Disholcaspis laetae (agamic)

Disholcaspis potosina (agamic)

Disholcaspis pulla (agamic)

Disholcaspis purlans (agamic)

Disholcaspis purpurea (agamic)

Disholcaspis regina (agamic)

Dros moreliense (agamic)

Dros perlentum (agamic)

Dros picatum (agamic)

Druon linaria (agamic)

Druon protagion (agamic)

Druon receptum (agamic)

Druon rusticum (agamic)

Femuros repandae (agamic)

Femuros ruidum (agamic)

Feron tibiale (agamic)

Feron verutum (agamic)

Feron vitreum (agamic)

Feron cylindratum (agamic)

Disholcaspis laetae, n. sp.
Agamic form

Gall: Basically but not closely similar to that of [D perniciosa.](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/942) Quite globular in shape, with a drawn-out, nipple-shaped tip; color light tan yellow to rose and tan brown, weathering darker; the surface smooth and shining, entirely without scurf; up to 9 mm in diameter; occurring as scattered galls on stems, or in small, compact clusters of usually 3 to 5 galls.

Host: Quercus laeta

Range: San Luis Potosi: Rio Verde. Probably restricted to a portion of the Eastern Sierra which includes the eastern mountains of San Luis Potosi.

Life history: Adults Feb 15

This species is a member of the same complex as the American species Disholcaspis perniciosa. It is a very close relative of D potosina which is described below. Laetae and potosina occur together in the Eastern Sierra of San Luis Potosi; but laetae occurs on the small tree, Q laeta, and D potosina occurs on scrub oaks of the Q potosina group. The galls of laetae are globular to breast-shaped, and they occur only as scattered galls or in compact clusters of 3 to 5 galls; the galls of potosina are more ellipsoidal or compressed cushion-shaped, and they occur in clusters of 12 to 20 galls continuously distributed along the stem.

Laetae is still closer to D purlans which occurs in the not distant Sierra of northern Hidalgo. The galls of the two are very nearly alike.

Disholcaspis potosina n. sp.
Agamic form

Gall. Similar to that of [D. perniciosa](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/942). Ellipsoidal or compressed cushion-shaped, without a nipple-like tip; color rich tan to ruddy brown, darkening to brownish black with age; the surface fairly rough, with a bit of puberulence on fresh galls, with some rough scurf on weathered galls; up to 8. num, in length and 5.mm. in height; occurring in fair-sized clusters of up to 20 galls continuously distributed along the young stems. 

Host. Quercus potosina variety, the common scrub oak of the area, 

Range. San Luis Potosi: Rio Verde, 14 W, 6500’. Cerritos, 25 W, 6000’. Probably restricted to a portion of the Eastern Sierra of Mexico including the eastern mountains of San Luis Potosi. 

Disholcaspis pulla, n. sp. 
Agamic form

Gall. — Basically but not closely similar to that of [D. perniciosa.](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/942) Pointed breast-shaped, the swollen, globose base terminating in a conical tip, with a fairly fine point; color tan brown, weathering darker brown: with a heavy tan scurf (as heavy as in the D. cinerosa complex); up to 7.5 mm. in diameter and 9.0 mm. high; occurring in dense, elongate clusters of up to 20 galls, spreading for 40, or 50. mm. along the young twigs. 

Host, — A tree form of Quercus breviloba [sinuata breviloba]. 

Range. — Nuevo Leon: Monterrey, 28 SE, 1300’. — Tamaulipas: Villagran, 5 S, 1000k — Probably confined to the single oak in the northeastern corner of Mexico, at low elevations east of the Eastern Sierra.

Life History. — Adults: November 29. December 6. 7, 14. The bulk of the emergence late in November. 

