Phylloxera spinosa

Phylloxera caryaeglobuli

Phylloxera caryaesepta

Phylloxera subelliptica

Phylloxera depressa

Phylloxera conica

Phylloxera caryaemagna

Phylloxera minima

Phylloxera caryaesemen

Phylloxera foreata

Phylloxera globosa

Dactylosphaera spinosum, n. sp. 
Gall No. 12.

Hosts: Carya amara [cordiformis]

Yellowish, pubescent, covered with spines, quite irregular; opening beneath elongate, sinuate. This gall, from its being spinose and irregular, is quite in contrast with all the others of the series. 


Dactylosphaera hemisphericum, n. sp?
Gall No. 1

?Phylloxera caryae-globuli

Hosts: Carya alba [tomentosa]

This is a large, subhemispherical gall, situate in the parenchyma of the leaf, generally projecting above the plane of the latter. Structure somewhat thick, tough and dense, the average thickness of the walls being about .05 inch. Color pale whitish-green, much paler than the leaf, the upper surface frequently tinged with red and often quite purple-red. Size : diameter in the plane of the leaf, .25 to .5 inch; vertical diameter one-half.

These galls open beneath with a slit, the length of which is about one-third of the diameter of the gall; its direction is usually in, or somewhat oblique to, that of the veins of the leaf, and when oblique, more nearly parallel with the longitudinal axis of the leaf The lips of these slits arc pinched so tightly together as to project out and their margins are either smooth or slightly hairy. Sometimes a leaf contains but a single gall, others two or more. The galls may be scattered irregularly on the leaf, or placed in one or two rows along and near the mid-rib, and one or two dozen may be found in a single row, placed so closely together as to be contiguous. 

On June 18th, the galls were in prime condition for examining the inhabitants; many were opening at the slit beneath and the winged imagos escaping in great numbers.

I am rather suspicious that this maybe the Phylloxera caryae-globuli of Walsh; but he says that the gall of his species is "spherical," and also that the size of the insect is ".07 to .08 inch in length ;" and that the abdomen is blackish. But unless described from living specimens, the color is of no value, as they all turn black after death. 

Dactylosphaera caryae-septum, n. sp.
Gall No. 2

Hosts: Carya alba [tomentosa]

On the same leaves with the [galls described above (No. 1)](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2874) I found (June 7th) many presenting the following characters: Flattish, opening both above and below, in nipple-like projections, both surrounded by a downy substance, the upper opening being smaller and closer. 

On opening the gall by a vertical cut, I observed a partly broken septum in the plane of the leaf, the border of the partition remaining, but the centre gone. A flat, dense, rim-like border extended around this septum into the parenchyma of the leaf, beyond the gall, so that the margins of the cut gall presented quite an acute angle. The greater part of the gall was above the leaf and its cavity was somewhat like two cones, with their bases together at the septum, the upper being much the larger. I opened one gall in which the inhabitants had perished when it was about one-fourth grown ; in this the partition was complete. Diameter .25 inch; inside diameter .08 inch; distance between the vertical orifices .15 inch. 

Phylloxera caryae-foliae, Fitch, has a somewhat similar gall, but that opens only above, while the one under consideration opens both above and below, the principal opening being beneath. 

Dactylosphaera subellipticum, n. sp.
Gall No. 3

Hosts: Carya alba [tomentosa]

 On June 7th, I observed, placed in the common petiole of the leaf, large, elongate, subelipsoidal, nut-like galls, of a deep leaf-green color, mottled with paler green, and somewhat nodulated; some were irregular, being on the side of the stem; but most of them are quite regular in form, and completely surrounding the stem; in these latter the leaves are very much dwarfed. The opening is on the middle of the side, slightly elongate, but at this date so close as to be scarcely apparent. These galls contain capacious cavities, in which were found vast colonies of larvae, and an abundance of eggs. Transverse diameter 5/8 inch; conjugate diameter 3/8 inch. 

By June 20th, these galls had considerably changed in appearance, being contorted into different shapes ; they had began to crack open, having transverse fissues [sic] on their outer surface. The first one opened contained many hundred winged imagos, all dead, and in the midst of them was a large syrphidian larva. I found only one gall that contained perfect living imagos, the inhabitants of all the other galls that were examined, having been destroyed by various enemies. 

Dactylosphaera depressum, n. sp.
Gall No. 4

Hosts: Carya alba [tomentosa]

These galls were found to be exceedingly numerous on some trees. On June 20th, they were smooth, slightly rounded above, pale yellowish-green; beneath somewhat whiter, and having in the centre a nipple-like projection; opening round, surrounded with a burr- like fringe composed of many filiments,the cavity like an inverted cone, the wall above being quite thin and translucent, so that the inmates may be seen moving about. This apparently very flat gall was placed as much below as above the plane of the leaf. Diameter .15 — .25 inch ; vertical thickness .125 inch. 

Dactylosphaera conicum, n. sp.
Gall No. 5

Hosts: Carya alba [tomentosa]

A subhemispherical gall, projecting beneath into a conoidal point, with a round opening. On June 21st, these contained a great number of pupae, and a few winged imagos. The walls are very thick and the opening below quite close, so that little or no light gains access to the cavity. This gall matures its inhabitants about one week or ten days later than does gall No. 1, which were at this time almost all gone, while these are only just commencing to develope the perfect insect. 

Dactylosphaera caryae-magnum, n. sp.?
Gall No. 6

?Pemphigus caryae-caulis [this synonymy is not valid]

Hosts: Carya amara [cordiformis]

Subglobular galls, varying in size from a quarter of an inch to one inch in diameter, the average being about half an inch, situate on leaf or its stems or mid-ribs; color greenish-white, sometimes with a blush of red on one side. The opening is beneath, in the shape of a small, elongate slit, which at length cracks open, like a chestnut burr, in three or four long slits running up the sides; after this the gall soon turns black and dries away. The cavity within is capacious, the walls being about 1/8 in thickness. 

