Euura orbitalis

Euura salicisovum

Euura salicisovulum

Euura salicisnodus

Euura atra

Euura salicispomum

Euura salicisdesmodioides

Euura salicispisum

Euura salicisgemma

Valid name. — Euura orbitalis Norton 1862 (= Euura salicisgemma Walsh, synonymized by Norton 1867). 

Host. — According to Walsh (1866b: 248, 250), this species creates bud galls on Salix humilis Marsh. 

Notes. — We studied specimens from Canada (Quebec and Ontario) and U.S.A. (Illinois, Missouri, New Hampshire, and New York).

Euura salicisovum 

Valid name. — Euura salicisovum Walsh. 

Host. — According to Walsh on "S. cordata.'' Its currently accepted name is Salix eriocephala Michaux (= cordata Muhlenberg not Michaux) (Argus 1997). The galls are "monothalomous, spongy, growing from the side of the twig." Galls obviously belonging to this species were common on S. eriocephala around Ithaca, NY, in 1997 (Fig. 10). 

Notes. — For further notes, see also Euura salicisovulum Walsh. 

Euura perturbans 

Valid name. — Euura salicisovum Walsh (= Euura perturbans Walsh). 

Notes. — Euura perturbans was synonymized by Marlatt (1896). We consider this a color variation and accept the previously proposed synonymy under E. salicisovum.

Euura salicisovulum

Valid name. — Euura salicisovulum Walsh. 

Notes. — The galls are the same as those of Euura salicisovum; the larvae, according to Walsh, are distinguished from those making galls on Salix eriocephala being "all decidedly pale greenish," while those of E. salicisovum were "all decidedly yellowish." No galls were found by Walsh on Salix discolor which is closely related to S. humilis. 

The taxonomic status of this species and its host plant specificity are not quite clear. Galls of this type occur not only on Salix eriocephala and S. humilis (including var. tristis), as stated by Walsh, but also on S. discolor and S. petiolaris. All such galls seem to be associated with a bud, which is however left unmodified, the swelling always situated just below the bud. 

Specimens that seem to be conspecific with E. salicisovum are known from Illinois and Virginia, but all of them are either captured or reared from undetermined willows. We are not sure if they belong to E. salicisovum or to the complex of the sibling species involving E. salicisovulum. Thus, we cannot designate a neotype yet. 

Euura salicisnodus

Valid name. — Euura salicisnodus Walsh. 

Host. — According to Walsh '"Salix longifolia.'' Its currently used name is either Salix interior Rowlee (= longifolia Muhlenberg) or Salix exigua ssp. interior (Rowlee) Cronquist (see Argus 1997). The galls are "a mere enlargement of the twig, polythalamous, pitchy inside, with its cells all internal" (Fig. 12). 

Notes. — This species is probably related to E. atra Jurine, a species introduced from Europe together with its host plants Salix alba L. and S". fragilis L. and their hybrids. Euura salicisnodus is separated from E. atra by its extensive paler coloration and the galls which form an enlargement of the twig. Euura atra does not produce enlargements of the twig; its galls are practically unnoticeable. Examined specimens are from Illinois, New York, Michigan (?), Ohio, and Canada (London, Ontario). Two species described from the western United States, Euura macgillivrayi Rohwer and Euura exigua E. L. Smith, are associated with the same willow species (or very closely related ones) and they might prove to be only geographical forms of E. salicisnodus.

[In the entry for [Euura salicisnodus](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3576)]

Notes. — This species is probably related to E. atra Jurine, a species introduced from Europe together with its host plants Salix alba L. and S. fragilis L. and their hybrids. Euura salicisnodus is separated from E. atra by its extensive paler coloration and the galls which form an enlargement of the twig. Euura atra does not produce enlargements of the twig; its galls are practically unnoticeable. 

Eupontania salicispomum, new combination

Nematus salicispomum

 Valid name. — Eupontania salicispomum (Walsh), new combination. 

Host. — The galls are on Salix eriocephala Michaux (= S. cordata). A subsidiary host plant might be Salix discolor Muhlenberg. Walsh wrote about it as follows: "On S. cordata, (and very rarely on Salix discolor)"; he found galls of Nematus salicispisum and galls "so identical in appearance with S. pomum"' on the same bushes." "In both the above two cases a few discolor bushes were growing in the midst of very large numbers of S. cordata, the species on which S. pomum is normally found." These data on its host plant specificity seem to be reliable, but confirmation by rearing adults is needed. 

The galls are roundish (apple-like), transected by the leaf blade with a large part of the gall visible from the upper side of the leaf, but the larger part of the gall is situated below leaf surface (illustrated by Zinovjev and Smith 1999: 361, fig. 2). 

Nematus hospes

Valid name. — Eupontania salicispomum (Walsh) (= Nematus hospes Walsh). 

Notes. — According to Walsh "absolutely undistinguishable from the normal type of the gall-making N. s. pomum.'' Marlatt (1896) synonymized N. hospes, and these species have always been treated as conspecific.

Eupontania salicisdesmodioides, new combination

Nematus salicisdesmodioides

 Valid name. — Eupontania salicisdesmodioides (Walsh), new combination. 

Host. — Salix humilis Marshall. 

Notes. — The galls are "semicircular in outline, sessile" (transected by the leaf blade and equally developed on both sides of the leaf). An additional female was examined from Massachusetts.

Nematus inquilinus

Valid name. — Eupontania salicisdesmodiodes (Walsh) (= Nematus inquilinus Walsh). 

Notes. — This species was placed in synonymy with Nematus salicisdesmodioides Walsh (Marlatt 1896) and was listed as "unplaced" by Smith (1979). The type material was reared from galls on Salix humilis, the host plant of Eupontania salicisdesmodioides. To fix the usage of this name we designate the lectotype of Nematus salicisdesmodioides as neotype of Nematus inquilinus Walsh. 

Eupontania salicispisum, new combination. 

Nematus salicispisum

Valid name. — Eupontania salicispisum (Walsh), new combination. 

Host. — Salix discolor: The gall is illustrated by Zinovjev and Smith (1999: fig. 1). They are small, rounded, and attached to the sideveins, with a very small scar visible from the upperside and concave below the leaf surface. 

Nematus quercicola 

Valid name. — Eupontania salicispisum (Walsh) (= Nematus quercicola Walsh). 

Notes. — Nematus quercicola was treated as a synonym of the preceding species by Marlatt (1896), or by others (e.g.. Smith 1979) as a nomen nudum because the only character mentioned by Walsh to distin- guish it from the preceding species was that "all N. s. pisum went underground to pupize" and 'N. quercicola pupized in the gall." A biological feature such as this, by formal reasons, could be treated as a "character," and we should accept this name as an available one. According to Walsh, this species "cannot be distinguished from the gallmaking N. s. pisum male, female." 

Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) described by Benjamin D. Walsh, with notes on their hosts and biology