This species in common on the big oak of the Q. breviloba complex which occurs at places along the Laredo-Mexico City highway between Monterrey and Ciudad Victoria. This puts it 150 miles south of the Rio Grande. There is no direct connection with eastern Texas but, there is a more round-about connection with Central Texas, and a fairly direct connection through Coahuila with the mountains of the Big Bend of Texas. Also in Coahuila, eastern and Western Sierras meet; and it is, in consequence not surprising to find the present species of cynipid a close relative of the Rocky Mountain D. perniciosa and of the other Rocky Mountain and Western Sierran species of the complex. The species is not so closely related to any of the other members of the complex described in the present paper.

Disholcaspis purlans, n. sp.
Agamic form

Gall. — Basically but not closely similar to that of D. perniciosa. Swollen breast-shaped, the irregularly globose base terminating in a bluntly conical tip but not in a fine point; color tan or rosy brown, darkening with age; smooth and shining, entirely without scurf; up to 10. mm. in diameter and IL mm. high; occurring singly or in small, compact dusters of 2 to 4 galls. 

Host. — A small tree of the Quercus reticulata complex. Range. — Hidalgo: Jacala, 7 NE, 5000'*. Jacala, 5 W, 5000’. — Probably restricted to a portion of the Eastern Sierra of Mexico in northern Hidalgo and in the immediately adjacent areas of other states. 

Life History. — Adults: December 10. January 2, 16. Most of the emergence in the first half of December. 

This insect occurs on one of the small trees of the Q, reticulata group of oaks in the northern end of the state of Hidalgo. In the same area, D. purpurea occurs on the low dwarf oaks; but purpurea has black on and between the anterior parallel lines and on the lateral lines, and it is not a very close relative of purlans, purlans is more closely related to D. laetae from the Eastern Sierra of San Luis Potosi. The galls of purlans and laetae are very similar. 

Disholcaspis purpurea n. sp. 
Agamic form

Gall. — Basically similar to that of [D. perniciosa](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/942). Ellipsoidal or swollen (less often compressed), cushion-shaped, usually without a nipple-like tip though sometimes with a blunt tip; color yellow brown to tan, rose brown, and darker brown, darkening with age; essentially smooth and shining, without bloom or scurf; up to 8. mm. in length and 7. mm. high; occurring in dense, elongate clusters of up to 30 galls spread for 40. mm. or more along the stems. 

Host. — Quereus repanda var. [unclear if this is Quercus repanda or Quercus microphylla today], the low, dwarf oak of the region. Range. — Hidalgo: Jacala, 24 SW, 680J’, — Jacala, 7 NE, 5000’. — Probably restricted to the repanda group of dwarf oaks in a portion of the Eastern Sierra of Mexico which includes the northern end of the state of Hidalgo. 

Life History. — Adults: December 1, 4, 10, 11, 14. January 1, 8, 24. Most of the emergence near the middle of December. 

This insect, from the very low dwarf oaks of northern Hidalgo, belongs to the perniciosa-potosina-pulla lines of species in the perniciosa complex. The geographically closest species is potosina. The galls of purpurea are somewhat larger than those of potosina, and distinctly swollen cushion-shaped — not laterally compressed as in potosina. 

Disholcaspis regina, n. sp.
Agamic form

Gall. — Basically but not closely similar to that of [D. perniciosa](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/942). More or less globose, vertically elongate and laterally compressed, often resembling grains of dent corn in shape, with a swollen and well-rounded top without a distinct tip, or with a tip barely indicated; rose-purple in color, yellow tan on the compressed surfaces which are unexposed to light; -entirely smooth and shining, without bloom or scurf; tip to 13. mm. in height and 8. mm. in diameter; occurring in dense dusters of up to 15 galls packed along the stems. 

Host, — Quercus macrophylla [magnoliifolia], the largest-leaved white oak of the area. 

Range. — Guerrero: Taxco, S NE — Probably restricted to the state of Guerrero, or to a portion of that state, in southwestern Mexico, 

Life History, — Adults: January 20. 

