Callirhytis seminosa

Callirhytis favosa (sexgen)

Andricus indistinctus (agamic)

Feron clarkei (sexgen)

Disholcaspis perniciosa (agamic)

Callirhytis pulchra (sexgen)

Neuroterus bassettii (sexgen)

Andricus maxwelli (sexgen)

Phylloteras nigrum (agamic)

Dryocosmus quercusnotha (sexgen)

Dryocosmus cinereae (sexgen)

Diplolepis utahensis

Disholcaspis quercusmamma (agamic)

Xanthoteras eburneum (agamic)

Andricus pilula (sexgen)

Amphibolips palmeri (agamic)

Unknown q-rugosa-terminal-club

Diplolepis rosaefolii

Diplolepis tumida

Diplolepis variabilis

Diplolepis nebulosa

Callirhytis pedunculata (sexgen)

Andricus ruginosus (agamic)

Andricus reticulatus (sexgen)

Callirhytis clarkei (sexgen)

Neuroterus pallidus (sexgen)

Striatoandricus nievesaldreyi (agamic)

Andricus howertoni (agamic)

Amphibolips quercusspongifica (sexgen)

Andricus (callirhytis) seminosus n. sp.

Galls.--Hard, woody knots, sometimes terminating the shoots in a clump of oak sprouts (Q castanea?), but oftener an enlargement of the base of the small lateral branches. In my specimens the terminal galls are an inch in diameter and shaped like a strawberry. The others are about half as large, and of the same shape. All are more or less uneven on the surface. These are all old galls and the outer bark has mostly fallen off, and the entire surface is dotted as thickly as possible with very small, open larval cells. The larger galls must contain, each, several hundreds of these tenantless cells. The cells are distinct from the woody fibre in which they are imbedded, but cannot be separated from it. The galls are easily taken for those of A scitula Bass. and such I took them to be until I found that the insects were very different. 

Neuroterus favosus n. sp. 

Flattened, polythalamous galls on the leaves of Quercus tinctoria [velutina] varying in lateral diameter from one-fourth to almost an inch; they project from both surfaces of the leaf, but more prominently from the upper surface; their vertical diameter is not more than one-fourth of an inch. The upper and under surfaces, especially the first, bear a very close resemblance to a honey-comb. This resemblance is more striking after the insects have left, when the upper surface is literally full of holes. In general appearance they resemble the galls of N majalis Bass., but when green they are less succulent, and when dry they are of an extremely hard, ligneous texture, while the others are soft and pith like. I collected old galls in September, 1888, from a single oak tree in Rockport, Ohio. 

Andricus ? indistinctus n. sp.

Small, round galls attached by a broad base to the small twigs of Q. alba. Smooth when fresh, but the dry galls are wrinkled and closely resemble pepper corns. The diameter of fresh galls is about three-sixteenths, while the dry ones are about one-eigth of an inch. They contain no true larval cell, separable from the gall walls, which are thin and of a loose texture. They are monothalamous, and the insects were nearly mature in October when they were gathered and came out before the next spring. Their coming out was probably hastened by the warmth of the room in which they were kept. I found them in north Ohio in 1885; they seem to be extremely rare, I having found them on one occasion only and then only seven or eight individuals.

Dryophanta clarkei n. sp.

Galls.--Small, round, smooth, and not quite three-sixteenths of an inch in diameter. They are formed of the buds of the white oak, and are filled with larvae, which are separated from each other by very thin, filmy walls. Most of those in my collection are transformed terminal buds, but a few are axillary. I have not learned whether their development takes place wholly in the spring, or whether, like several other vernal species, they are partially developed in the preceding year. 

The insects appear early in the spring and are of both sexes.

Distribution: MA

Holcaspis perniciosus n. sp.

Monothalamous, roundish galls, sessile by a broad base on the twigs of a dwarf oak growing in southern Utah. Apex in some specimens slightly elongated and compressed laterally, but usually blunt cone shaped. The twig itself is enlarged into a shallow cup-like receptacle at the base of the gall. In all my specimens (dry ones from which the insects have escaped) the galls are smooth, or only slightly rough, and with deep, irregular cracks and a dark reddish brown color. The large larval cell is firmly imbedded in the rather hard cellular tissue. The insects escape through a large opening which they make near the base of the gall. These galls bear a pretty close resemblance to the parasitized galls of H duricoria Bass. Judging from their abundance on the twigs sent me they must be quite injurious to the trees infested. 