On June 17th I observed thousands of those galls and took home a large botanical box full for study. They were so numerous as to injure the growth of the trees. Those galls that had not yet began to open, and within which no parasites had gained access, were so thickly studded with young lice, that their abdomens pointed directly inward towards the centre, resembling the crystals in a geode, being wedged in as densely as mosaic work, while the whole central cavity was crowded with winged imagos; the former held on with great tenacity, while the latter were easily shaken out. In one gall I counted as many as one thousand inhabitants. At this time (June 17th) many of the galls had cracked open and the winged imagos were escaping in immense numbers. No eggs were found. The larvae were pale greenish-yellow. On June 25th the galls were all dry, black and deserted. 

Dactylosphaera minimum, n. sp.
Gall No. 7

Hosts: Carya amara [cordiformis]

Small round galls, generally very numerous in the leaves, and in some cases almost entirely covering them, a single leaf sometimes containing upwards of 250 galls ; the average size larger than those of No. 8, although often quite as small, the larger ones measuring three-sixteenths of an inch in diameter. They were (June 25th) quite hard and smooth, and present, especially above, a bright shining appearance; They were quite thick and plump, the vertical diameter Compared with the horizontal diameter being as 2 to 3, and were much more plump and elevated above the leaf than those of No. 8. The portions of the leaf between the gulls had in some cases turned crimson. I found from three to twenty-five inhabitants in a gall; the round opening beneath was so close as to be pretty safe against enemies, as I found none in the galls opened thus far. Larvae and pupae whitish, with red eyes; mother insect cinnamon color and smaller than the pupa. 

On July 5th, I found winged imagos in all the galls, large and small, that were opened, the smallest galls not much exceeding .05 inch in diameter; when opened, the young insects eagerly ran out, and all presented the same pale, translucent appearance, with minute dark spots on the anterior part of the body, which is in contrast with the inhabitants of gall No. 8. The winged imago was first observed on June 30th. 

Dactylosphaera caryae-semen
Gall No. 8

Hosts: Carya amara [cordiformis]

Resembles gall [No. 7,](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/2881) but generally smaller, less firm, more leathery and pliable, less rounded above, and some yellow in color. They are very numerous, having counted as many as eight hundred on a single leaf; where they arc thus crowded together, they are very small, say from .25 — .10 inch, in diameter. 

On June 9th the eggs were hatching and the young could be seen running about on the leaves as well as in the galls. The mother insect was then a pale yellowish, subglobular mass, length .02 inch. 

On July 23rd, I found the galls still containing both eggs and larvae, the older galls becoming uninhabited, while up on the top limbs and young shoots, the new galls were becoming so numerous as to interfere with the growth of the leaves, and it appeared impossible for the galls to develop. 

Although I have never succeeded in finding a winged imago, after having examined hundreds of galls, I presume it to be identical with the species mentioned by Mr. Walsh, {Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil, vi, 28o), as caryae-semen. Should it not prove to be a variety of D, globosum, the name will be as follows: 

Dactylosphaera caryae-semen
caryaesemen, Walsh, MS. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil, vi, p. 283. 

For a description of the gall, egg, larva, and mother insect, see my paper in Proc. Acad. Nut. Sci. Jan. 1867, where I included it under D. globosum ; because, although the galls were of different size, I could not detect any difference in the eggs, larva) and mother insect, and for other reasons there assigned. It must be admitted, however, that the similarity of the inhabitants, same color of eggs, and lateness of development of both galls are characters of great weight; and Mr. Walsh, in his First Report on the Noxious Insects of Illinois, says that the anatomical differences between the galls of his caryae-globuli and caryae-semen are quite well marked, the former opening with a slit and the latter with a round nipple-like projection, &c. &c. 

Dactylosphaera foreatum, n. sp.
Gall No. 9

Hosts: Carya amara [cordiformis]

On the same leaves containing the small galls, Nos. 7 and 8, I observed a number of larger ones with a dimpled depression above (which may be caused by the collapse of the thin paper-like centre), an opening beneath by a rounded, downy orifice, and having a diameter of .06 — .33 inch, and a vertical depth of .12 — .16 inch; all contained the female and her eggs, and some larvae. 

On June 20th the winged imagos were very plenty, but no eggs could be found.

Dactylosphaera globosum
Gall No. 10.

Hosts: Carya amara [cordiformis]

This is the gall of my B. globosum, described at length in Proc. Acad. Nat. Scr. Phil., Jan. 1867, and, with No. 8, are the only known Hickory galls that have the character of being soft and leathery in structure. The perfect insect was found between Sept. 20th, and Oct. 20th 1866, since which time I have not seen it. I then described it as being found on what I supposed to be Carya glabra, but which now proves to be C. amara. See below. 

This is so manifestly distinct from caryae-globuli, Walsh, that a comparison is uncalled for; the latter is said to mature in June, while globosum matures in October; and the opening of the galls are quite different in shape, that of globosum being rounded and on a nipple-like projection, while that of caryae-globuli is an elongated slit. 

I am not at all certain that Gall No. 8, is specifically distinct from this. 

Dactylosphaera coniferum, n. sp.
Gall No. 11

Hosts: Carya amara [cordiformis]

Very thick, depressed, slightly elevated above the leaf conical below ; contained many larvae and yellow pupa, but at this date (June 18th) too late to find the eggs. This gall is almost like No. 4 with the walls much thicker.

A summers study of hickory galls, with descriptions of supposed new insects bred therefrom