This insect, Disholcaspu regina, from an eastern locality in the state of Guerrero, is an extreme development in the perniciosa complex. The galls are unlike anything else in the complex, distinctly suggesting an elongate grain of dent corn. All of these characters are approached by the more northern species in the evolutionary line which leads to regina but regina is the most extreme development yet described in the group.

Dros moreliense, n. sp. 
Agamic form

Gall. — The cylindrical basal stalk rather slender, up to 2.5 mm. in diameter, short, expanding gradually into the cupped body of the gall; without an expanded, saucer-like base to the stalk; the upper edges of the gall rather thick; color dull brownish red; up to 6.5 mm. in diameter and 7. mm. high. 

Host. — Quercus conglomerata [rugosa], Q. texcocana [deserticola]. 

Range. — Michoacan: Morelia, 14 E, 7000’ (Q. conglomerata), — Mexico: Mexico City, 12 W, 8500’ (Q. texcocana). — Probably widespread on all but the dwarf oaks in the states of Mexico and Michoacan. 

Life History. — Adults in «spring» and April 10. 

The gall is unique in the complex in lacking the flared or saucer-like base which, in all the other species, connects the stalk of the gall with the leaf. The species is therefore more readily recognizable than some of the others in the group. 

Although the recorded localities (east of Morelia and west of Mexico City) are 120 miles apart, and although the hosts of the two collections are different (Q. conglomerate and Q, texcocana), we have other species of cynipids which show similar distributions and host relations. 

Dros periscele, n. sp. 
Agamic form

Gall. — The same as the galls of C. picatum and C. repicatum. Basal stalk tapered to a narrow point less than 2.0 mm. in. diameter, the cupped body of the gall expanding gradually from the stalk, the base somewhat wider than the. stalk, thin, plate-like; the upper edges of the gall about 1.7 mm. in width; color bright ox-blood to deep brownish red; up to 10. mm. in diameter and 11. mm. high. 

Host. — Quereus macrophyIla [magnoliifolia]. 

Range. — San Luis Potosi: Rio Verde. 14 W, 6500’. Possibly restricted to a portion of the Eastern Sierra including the eastern mountains of San Luis Potosi. 

This species, from the eastern mountains of San Luis Potosi, is very close to D. repicatum the range of which centers in Guanajuato. The two occur on the same host, Q. macrophylla. 

Dros perlentum, n. sp. 
Agamic form

Gall. — The same as the galls of petasum. Basal stalk uniformly cylindric, slender, averaging 2.7 mm. in diameter; the cupped body of the gall expanding abruptly from the stalk; the base somewhat wider than the stalk, thin, plate-like; the upper edges of the gall broad, about 2. mm. in width; color yellowish-brown and red: up to 10. mm. in diameter and 8. mm. high. 

Host. — Quercus macrophylla [magnoliifolia]. 

Range. — Jalisco; a locality 35 E of Aguascalientes, 7000’. — Probably restricted to northernmost Jalisco.

Life History. — Adults: April 15. This and D. petasum are the only described Mexican species with yellow-brown galls which have distinctly broadened, inrolled edges on the cup which is terminal on the body of the gall. The ranges of the two species are contiguous, the present species having been collected in the northeastern corner of the state Jalisco, in the narrow extension which lies between Aguascalientes and Guanajuato. Petasum occurs in more southern and western Jalisco. Both perlentum and petasum occur on Q, macrophylla. 

Dros petasum, n. sp. 
Agamic form

Gall. — The same as the gall of perlentum. Basal stalk uniformly cylindric, slender, averaging 2.7 mm. in diameter; the cupped body of the gall, expanding abruptly from the stalk; the base somewhat wider than the stalk, thin, plate-like; the upper edges of the gall broad, about 2, mm. in width; color yellow-brown and red; up to 9. mm. in diameter and 11, mm. high.

