Burnettweldia conalis (agamic)

Burnettweldia corallina (agamic)

Burnettweldia plumbella (agamic)

Burnettweldia washingtonensis (agamic)

Burnettweldia californicordazi (agamic)

Nichollsiella arizonica (agamic)

Nichollsiella puigi (agamic)

Nichollsiella sulcata (agamic)

Disholandricus chrysolepidis (agamic)

Disholandricus lasius (agamic)

Disholandricus reniformis (agamic)

Disholandricus truckeensis (agamic)

Paracraspis guadaloupensis (agamic)

Paracraspis insolens (agamic)

Paracraspis patelloides (agamic)

Burnettweldia conalis (Weld 1926), comb. nov.
Asexual

Hosts: Quercus garryana, berberidifolia [see ID Notes]

[A photo of the gall appears on page 32 of the pdf]

Gall. (Fig 92). Detachable monolocular stem galls, pointed, conical, glabrous, occur singly or in clusters of 2–5. The gall is 12–15 mm high and 8–9 mm wide at the base; sides of the gall are smooth; the base of the gall wraps over the stem; larval chamber centrally positioned in the gall base and perpendicular to the gall vertical axis. The parenchyma tissue is soft, not woody, epidermal layer thin; color of growing galls pale green with white pile which turns reddish; mature galls light brown, old galls dark brown to black, not deciduous (Burnett 1977, Russo 2006). 

Biology. Galls develop in summer; adults emerge in early autumn. Galls on Q. berberidifolia, Q. garryana (Burks 1979)

Range: CA, Sierra Nevada mountains

Burnettweldia corallina (Bassett 1890), comb. nov.

Holcaspis corallinus
Disholcaspis corallina
Cynips corallina

Hosts: Quercus douglasii

[A picture of the gall is given on page 32 of the pdf]

Gall. (Fig 93). Detachable, monolocular gall occurring singly or in clusters of 2–4 at the base of leaf petioles. The gall is orange, yellow, or reddish when mature, 10–11 mm wide, with club-like, 2 mm long projections; in some galls the surface projections are reduced to rounded bumps or tubercles. The surface of the gall is delicately pubescent. Parenchyma of the gall is thick, hard, crystalline, reddish pink; the larval chamber thick-walled, oval, located at the gall base, above point of attachment. Young galls are yellow-green, growing directly from young stems, coated with velvety, whitish stellate pile. Over time a black sooty mould grows on mature galls, and they become hard and lignified (Burnett 1977, Russo 2006). 

Biology. Galls develop in summer, mature in November; adults emerge aftersoon. Galls on Q. douglasii (Burks 1979, authors). 

Distribution. USA: California (Burks 1979); San Joaquin Valley, CA (Burnett 1977)

Burnettweldia plumbella (Kinsey 1920), comb. nov.

Disholcaspis plumbella
Adleria plumbella

Hosts: Quercus berberidifolia, douglasii, dumosa

[Two photos of the gall appear on page 32 of the pdf]

Gall. (Figs 94–95). Detachable monolocular bud or stem gall, occuring singly or in clusters on young stems, with a long curved pointed beak at the apex. Two colour forms: (i) greenish with round yellow spots, and (ii) deep wine red with bright yellow spots. The main body of the gall 10–15 mm in diameter, apical projection around 2 mm. The larval chamber is spherical, located centrally (Burnett 1977, Russo 2006). 

Biology. Galls appear in May, fully grown in August, mature in September and early October; adults emerge in November-December. Overwinters in the egg stage. Galls on Q. berberidifolia, Q. douglasii, Q. dumosa (Burks 1979)

Range: CA, Baja California

Burnettweldia washingtonensis (Gillette 1894), comb. nov.

Cynips washingtonensis
Disholcaspis washingtonensis

Hosts: Quercus douglasii, dumosa, garryana, lobata

[A photo of the gall appears on page 32 of the pdf]

Gall. (Fig 96). Detachable monolocular stem gall, occuring singly or in groups on young stems, beige to dirty gray, solid, round, fuzzy, 8–10 mm wide, with mealy-granular surface texture and bumps, often with a short stalk at the base. The larval chamber in the center, oval, thick-walled. Old galls can remain on the trees for a year or more (Burnett 1977, Russo 2006). 

Biology. Galls mature in September-October; adults emerge in November. Galls on Q. douglasii, Q. dumosa, Q. garryana, Q. lobata (Burks 1979).

Range: CA, OR, WA, Sierra Nevada and Cascade Mountains

Burnettweldia californicordazi, sp. nov.
Agamic generation

Hosts: Quercus turbinella [Cf ID Notes for discussion of hosts]

[Photos provided on page 32 of the pdf; quickest link is through [Zenodo](https://zenodo.org/record/5043064#.Y1dPHXbMLtR)]

Gall. (Figs 89–91). Detachable monolocular stem galls, globular, with glabrous surface, smooth, occur singly or in clusters of 2–5. Spherical gall of 12–15 mm in diameter, sometimes with a very small apical tip; the base of the gall wraps over the stem; larval chamber is spherical, positioned centrally, around 3 mm in diameter. The parenchyma tissue is woody, epidermal layer thin; color of growing galls pale green with white pile which turns reddish; mature galls light brown, not deciduous. 

