuous stem galls.

HOST PLANTS
Asteraceae, monophagous

Ageratina adenophora.

Central American species, introduced in Madeira [and Hawaii, New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, China, Nepal and India] for the biological control of [Ageratina adenophora] 

on Taraxacum

GALL
2-4 mm large, hard, unilocular swellings of the midrib, smooth and often red in colour. Often they are aggregated, into masses of upto 3 cm long and a cm thick. This happens in particular in the pedicel, that locally may develop into a sausage-like gall.

HOST PLANTS
Asteraceae, monophagous
Taraxacum officinale.

[click link below for photos]

Physoderma pulposum
Wallroth, 1833
on Aegopodium, Amaranthaceae
GALL
irregular pustules on the leaves, 1-2 mm large, initially hyaline, then greenish and finally brown; on all parts of the plant; also the plant shows characteristic tumors.

HOST PLANTS
Amaranthaceae, (Apiaceae), polyphagous
Aegopodium podagraria; Atriplex calotheca, littoralis, patula, prostrata; Chenopodiastrum murale; Chenopodium chenopodioides, glaucum, rubrum, urbicum; Dysphania botrys.
On Aegopodium relatively rare (Klenke & Scholler).

GALL
Irregular rolling of the leaf margins ... the leaf is rolled inwards, but not swollen

HOSTPLANTS
Amaranthaceae, oligophagous

Atriplex calotheca, hortensis, littoralis, oblongifolia, patula, prostrata, sagittata, tatarica; Beta vulgaris; Chenopodiastrum murale; Chenopodium album, bonus-henricus, rubrum; Dysphania ambrosioides; Lipandra polysperma.

PHENOLOGY
Mostly bivoltine; hibernation as imago, on the host plant. 

[click below for photos]

GALL
the leaves, especially near the tip of the shoots, are reddish discoloured, swollen, and disfigured shell-like, the internodes are strongly shortened.

HOST PLANTS
Onagraceae, monophagous

Fuchsia arborescens, denticulata, gehringeri, macrophylla, microphylla, magellanica, procumbens, thymifolia.

On, for instance F. aborrescens, microphylla, thymifoliathe mite may have viable population without causing serious malformations.
NOTES
Originally a South African species, in North America and Europe since about 1980 a serious pest in floriculture, especially in glasshouses.

Rhinusa antirrhini

GALL
larvae in the galled and swollen fruits, pupation in the gall. The larvae have a dark-coloured head capsule, which distinguishes them from those of Rh. neta, that have a similar biology (Rheinheimer & Hassler)..

HOST PLANTS
Plantaginaceae, oligophagpus

Antirrhinum majus; Linaria genistifolia & subsp. dalmatica, repens, saxatilis, vulgaris; Microrrhinum litorale, minus; Misopates orontium.

NOTES
In North America the species is employed in the biological control of Linaria vulgaris. 

[Click below for photos.]

opened gall with young (because colourless) larvae ... a single galled flower ... 

[click below for photos and list of references]



GALL
The larve begins its existence between the youngest leaves, but soon bores itself down through the growing point and hence feeds upon the inside of the very tip of the stem. The topmost 2-4 internodes are completely shortened, their leaf sheaths are contracted. The solitary, yellowish, larva lies in a chamber just below the growing point; the wall of the larval chamber is not thickened, green, and is not sclerified after the summer. Pupation internal, after hibernation. The maximal thickness of the gall is less than twice the thickness of the stem just below.

HOSTPLANTS
Paaceae, monophagous: Phragmites australis.

GALL
The topmost 2-4 internodes are completely shortened, their leaf sheaths are thickened. The solitary, white, larva lies between the leaf sheaths above the vegetation point. (This is contrary to L. lucens and rufitarsis, where the larva has bored itself down through the growing point to live in the very tip of the stem). The maximal thickness of the gall is less than twice the thickness of the stem just below.

HOSTPLANTS
Poaceae, monophagous: Phragmites australis



GALL 
The solitary larva is orange-yellow. Hibernation in the ground. Roskam (2009a) writes of two annual generations, Skuhravá ao (2006a) of a single one, no doubt connected with differences in longitude.

