Euura s-lasiandra-like-proxima

Euura type-ii-leaf-gall

Euura type-iii-leaf-gall

Euura type-iv-leaf-gall

Euura type-v-leaf-gall

Euura type-vi-leaf-gall

Euura s-sitchensis-apple-gall

Euura s-breweri-pilose-gall

Euura s-lasiandra-petiole-gall

Euura salix-petiole-gall

Euura pacifica

Euura californica

a gall, similar to the one made by P. proxima, is made by a species on the native S. lasiandra in the Sierra Nevada and adjacent ranges at elevations of 1660-2200 m, and it is unlikely that it will prove to be P. proxima.

[A photo of these galls appears in Figure 5A, page 6 of the pdf]

Pontania with Type II galls [Smith does not name or describe a species and is ambiguous about whether he considers these host varieties or distinct species on each host.]

[A cross sectional drawing appears in Figure 4, on page 5 of the pdf]

Pontania with Type II galls are confined to the exiguoid willows (in California, S exigua and varieties, and S. geyeriana Andersson). These cecidia are large (9-12 mm), round, thin-walled, have a slightly wrinkled surface, and protrude through both upper and lower surfaces of the leaf. They do not fit any of Benson's categories. S. geyeriana is very pruinose (covered with a white, waxy bloom), and so is the gall. The unidentified Pontania is a robust amber and brown species. Since S. exigua is not pruinose, neither is the gall. The Pontania on it is entirely black. These 2 willows are sympatric in transmontane California (i.e., that portion of California east of the Sierra Nevada Crest) from 1200 to 2100 m, and so are the sawflies.

Pontania with Type III galls [Smith does not name or describe a species and is ambiguous about whether he considers these host varieties or distinct species on each host.]

[A cross sectional drawing appears in Figure 4, on page 5 of the pdf]

Type III galls are attached to the S. myrtillifolia Andersson-glauca L.-phylicifolia L. complexes, and apparently equivalent to part of the P. vesicator (Bremi) group of Benson. The gall is large and oval (10 mm), and protrudes through both leaf surfaces from the midrib. It has slightly irregular, moderately thick walls, and a smooth surface which may be lightly pilose in those incited on the S. myrtillifolia and S. glauca complexes, or shiny and glabrous when on the S phylicifolia complex.

Pontania with Type IV galls [Smith does not name or describe a species and is ambiguous about whether he considers these host varieties or distinct species on each host.]

[A cross sectional drawing appears in Figure 4, on page 5 of the pdf. Two photos appear on page 7, Figure 6.]

Type IV is on the S. lasiolepis group, and is a small (5 mm) thin-walled variety, probably equivalent to part of Benson's P. viminalis (L.) group. The gall hangs from the under surface of the leaf midrib, and is smooth and glossy (Fig. 6 A). The gall may be conical or ovoid on the long axis. The Pontania of this group making galls on S. lemmonii and relatives and on S. rigida [cordata?] tend toward having spherical cecidia, while those on S. scouleriana Barratt are usually conical (Fig. 6 B). All are montane, although the one on S. rigida ranges throughout the Great Basin.

Pontania with Type V galls [Smith does not name or describe a species and is ambiguous about whether he considers these host varieties or distinct species on each host.]

[A cross sectional drawing appears in Figure 4, on page 5 of the pdf]

Type V Pontania galls are on the S. lasiolepis group also, and are large (10 mm) and thick-walled. They come closest to some in Benson's P. viminalis group. The galls hang from the under surface of the leaf midrib and are round, smooth-surfaced, and usually on a short pedicel. There are 2 species of Pontania known from the far west with galls of this type. An amber one on S. rigida [cordata?] in the Great Basin makes a cecidium with a glossy surface, and a black species makes galls with pruinose surfaces on S. sp. near lemmonii in central Oregon.

Pontania with Type VI galls [Smith does not name or describe a species and is ambiguous about whether he considers these host varieties or distinct species on each host.]

[A cross sectional drawing appears in Figure 4, on page 5 of the pdf]

Type VI is the most common Pontania gall-form in California. It is large (10 mm), thick-walled, and protrudes through both upper and lower leaf surfaces. The galls may be round or oval, and the surface is smooth (or pubescent, if the host is so) except for characteristic warty lenticels. Adjacent cecidia frequently anastamose. This category comes close also to the P. viminalis group. On S. sp. near lemmonii in extreme northern California, Type VI galls are pruinose (host plant effect), but nearly all others of Type VI are glossy or lightly pubescent. The most common Pontania in California makes galls that belong to this group, and has been known traditionally as P. pacifica Marlatt. The actual identity of this polymorphic species is unclear, and it is probably synonymous with [P. californica Marlatt](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3539) and others described by him in his 1896 paper. The species attacks S. lasiolepis, especially variety bigelovii Torrey, and the center of distribution is from Monterey County north through Marin County along the California coast. There is another species of Pontania on transmontane S. lasiolepis. Other Pontania making Type VI galls include the very common species on S. lemmonii and Salix sp. near lemmonii, and a rare one on S. scouleriana. Both are common throughout the Sierra Nevada and in the southern Cascade Range. 

The Pontania on S. sitchensis Sanson ranges throughout the Sierras and Cascades, and resembles [Type VI](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3662) except for a lack of stomata (Fig. 5 B) [see page 6 of the pdf for figure].

A Pontania on the California-endemic S. breweri Bebb makes rather pilose galls which have relatively thin, irregular walls with occasional lenticels, and the cecidia may anastamose.

The petiole gall-makers (subgenus Euura, in part) are the next most specialized. Six species of Salix in all groups are attacked in California, but exactly how many species of sawflies are involved is not known. All but one are smaller (females are 5 mm or under) than either the stem or bud-gallers. Petiole-galling Euura pupate in the soil as do the Euura {Gemmura). By far the most common species of this type is the exceptionally large (8 mm) one on S lasiandra (Fig. 7 B). It is widespread from sea level along the Pacific Coast to above 2000 m in the Sierra Nevada. The gall is up to 40x20 mm, and may be on petioles, midribs, or both. Infestations are massive, and a single tree may have most leaves with several galls. Up to 4 pale green larvae may inhabit a single gall, and parasites rarely destroy all of them. Late instar larvae may cut holes in the walls of the gall and clean house as do P. proxima. The purple-gray last stage larvae depart over a period of 2 or 3 weeks from each gall. The presence of the petiole gall apparently inhibits abcisin formation, since infested leaves may remain on the branches until blown off or decayed. Montane and littoral specimens of petiole galling Euura on S. lasiandra appear to be the same species, but series are difficult to obtain, abundance of galls notwithstanding. While other petiole gall-makers present the same rearing problems as do the Gemmura, and are usually even less common, the Euura on S. lasiandra seems to have some peculiar diapause-breaking requirement. One can rear hundreds to the prepupa and never get an adult.

[This entry is a placeholder for petiole galls on any Salix species in the West that is apparently neither the one Russo lists [Salix lasiandra](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3625) or the one he lists on [Salix barclayi](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3626).]

The petiole gall-makers (subgenus Euura, in part) are the next most specialized. Six species of Salix in all groups are attacked in California, but exactly how many species of sawflies are involved is not known. 

The next most common petiole-galler in the far west is a tiny (under 5 mm) species on transmontane S. Exigua in the Great Basin. Occasional petiole galls of other species are found on S. lasiolepis, S. Iemmonii, S. sp. near lemmonii, and S. geyeriana. 

Biosystematics and morphology of Symphyta. II. Biology of gall-making nematine sawflies in the California region