Andricus (Callirhytis) pulchra n. sp.

Galls on the aments of Q tinctoria [velutina] (also Q rubra), when dry, shrunken and shrivelled, and measuring from .1 to .15 of an inch in diameter. They are polythalamous, each gall producing four or five insects. The interior of the gall is of a very loose spongy texture and the outside, thin and papery and green like the leaves. When fresh they are round and the size of a common red currant. They differ from the galls of Dryophanta palustris O.S., which is sometimes found on the aments of Q ilicifolia, in the thin and smooth shell, and in being polythalamous. Flies of both sexes, appearing in May.

About one half of my fifty or sixty specimens are males.

Locality: MA

Neuroterus pallipes n. sp. 

Galls small, monothalamous, variously situated on the stem and principal veins of very young white oak leaves, dwarfing and distorting them, and densely covered and often nearly hidden in their pubescence. They are oval, thin walled, and only large enough to contain the larva of the small gall-fly. I have forty male and female insects of this species, but there is only one, a female, whose antennae remains unbroken. 

The insects differ materially from N. utricula Bass., though the galls resemble those quite nearly. 

Andricus maxwelli n. sp.

Galls polythalamous, but rarely containing more than half a dozen larvae. Globular or oval, though sometimes somewhat irregular in shape. From three-eighths to five-eights of an inch in diameter, yellowish brown to dark brown, mostly smooth and shining, but some of ray specimens are slightly rough and opaque. Internally, of a soft pith-like cellular tissue and without distinct larval cells. I received these galls many years ago from Mr. W. R. Maxwell, of Palestine, Texas, but did not learn from what species of oak they were collected, nor whether they were leaf or twig galls, though they are probably the latter. 

Described from 12 specimens reared in April, 1877.

Acraspis politus n. sp.

[Wasp described without gall]

Washington County, MO

I have no galls, and am not informed whether they were captured at large or reared from galls.

Andricus (Callirhytis) pusulatoides n. sp.

Blister-like galls on the points of the acute lobes of the leaves of Q. coccinea, each tipped with the long hair-like point that terminates each lobe. They are ovate-acuminate, and look as if a bubble of air had separated the upper and under lamina of the leaf They are about one-third by one-fifth of an inch in diameter, sometimes a little depressed vertically. The walls are very thin, the color the same as the leaf. Each contains a free, oblong-oval, thin walled larval cell, whose length is fully twice its diameter. The free larval cell of Dryophanta palustris, the only species with which this can be confounded, is perfectly round, and the gall is larger, thicker, and rarely found in the same position. 

This is not a common species, though I have met with a few individuals nearly every year for many years past. They are the prey of parasites to such an extent that I have never reared more than two or three true gall-flies, and I have now but a single female fly, of whose identity I am sure, and from which the above description is made. 

Andricus (Callirhytis) saccularius n. sp.

Small, hemispherical, pouch-like galls, attached by their full diameter to the underside of the leaves of Q. coccinea, the largest not more than three-sixteenths of an inch through. An ordinary ring net for catching insects will give a good idea of the form of this gall as seen on the underside of the leaf. The flat upper surface is formed of the upper lamina of the leaf and is sometimes slightly depressed below and rarely raised above the general surface of the leaf It appears on this side as a circular scar whose outline equals the diameter of the gall. The gall walls are green like the leaf, and extremely thin, and in each there is a free, oval larval cell like that of A. pusulatoides described in this paper, except that it is a short oval, while the other is very long. I was inclined to consider these two as identical, but an examination of the only fly, a male, that I have reared from these galls ; their shape, and the larval cell, and the position of the galls on the leaves show it to be a distinct species. I have a number of the galls, and each contains the empty larval cell, showing that my specimens were gathered too late. 

One male specimen from Connecticut.  