Host. — Quercus macrophylla

Range. — Jalisco: Guadalajara, 10 W, 6000 k Magdalena, 4 N, 4300' (galls). — Probably restricted to the central and southern portions of the state of Jalisco. 

Life History. — Adults: March 3, 10, April 1, Most of the emergence in the first half of March. Petasum and perlatum are the only Mexican species of the complex with yellow-brown galls which have broad, inrolled, upper margins. Petasum has been recovered from Jalisco west of Guadalajara; perlentum was found in the northeastern corner of that state near Aguascalientes. 

Dros picatum, n. sp.  
Agamic form

Gall. — The same as the galls of periscele and repicaturn. Basal stalk tapered to a narrow point less than 2.0 mm. in diameter; the cupped body of the gall expanding gradually from the stalk; the base somewhat wider than the stalk, thin, plate-like; the upper edges of the gall about 1.7 mm. in width; color bright ox-blood to deep brownish red; up to Q mm, in diameter and 10. mm. high. 

Host. — Quercus macrophylla, 

Range, — Guanajuato: San. Felipe, 20 SW, 8000L Zacatecas: La Mesa, 7000’. — Probably confined to Q. macrophylla, but widespread wherever that oak occurs in Central Mexico, possibly from Zacatecas to Queretaro. 

Life History, — Galls fresh, very sticky, December 7. Adults: December II. March 20. April 20, 25. Most of the emergence late in April, 

There are two species of this complex represented in our collections from Guanajuato, and even from the one locality 20 miles southwest of San Felipe. These two species, picatum and repicatum are obviously host isolates, picadum being restricted to Q. macrophylla while repicatum is known from most of the other oaks of the region (L e. from the dwarfs, Q. jaralensis and Q, microphylla, and from the aborescent species, Q, sacame and Q. undaia). 

Dros repicatum, n. sp.
Agamic form

Gall. — The same as the galls of periscele and picatum. Basal stalk tapered to a narrow point less than 2.0 mm. in diameter, the cupped body of the gall expanding gradually from the stalk, the base somewhat wider than the stalk, thin, plate-like; the upper edges of the gall about 1.7 mm in width; color bright ox-blood to deep brownish red; up to 7.5 mm. in diameter and 8.0 mm. high. 

Host. — Quercus jaralensis, Q. mlcrophylla, Q. sacame, Q. undata. Not found on Q. macrophylla. 

Range. — Aguascalientes: Pabellon, 20 W, 7000’, (Q. undata; also galls on Q. sacame). Zacatecas: La Mesa, 7000’ (Q. sacame). Guanajuato: San Felipe, 20 SW, 8000’ (Q. jaralensis). Leon, 20 NE, 9000’ (Q. jaralensis, Q. mierophylla). Probably found on all the white oaks except Q. macrophylla, throughout a wide area in Central Mexico, at least from Zacatecas to Queretaro.

Life History. — Adults: December 14. March 20, 30. April 10. May 10. Most of the emergence late in March and early in April. 

The present complex is represented on Q, macrophylla in the state of Guanajuato by the species picatum. Dros repicatum is a host isolate occurring in the same area on most of the oaks other than Q. macrophylla) ie. on the dwarf oaks, Q. jaralensis and Q. microphylla, and the taller trees, Q, sacame and Q. undata. Although repicatum and picatum are host isolates in the same area in Guanajuato, repicatum is really closer to D. periscele from the eastern part of San Luis Potosi. 

Druon linaria, n. sp. 
Agamic form

Gall. — Wool covering creamy white, yellowing a bit with age; the individual hairs fairly straight, not long but closely compact clusters closely in diameter and mm. in length, and completely covering the larval cells; all compact, circular in outline, up to 9. mm. 5. mm. high. The larval cells averaging 3.0 rather slender, averaging only 3 or fewer.

Host. — Quercus oleoides, a member of die Q. virginiana group of evergreen white oaks. 

Range. — Tamaulipas: Ciudad Victoria, 21 W, 3200L —- Probably confined to the single host in a Eastern Sierra of Mexico. 