Biology. Galls develop in summer, mature in August; adults emerge in October. Galls on Q. turbinella.

Range: Baja California [Burnett 1977 lists in California as well]

Remarks. Burnettweldia californicordazi sp. nov. morphologically corresponds the description of W. californica, ms. name given by Burnett (1977). According to Burnett, this species was collected in different localities in California (USA), from San Diego to Lake County, inducing galls on Q. douglasii, Q. dumosa, Q. turbinella californica [john-tuckeri], and hybrids of Q. t. californica [john-tuckeri] with Q. lobata, Q. dumosa, and Q. engelmanni. Burnett (1977) mentioned he collected one male amongst more than 400 females but we suspect the only male he reared was actually a cynipid inquiline. Given the morphology of the females, the species described herein is definitely an asexual form. Burnett (1977) also mentioned that galls of his W. californica, now B. californicordazi sp. nov., are similar to those of Disholcaspis canescens (Bassett, 1890), and galls of W. californica and B. corallina comb. nov. were erroneously assigned as cotype galls of D. canescens. 

Nichollsiella arizonica (Cockerell, 1902), comb. nov.

Hocaspis arizonica
Disholcaspis arizonica
Adleria arizonica
Disholcaspis arizonicus

Hosts: Quercus arizonica, turbinella

[A photo of the gall appears on page 38 of the pdf]

Gall. (Fig 109). Detachable leaf galls. Similar to the gall of N. sulcata (Cockerell 1902, Weld 1960). Galls are globular, 9 mm in diameter, pale ochreous to green, not shiny, attached to the base of the petiole of a leaf with a projecting point next to the place of insertion. The gall is brown inside, spongy, moderately dense, with at least two larval cells (Cockerell 1902). 

Biology. Only the asexual generation is known. Galls on Q. arizonica and Q. turbinella; adults emerge in April (Cockerell 1902; authors).

Range: AZ

Nichollsiella puigi, sp. nov.

Hosts: Quercus chihuahensis, grisea, magnoliifolia, resinosa

[A photo of the gall appears on page 43 of the pdf]

Gall. (Fig 125). Detachable, multilocular, globular to ovoid, 12–15 mm in diameter. Galls develop on axillary buds, petioles or at the base of the midrib, on the upper side of leaves. Surface smooth, internal parenchyma hard. Larval chambers are in the middle of the gall; with 2–4 larval chambers/gall. 

Biology. Only the asexual generation is known which induces galls on Q. chihuahensis, Q. grisea, Q. magnoliifolia and Q. resinosa; adults emerge in winter, rarely at the end of spring.

Range: Aguascalientes, Jalisco, Zacatecas

Nichollsiella sulcata, comb. nov.

Cynips sulcatus
Cynips sulcata
Disholcaspis sulcata

Hosts: Quercus arizonica, oblongifolia, pungens, rugosa, toumeyi, turbinella, undulata

[A photo of the gall appears on page 47 of the pdf]

Gall. (Figs 140–141). Detachable, monolocular, spherical or subglobular, base of the gall with a petiole, greater than 12 mm diameter, singly on leaf petiole, surface of the mature gall smooth. Parenchyma of the gall is granular, the larval chamber spherical, usually in the center of the gall, occassionally eccentric; soft and pubescent, up to 7.0–7.8 mm in diameter. The growing gall is light green or yellowish-red; mature galls are faded green to light brown (Burnett 1977). 

Biology. Galls develop in spring, mature in summer; adults emerge in autumn. Galls on Q. arizonica, Q. oblongifolia, Q. pungens, Q. rugosa, Q. toumeyi, Q. turbinella, Q. undulata (Burnett 1977, Burks 1979, authors).

Range: AZ, NM

Disholandricus chrysolepidis (Ashmead 1896), comb. nov.

Andricus chrysolepidis 
Disholcaspis chrysolepidis 

Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis

[A photo of the gall appears on page 60 of the pdf]

Gall. (Fig 182). Hard detachable, multilocular galls that burst out of the twigs and are usually clustered in rows. When young, galls are greenish, later they turn rusty brown on the top with light brown sides. A single gall up to 15 mm wide and 20 mm long; the gall cluster can exceed 60 mm in length. (Ashmead 1896, Russo 2006). Galls produce honeydew (Nicholls et al. 2017). 

Biology. Only the asexual generation is known, inducing galls on Q. chrysolepis. Galls develop in autumn, mature in October-November; adults emerge in mid-winter.

Range: CA

Disholandricus lasius (Ashmead 1869) comb nov.

Callirhytis lasius
Andricus lasius
Disholcaspis lasius
Andricus lasius var. areolatus syn. nov.
Andricus lasius var. sublasius syn. nov.

Hosts: Quercus vacciniifolia, chrysolepis

Round, hairy, multilocular, detachable galls on midrib, underside of leaves. Sometimes galls develop on large lateral veins and sometimes the leaf disappears. 