Rhodites utahensis n. sp.

Mr. Siler sent me from Utah, several years ago, some very large rose galls that did not differ, so far as I could see, from R. radicum O. S. It is true they were larger and less regular in form than that species and showed more plainly that they originated in a leaf bud. The largest specimen was three inches in diameter, and one or two others were nearly as large. They appeared to have grown near the surface of the ground, but not under moss or fallen leaves, as is the habit of R. radicum. They were old galls and I reared nothing from them, but on cutting them open I found several perfect insects, evidently Rhodites, and all of the male sex. The females seemed to have made their way out. On comparing them with the males of R. radicum I found them to agree so closely that I was disposed to look upon them as merely a variety of that species. Further study revealed some minor differences, and at least one characteristic that seemed to entitle them to rank as a distinct species. 

There are species in this genus that resemble each other more nearly than these two, but in such cases the galls are very distinct. If further observations show it to be only a variety it is sufficiently marked to deserve a name. 

Holcaspis duricoria, n. sp.

Galls. — Globular, but less regularly so than H. globulus Fitch; sessile and subclasping on the young branches of Q. bicolor. The flattened base and the cone-like form of many of these galls remind one of the [Minnie rifle ball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini%C3%A9_ball). They are often so crowded that they become strangely misshapen; the surface is finely pulverulent, and when dry it is very hard. This suggested the trivial name. Internally the substance is similar to, but much harder than that of H. globulus. The larval cell is free in a small, irregular cavity; the galls average one-half inch in diameter, and the oval larval cell is one-eighth by three-sixteenths inches. 

They are sometimes found in countless numbers on a single tree and for a single season, and then nearly or quite disappear. A few galls of this species appeared several years ago on a large and thrifty oak (Q. bicolor). which is growing in the yard of one of my neighbors. The next year the tree was covered with them; there were bushels of them, but the year following there were few, if any, new galls, but this year they have appeared again in considerable numbers. In this instance, and a few others, I have noticed that the tree seemed to be quite seriously injured by them. It is well known that this species has a large number of parasitic enemies, else it might prove very destructive to this species of oak. It has other foes besides insect parasites. 

This is an agamous species, and I flattered myself that the tree in my neighbor's yard would give me an excellent opportunity to study the habits of these female flies as they left the galls, which they do in October and November. 

I went day after day to look for them, but found only now and then one on the palings of the fence enclosing the yard. At length I discovered that several English sparrows and other small birds of different species had taken possession of the tree and were devouring the insects as fast as they appeared. I saw a species of creeper peer into a cluster of galls and seize a fly before it was out of the gall. Of course my effort amounted to nothing, and the mystery around the second generation remains, so far as I know, still unsolved. 

That birds peck open galls of various species for the larvae they contain is well known to every entomologist. 

Though this species has long borne the above name, given by me as a manuscript designation, it has not till now been published. Intending at the time to publish immediately, I sent specimens to several entomologists in this country and Europe; also sent photographs to some of my friends. I had at the time a full description of the gall and fly written, but while holding it to send with other matter for publication a brief notice of a similar gall found in the West appeared in the first volume of the " American Entomologist." Dr. Walsh, who wrote the paper, did not describe the species fully, but said that it was found on the Burr oak, and that it differed in several particulars from C. globulus Harris. His brief description led me to think that his and mine might be identical, even though they grew on different species of oak, and I determined to withhold mine till I could settle the question. The death of Dr. Walsh not very long after, and later still the destruction of his collections in the great Chicago fire, has made the settlement of the question difficult, if not impossible. If at any time their identity is established his published name has priority, and I yield to the rule in such cases most cheerfully. 

Dryophanta eburneus, n. sp.

Galls round, smooth, polished, resembling old ivory. They are from one-eighth to three-sixteenths of an inch in diameter, growing in great numbers on both the upper and under surface of oak leaves of a species I have not yet determined. The galls were sent me by A. H. Siler from southern Utah. Sometimes the galls are so crowded that they lose their globular form. They are strongly attached to the leaves and the base of the gall is usually grooved by the vein on which it grows. There are often twenty or thirty galls on a single leaf, one-third of which will be on the underside. They are hard and rather thick shelled and filled with fine silvery white hairs that radiate from the single larval cell that is attached to the base of the gall. 

