Euura exiguae

Euura geyerianae

Euura breweriae

Euura scoulerianae

Euura lemmoniae

Euura lasiolepis

Euura s-lasiandra-petiole-gall

Euura s-lemmonii-bud-gall

Euura exiguae, n. sp.

[Photos of many examples of this gall appear in Figure 31, page 15 of the pdf]

Gall--Exiguoid-type, thin walled, tapering at both ends, outline sinuate or linear, 20-70 mm long X 5-15 mm wide; surface smooth, pubescent or glabrous, but never glaucous; mature gall uniform brown to russet with exit hole plugged with frass made by mature larva before pupating; 1-4 larvae/gall; willow a silvery, racemose shrub usually under 2 m in sandy soil in or along watercourses. 

Host.—Salix exiguae Nuttall including ssp. exigua, melanopsis (Nuttall) Cronquist, and synonyms sessilifolia Nuttall (of Jepson 1951, not Cronquist 1964) and hindsiana Bentham; apparently not including ssp. interior (Rowlee) Cronquist, east of Rocky Mountains. 

Range.—With the willow at least north of Transverse Ranges up to 750m, probably eastward throughout (Treat Basin to Rocky Mountains up to 2300 m. 

Remarks.—Emergence and oviposition, early March through April, both peaking in late March. Euura exiguae is the commonest sawfly in California and is extremely abundant locally on river sandbars and banks. The species of Euura on S exigua in the Great Basin is probably the same as E. exiguae, but its ocellar basin is often similar to E. lemmoniae, and the sheath is rougher in outline than that of individuals from cismontane California. 

Euura geyerianae, n. sp.

[Photos of many examples of this gall appear in Figure 32, page 15 of the pdf]

GALL. — Exiguoid-type (Fig. 32); thick walled, shape bulbous, surface smooth, glabrous, undulating; young galls very blue-white glaucous, mature glossy green to mottled red and brown, occasionally glaucous; size 7-15 mm long X 5-10 mm wide; exit hole made by larva before pupating; willow a clustering, glaucous-branched shrub usually under 4 m in wet sites from lodgepole pine forest (in California) down to juniper-pinyon sagebrush woodland (in Oregon). 

Host.—Salix geyeriana Andersson. 

Range.—Adults reared only from type-locality in southern Oregon. Rare galls seen at Hobart Mills, Nevada County, California (elev. 1797 m) along Prosser Creek east of the Sierra Nevada crest

Euura breweriae, n. sp.

[Photos of many examples of this gall appear in Figure 34, page 16 of the pdf]

GALL.—Lasiolepoid-type (Fig. 34); thin walled, elongate, irregular in shape, 20-40 mm long X 5-15 mm wide; color vivid yellow-green tinged with red; immature galls very pubescent, pale green; mature galls shiny; 1-3 larvae/gall. 

Host.—Salix breweri Bebb. 

Range.—Inner California Coast Ranges presumably with the willow, 50-300 m; sawfly collected only from Putah Creek basin, southwest Yolo and adjacent Napa Counties, 50-75 km west of Sacramento. 

Remarks. — Emergence and oviposition April to early May. The host range is poorly known; S. breweri is a clustering serpentine endemic within stream beds in the Chaparral of the inner California coast ranges, 0.5-3 m tall, the dominant willow along the main tributaries of the upper Putah Creek basin. 

Euura scoulerianae, n. sp.

[Photos of many examples of this gall appear in Figure 33, page 16 of the pdf]

GALL. — Exiguoid-type (Fig. 33); thick walled, shape elongate, irregular, usually tapering apically, 20-40 mm long X 5-15 mm wide, surface smooth, occasionally pubescent, but usually shiny; young gall dark green with red mottlings which usually turn brown on mature galls; exit hole cut by mature larva and plugged with frass before pupating; gall often dried hard and colored gray by spring; host willow a clustering shrub or small tree, usually under 4 m, with pungent foliage, even when dried; willow usually on very dry elevations (for a willow) in yellow pine-red fir and lodgepole pine forests. 

Host.—Salix scouleriana Barratt. 

Range.—With the willow in the Sierra Nevada and adjacent ranges from Mt. Shasta southward, between 1300 and 2100 m. 

Remarks.—Emergence and oviposition from early May to mid June, with cocooning in late September. This is a sympatric sibling species with E. lemmoniae and E. lasiolepis. The scarcity of paratypes results from late recognition of the species (1967) and the consistently high level of parasitism (rarely below 75%) throughout its range.

Euura lemmoniae, n. sp.

[Photos of many examples of this gall appear in Figure 36, page 16 of the pdf]

GALL.—Lasiolepoid-type (Fig. 36); very similar to that of E. lasiolepis but usually smaller (10-60 mm X 6-15 mm) and more globose; surface usually striate, matte; color dark green to red-brown; willow a clustering shrub usually under 3 m tall, (rarely to 5 m) on boggy sites from upper yellow pine forest to upper lodgepole pine forest. 

Host.—Salix lemmonii Bebb. 

Range.—With the willow in the Sierra Nevada and adjacent ranges from Mount Lassen south, between 1500 and 2800 m, principally 2100-2500 m. The lower elevations are all in cold alpine meadows in the north-central Sierra Nevada, and equivalent to higher altitudes elsewhere. 

Remarks.—Emergence and oviposition late April to mid June, peaking in late May; very abundant in alpine meadows, attaining enormous populations locally; see comment in discussion of speciation in stem-galling Euura.

Euura lasiolepis n. sp.

[Photos of many examples of this gall appear in Figure 35, page 16 of the pdf]

GALL.—Lasiolepoid-type (Fig. 35); thick walled, tortuous; surface smooth, shiny, or corrugated; color yellow-green except purple to red in bright sun; 20-70 mm long X 3-21 mm wide; 1-5 larvae/gall; willow a shrub or small tree usually under 5 m, but to 10 m in wet sites. 

Host.—Salix lasiolepis Bentham. 

Range.—With the willow at least from Monterey County north to Mendocino County, California, and from the coast to the west face of the Sierra Nevada (but see subsequent discussion). 

Remarks.—Emergence and oviposition from late February to early June, peaking in early March; coast and valley populations with cocooning from October through February. Locally very abundant on susceptible willow clones along roadside ditches and sloughs, and marshy areas along foothill streams. East of the Sierra Nevada Divide from 1225—1825 m is a black Euura on S. lasiolepis, average saw L:W = 17.5:1, dimensions 1.56 mm X 0.09 mm, body slightly paler and smaller than coastal (black) phase. For status of this, another form on 3". rigida, and sibling species on S. scouleriana, see discussion of speciation in stem-galling Euura. 

[Euura sp., petiole and midrib galls on S lasiandra]

[Photos of many examples of this gall appear in Figure 30, page 15 of the pdf]

[Euura sp. bud gall on Salix lemmonii]

[Photos of many examples of this gall appear in Figure 29, page 15 of the pdf]

Biosystematics and morphology of Symphyta. I. Stem-galling Euura of the California region, and a new female genitalic nomenclature