HOST PLANTS
Dennstaedtiaceae, monophagous: Pteridum aquilinum.

GALL
Weak swellings, up to 8 mm thick, of the stem, preferably high in the plant. The gall contains some gall chambers with a diameter of 3 mm, that are more or less coalescing. Univoltine, hibernation and pupation in the gall.

HOST PLANTS 
Asteraceae, narrowly monophagous: Sonchus asper

GALL 
The flower buds are swollen and distorted and remain closed. Inside many shiny, dirty orange-yellow larvae, that can jump. Univoltine; pupation and hibernation in the ground.

HOST PLANTS
Hemerocallis fulva, lilioasphodelus.

[click below for photos]

Asterodiaspis variolosa (Ratzeburg, 1870) -- golden pit scale
on Quercus

GALL 
Scales on the branches. Around each individual scale a low ride develops; heavily infested branches become knobby and malformed; also bark cracks may develop. Mainly found at the tip of the branches.

HOST PLANTS Fagaceae, monophagous

GALL
only a microscopical examination allows separation from A. minor and A. quercicola; all three species may occur on the same tree.

Gymnosporangium sabinae (Dickson) Winter, 1884
on Pyrus</>

GALL
in spring epiphyllous pustular spermogonia. Later large orange coloured hypophyllous gallings develop, with up to 2 cm high aecia, opening by a number of lateral slits.

SPERMOGONIA, AECIA on 
Rosaceae, monophagous

Pyrus betulifolia, calleryana, communis & subsp. pyraster, elaeagrifolia, nivalis, orientalis, pashia, pyrifolia, regelii, salicifolia, spinosa, syriaca.

NOTES
On pear very common, striking, and damaging.

Mamianiella coryli (Batsch) von Höhnel, 1918

on Corylus

PARASITE
Inconspicuous leaf spots with caespituli with large groups of shining black, ≤ 1 mm stromata that protrude at either sides. In each sroma 1 (-2) perithecium, that connects to the open by a long neck. Asci 7-9 x 38-50 µm, spores 3 x 8-9 µm.

HOST PLANTS
Betulaceae, monophagous

Corylus.

The mites are vagrants at the undersides of the leaves; the plants are stunted.

Host Plants
Asteraceae, monophagous

Ambrosia artemisiifolia.

[Dichotomous table for gallers on Sisymbrium ...
by Hans Roskam](https://bladmineerders.nl/host-plants/plantae/spermatopsida/angiosperma/eudicots/superrosids/rosids/malvids/brassicales/brassicaceae/sisymbrieae/sisymbrium/gallers-on-sisymbrium/)

Localised to expanded, one- or all-sided, ± curved swellings on stems of vegetative or flowering shoot. Inserted leaves stunted, bent over their length, pale green, thickened and brittle, inserted flowers ± atrophied in all their parts. Down loose, conidiophores branched. Sisymbrium spp.: Hyaloperonospora sisymbrii-loeselii 

[[Plant Parasites of Europe's main entry for the gall](https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/chromista/oomycota/oomycetes/peronosporales/peronosporaceae/hyaloperonospora/hyaloperonospora-sisymbrii-loeselii/) adds the following information]
Gall
Underside of the leaves with a greyish white fungal down of erect conidiophores that apically several times are branching, each branch ending upon an ovoid conidium.

Host Plants
Brassicaceae, monophagous
Sisymbrium altissimum, irio, loeselii, luteum, officinale, volgense.

SYNCHYTRIUM ERIEUM

on Plantago lanceolata 

GALL
leaves with tiny warts, less than half a mm, yellow or orange, usually a large number together. They consist of a single infected cell, surrounded by 2-3 layers of un-infected, but swollen and discoloured cells.

HOST PLANTS
Plantaginaceae, narrowly monophagous

Plantago lanceolata.

(Accessed 4/23/2025. Click below for photos.)

GALL
Diffuse, spindle-shaped swellings of the midrib, sometimes also the pedicel. The gall is somewhat vitreous, shiny, yellowish green at first, later often purplish. Fungus spores are formed in and around the vascular tissue.

HOST PLANTS
Asteraceae, monophagous
Taraxacum officinale.