From several thousand galls I have reared less than fifty gall-flies. These are all females.

Andricus (Callirhytis) pilula, n. sp.

Small, round, thin-shelled galls on the blade of the leaves of Q. undulata, collected in southern Utah by Mr. Siler. They are usually situated near the margin of the leaves and always on one of the principal leaf veins, and project equally above and below the surface. The average size is only .15 of an inch in diameter. The galls resemble those of [Neuroterus utricula Bass](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/867), more nearly than any other species known to me. I found twenty-five or thirty specimens in a box of A. Sileri, and was so fortunate as to find two of them that, though perforated, still contained the gall-flies. These were both females, quite perfect, and the description that follows will, no doubt, well agree with more recent specimens.

Amphibolips palmeri, n. sp.

Two or three years ago I received from Mr. B. Pickman Mann a very large oak apple gall which he had received from Dr. Edward Palmer. It was written upon as follows: "Summit of Sierra Madre, Chihuahua, Mexico. Winter 1885-86, Dr. Edward Palmer." 

It was the largest oak apple gall I had ever seen, and I kept it very carefully, hoping to rear an insect from it, but none appeared. 

On this New Year's morning, 1890, I ventured to cut open the precious gall, and was rewarded by finding in it the largest gall-fly I have ever seen. The fly had eaten its way out of the larval cell, and to the outside shell, but becoming discouraged, it had backed its way into the cell again and died. In forcing itself back one of its wings had been turned towards the head and so remained. 

It gives me very great pleasure to dedicate this remarkable species to the discoverer. Dr. Edward Palmer. 

Gall. — This immense monothalamous gall is of a light yellowish brown color, round, and measuring two and three-fourths inches in diameter. The slightly uneven surface is polished and shining; the shell is thin, but firm, and the interior of a soft, uniform, spongy consistence throughout. The color is yellowish brown to almost white at the centre ; the larval cell is oval, and measures three- eighths by five-sixteenths in diameter, and is one-sixteenth of an inch thick. The spongy substance immediately surrounding it is no more dense than in other parts.

Holcaspis sileri, new species [see ID Notes]

Galls ovate from a broad base, sessile on the twigs of an oak growing in southern Utah, sometimes elongated at the point but not beaked, shining brown, yet not quite smooth. Many specimens are deeply and irregularly cracked, and from some the epidermis has flaked off. They rarely exceed one-fourth of an inch in diameter, and many are a little less than that. Internally they are harder than H. duricoria, H. globulus and H. rugosus, which they resemble, except that they are smaller. The larval cell is closely imbeded, but separable from the gall. I have reared no gall-flies from these, but have found, on cutting some of them open, several apparently mature female specimens. 

Rhodites lenticularis n.sp.

'Lentile-shaped galls in parenchyma of the leaves of Rosa lucida, showing on both the upper and underside and from 0.10 to 0.15 of an inch in horizontal, and 0.08 inch in vertical diameter. Comparatively few of the galls are single. Most are confluent and of irregular outline, and in some instances the entire leaf is covered, while in others the right or left lobe is thus covered. These galls resemble the European species R. spinosissimae, but the latter are more nearly globular and their vertical diameter is one-half more, while the horizontal is considerably less. The larval cell is much larger and the walls much thinner than in R. lenticularis...'

Rhodites tumidus n.sp

'They are globular, and from three-fourths to one and one-fourth inches in diameter, and of the same spongy cellular consistence, internally, as R. radicum. They appear to be enormously developed leaf buds, for the terminal half of many of them bears a faint resemblance to a half-opened rose, or a miniature cabbage, the line on the surface being the outlines of leaves. They grow on the end of a woody stem, and are in most cases nearly sessile, though in a few the stem is half an inch long. The upper half of the gall is covered with a thin, white, papery epidermis, which is usually torn and curled by the rapid growth of the gall itself.