[Photos of the gall appear on page 60 of the pdf]

Gall. (Figs 179–181). Round, hairy, multilocular, detachable galls on midrib, underside of leaves. Sometimes galls develop on large lateral veins and sometimes the leaf disappears. Mature galls are dirty beige colored, golden yellow (occasionally with a reddish tinge) with brown hairs when young. Hairs are 3 to 4 mm long; the gall mass up to 10 mm in diameter. Up to six larval chambers are radially located around the point of attachment (Russo 2006). 

Biology. The asexual generation is only known, inducing galls on Q. vacciniifolia and Q. chrysolepis. Galls develop in summer-autumn, mature in late autumn; adults emerge from January to March

Range: AZ, CA

Disholandricus reniformis (McCracken & Egbert, 1922) comb. nov.

Andricus reniformis
Disholcaspis reniformis

Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis, vacciniifolia

[A photo of the gall appears on page 64 of the pdf]

Gall. (Fig 193). The detachable, multilocular, kidney-shaped stem galls are mottled-red, yellow and green when young, turning to a tan color when mature. Galls are up to 30 mm long and 15 mm in diameter. Larval chambers are located radially around the central core. Galls produce honeydew (Russo 2006; Nicholls et al. 2017). 

Biology. Only the asexual generation is known, inducing galls on Q. chrysolepis and Q. vacciniifolia. Galls develop in summer; adults emerge only 2–3 years after the galls are formed

Range: CA

Disholandricus truckeensis (Ashmead, 1896), comb. nov.

Holcaspis truckeensis
Disholcaspis truckeensis
Andricus truckeensis

Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis

[A photo of the gall appears on page 64 of the pdf]

Gall. (Figs 194–195). Hard, multilocular, smooth, potato-shaped stem galls, usually on terminal twigs. The gall is tan-colored when mature, slightly glossy, round- to oval-shaped, up to 60 mm long, 30 mm in diameter. 

Biology. Only the asexual generation is only known, inducing galls on Q. chrysolepis (Burks 1979). Galls mature in autumn; adults emerge in January-February.

Range: CA

Paracraspis guadaloupensis (Fullaway, 1911) comb. rev.

Callirhytis guadaloupensis
Acraspis guadaloupensis

Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis

[A photo of the gall appears on page 69 of the pdf]

Gall. (Fig 208). Convex-flat, disc-shaped, monolocular, detachable galls on the underside of Q. chrysolepis leaves, usually on lateral veins. The gall is up to 5.0–6.0 mm in diameter; occurs singly or up to 2–3 galls on one leaf (Fullaway 1911). Biology. Only the asexual generation is known, inducing galls on Q. chrysolepis. Galls start to develop in May on the previous year’s leaves; adults emerge from late winter to early spring with emergence holes usually off center.

Range: CA

Paracraspis insolens (Weld, 1926) comb. rev.

Acraspis insolens

Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis

[A photo of the gall appears on page 69 of the pdf]

Gall. (Fig 209). Monolocular, wedge-shaped galls on the underside of leaves. The galls are up to 10 mm long, 5 mm wide and 3 mm thick, concave on the two broad sides, deeply grooved around the edge, nearly the color of the leaf, the flanges often reddish. The larval chamber is located transversely at the apex of the gall and a long cavity runs through the center of the gall from the chamber towards the pedicel (Weld 1926). 

Biology. Only the asexual generation is known, inducing galls on Q. chrysolepis. Mature galls are present in September, adults totally formed in November, overwintering in the galls, emerge next spring

Range: CA

Paracraspis patelloides (Trotter, 1910), comb. rev.

Andricus? patelloides 
Acraspis patelloides 

Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis

[Photos of the gall appear on page 73 of the pdf]

Gall. (Fig 223). Detachable, monolocular concave leaf galls with flared rims on the underside of leaves on midrib or lateral veins; solitary or in clusters of 2–3 galls. The young fleshy galls are flat to slightly concave; as they mature the sides of the gall grow higher, creating a deep central depression and forming a bowl shape. The mature galls are 12 mm in diameter and 5 mm high. When fresh, the galls are a faint pea green to ivory color with pink red margins. By fall, the galls turn beige with hints of pink or red along the margins of the top, with small dark spots on some specimens. The sides of the galls are ridged and nonglossy. The larval chamber lies transversely under the central depression and the exit hole is made through the thin roof into the bottom of this depression. Under the larval chamber a central cavity reaches to the point of attachment (Weld 1926, Russo 2006). 

Biology. Only the asexual generation is known, inducing galls on Q. chrysolepis. Galls start to develop in April on the previous year’s leaves; adults can be found in galls in November-December; emerge in early spring; adults continue to emerge until late May.

Range: CA, AZ

Three new Nearctic genera of oak cynipid gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini): Burnettweldia Pujade-Villar, Melika & Nicholls, Nichollsiella Melika, Pujade-Villar & Stone, Disholandricus Melika, Pujade-Villar & Nicholls; and re-establishment of the genus Paracraspis Weld