The true bark beneath is red or brown, and quite smooth in fresh galls, but wrinkled when they become dry. The apex of several galls is crowned with sharp spines and such are found on the base, and stem of others. It is plain that each gall is a foreshortened branch and the gall-fly must lay her eggs in it at an early stage of its development. These galls are polythalamous.'

Rhodites variabilis n.sp.

Irregularly rounded, sometimes ovate or reniforni, and varying so much in form and size as to make a description difficult. They are from one-quarter to three-quarters of an inch in diameter in the more regular forms, but the reniform specimens often exceed an inch in diameter. Polythalamous, but evidently so through the perfect coalescence of two or more galls. The surface, like that of a russet apple and the color, nearly the same. Some, gathered perhaps before they were fully matured, are of a darker color, and are shrunken. These last may possibly prove to be a distinct species, but the insects offer no essential points of difference.

The development of these galls is as variable as their form. Some appear to grow on the ends of the small branches, others are attached to the leaf stems, while others are developed from an abortive leaflet, while still others grow on the surface of fully developed leaves. Internally, they ai-e of a rather solid, pith-like substance,
and the larvae have no free larval cell.

Rhodites nebulosus n.sp.

Round, hollow, thin shelled, monothalamous galls three-sixteenths of an inch, or less, in diameter, on the underside of the leaves of the wild rose (Rosa blanda and probably R. carolina). They are usually situated on the lateral veins on the lower half of the leaf and close to the mid-vein. The surface in the green galls is quite smooth, but when dry it is slightly rough and uneven, but not pubescent. There is no larval cell.

These galls are often parasitized, and such are sometimes quite solid and contain several larval chambers. The same often occurs in galls of R. bicolor. I have received this species from correspondents in widely separated sections, but in most cases the galls were immature when collected and produced nothing, and 1 have only
one gall-fly, a male, of this species.

Dryophanta pedunculata n.sp.

Galls growing on slender peduncles on the edge of the leaves of Q. rubra and Q. coccinea. The peduncles are from one-fourth to one-half an inch in length and are plainly the prolongation of lateral leaf veins. They are usually flattened, and in some cases bordered on one side for nearly the whole length with a very narrow extension of the leaf blade itself. When dry they are often twisted like the stems of the moss Funaria hygrometrica. The gall is ovate, with a long, curved point. It measures one-eighth by three-sixteenths of an inch exclusive of the tip. When fresh it is smooth, and has a somewhat glaucus hue, which mostly disappears in drying, changing to a dark, dirty olive-brown. It is extremely thin, and is hollow, except the free, smooth, oval larval cell. This cell is .05 by .10 of an inch, and is extremely fragile.

This gall differs from Andrlcus capsula Bass, in size, being much larger, and in shape the latter being as long, but only half as thick, and also in color, which in either species is constant. But the free larval cell in D. pedunculata, and its entire absence in A. capsula is the most striking difference.

Andricus (Callirhytis) ruginosus n.sp.

A hard, round knot, nearly an inch in diameter, near the tip of a slender twig of Q. (virens?) The surface rough and blackened and deeply and irregularly fissured, probably by drying, with several holes made by the escaping insects. Polythalamous, the walls of the numerous larval cells not separable from the firm, but rather open cellular tissues around them. This gall resembles those of A. Suttonii, but is much more rough, and is entirely destitute of woody fibre.

Sent me by Mr. Howerton from New Mexico. Five gall-flies reared ; all females.

A. (Callirhytis) reticulata n. sp.

Polythalamous galls on the midvein and near the base of small oak leaves from what is probably one of the dwarf varieties of Q. virens. Prominent on both surfaces, but more so on the underside. They are almost round and (dried specimens) one-fourth of an inch in diameter. The dry galls are exceedingly hard, and they bear a very close resemblance to those of A. cicatricula, though the scar or indentation invariably found in that species is wanting. The larval cells are not separable from the solid woody fibre around them, and they all radiate from a common centre. 

My galls, collected by Mr. Howerton in New Mexico, have produced no males, but I do not look upon this as an agamous species. 

D. (Callirhytis) clarkei [the D is a typo as this is described in the section of the paper regarding Bassett's Andricus subgen Callirhytis).

Small, black polythalamous galls. The sterile flowers of Q. ilicifolia transformed into galls in such countless numbers as to make the aments look like elongated blackberries. The largest gall I have found measured .11 of an inch in diameter and contained four larval cavities. Most of them are considerably smaller, having from one
to three cavities, and measuring from .05 to .08 inch.

Small as these galls are, and short and early as their season is, at least two-thirds of them contain at this writing (November, 1889) living parasitic larvse. In most cases nearly every flower has been transformed into a gall, though in a few the galls are sparingly intermixed with the flowers.

At the time the galls were received, early last spring, no flies had made their appearance, but they came out in considerable numbers during the month of May. They are all females, and are described as follows.

Neuroterus pallidus n.sp.

Galls in dense clusters at or near the end of the aments of Q. bicolor, but seldom found on the basal half of the flower stems. It is safe to call them monothalamous, though now and then a gall is found that contains two larval cavities. The galls are of a fine, soft cellular consistence, easily crushed in the fingers, and contain no separate larval cell. They are of a pale, faded wood color and smooth, and unevenly globular. They seem to be free from the attacks of parasites, for among thousands of galls I fail to find a single one.

The flies mature earlier than the two species already described as found on the sterile flowers of the oak, for, when found, the insects had gone with the exception of a few belated ones, from which I have made the following description. They are of both sexes.

Andricus ? mexicana n. sp. (galls only)

"Mountain near Guadalajara, Mexico; on the only large leaved oak that grows there." This is all I know of this species, except what I learn from the gall itself. I do not know who collected it, nor to whom I am indebted for the fine specimens that came to me in a chip-box a year or two ago. I suspect that my friend, B. Fickman Mann, sent them, and that they came from Dr. Palmer's collection. 

I have no insects reared from these galls, but they are probably produced by an Andricus. They are the largest woolly leaf gall known to me, measuring more than an inch and a half by an inch in length and breadth, and more than three-fourths of an inch in thickness. The color is a rusty yellowish brown. On removing the long and exceedingly thick, woolly covering from the nucleus, I found several openings, through which the insects had escaped. The nucleus is rather hard, and has, internally, a vitrified or crystalline appearance. 

The larvae are imbedded in this and have no larval cell separable from it. The galls are sessile on the midvein, on the upper surface of the leaf, and the point of attachment extends along the vein one- fourth of an inch. The leaves of the oak are very large, measuring more than six inches in width, and the species is probably Q. crassifolia, at least the leaves agree with the description and illustration of this species as given in Humboldt and Bonpland's " Plantes Equinoctiales." [Based on modern information, this assumption was apparently incorrect, and Q magnoliifolia is a more likely host.]

Andricus howertoni, n. sp.

Galls. — Woody, club-like enlargements of the tips of the twigs one of the New Mexican oaks, species uncertain. They bear some resemblance to the galls of A. clavula Bass, and A. similis Bass. When green they are covered with leaves even more completely than the first named well-known species, and these and their large stipules still adhere to the dried galls. They are monothalamous, the enclosed larval chamber is not free, and is placed near the base of the gall and immediately above it is a much larger, irregular open space, through which the insect passes in leaving the gall. The galls are rather irregular in shape, but when green are probably about three- fourths by one-half inch in diameter. In some specimens the gall does not wholly retard the axis of growth, and short, leafy stems project out of it. 

Amphibolips caroliniensis n. sp.

The galls belong to the oak-apple family, and much resemble those of A. sponglfica O. S. and A. coccinea O. S., but the surface is more coarsely reticulated and less glossy, and internally the spongy mass surrounding the larval cell is of a much darker color. The shell is also much thinner, and, in my dried specimens, is irregularly shrunken and depressed, until they look like pressed figs. I am not sure as to the species of oak on which they grew, but the few immature leaves that came with the galls seem to be those of Q. obtusiloba. The galls are attached to the midvein near the base of the leaf and prevent its development beyond the point of attachment; they are as large as those of A. spongifica, and differ widely from A. cinerea described by Mr. Ashmead.

I received this species from Mr. M. E. Hyams, of Statesville, N. C

New Species of North American Cynipidae (1890)