Life History. — Adults: February 10, 25. March 10. 

The oak host of this species, Quercus oleoides, is a close relative of Q. virginiana of the United States. The gall is distinct from all others here described in being creamy white, small, rounded masses containing only two or three larval cells in the type locality of linaria, Druon malinum occurs on the broader leaved evergreen oak. Q, polymorpha. 

Druon protagion, n. sp.
Agamic form

Gall. — Wool covering brownish yellow, russet, or (most often) bright purplish brown, dark with age, the individual hairs rather short but densely matted, closely compact, usually covering the individual larval cells, although the tips of the cells are sometimes exposed; single clusters circular, closely compact, averaging near 10. mm. in diameter and 8. mm. high, but agglomerate clusters oval or more elongate and up to 30. mm. in length. The larval cells rather stout but elongate, averaging about 3.0 mm. in length; usually with 3 or 4 cells in individual clusters, with more in agglomerate clusters. 

Host. — Quereus conglomerata [rugosa], an oak with rather large, smooth, and entire leaves. 

Range. — Michoacan: Morelia, 14 E, 7000’. — Posssibly extending from Morelos to Jalisco on Q. conglomerata and its close relatives.

Life History. — Adults: March 25. April 2, 20. Most of the emergence in the last week of March and first week of April. 

From the other species described in this present paper, protagion is distinct in having a rather small gall which is wine purple or purple brown in color. 

Druon polymorphae, n. sp.
Agamic form

Gall. — Wool covering light gray tan to buff brown, rarely touched red purple; the individual hairs quite long, wavy, forming a tangled, rather compact mass which ordinarily covers the larval cells, though the cells may be exposed in smaller or worn dusters; typical clusters rounded, compact, averaging near IF mm. in diameter and S. mm. high, with agglomerate masses more elongate, up to 32. mm. in length. Larval cells averaging 3.5 nun. in length, rather slender, averaging 3 to 7 in a duster.

Host. — Quercus polymorpha, the large tree bearing entire, smooth, evergreen leaves.

Range. — San Luis Potosi: Cerritos, 25 W, 6000L Probably confined to a portion of the Eastern Sierra centering in the eastern part of the state of San Luis Potosi.

Life History. — Adults: February 29. April 10, 16, 23. Most of the emergence near the middle of April.

This species, polymorphae, from a locality in the Sierra of the eastern part of San Luis Potosi occurs on the same oak as D. mailnum The latter species is found further northeast in the Sierra of southwestern Tamaulipas. The two species on Q, polymorpha are not as close relatives as the two species found in the one locality in Tamaulipas. The gall resembles that of malinum in being tan to brown of considerable size.

Druon malinum, n. sp.
Agamic form

Gall. — Wool covering buff or tan brawn, the individual hairs quite tangled, rather long, moderately although not closely compact, but completely hiding the larval cells; the irregular masses up to 40. mm. in length and 9. mm, in height, but compact, oval masses averaging near 12. mm. in diameter and 6. mm. high. The larval cells averaging 3. mm. in length, moderately stout and long, averaging 3 to b in a cluster, though many more may occur in elongate, conglomerate masses.

Host. — Quercus polymorpha, the tallest, broad-leaved oak of the region.

Range. — Tamaulipas: Ciudad Victoria, 21 W, 3200’. — Probably confined to this oak (and its relatives?) in a portion of the Eastern Sierra of Mexico.

Life History. — Adults: March 15.

This species, malinum, occurs on the broader-leaved, evergreen oak of the region, namely Q. polymorpha. In the same area, Druon linaria occurs on Q. oleoides. The gall of malinum is very distinct from the gall of linaria in being a buff or tan brown, woolly mass of considerable size.

Druon receptum, n. sp.
Agamic form

Gall. — Wool covering grayish yellow-brown, darkening with age; the individual hairs very long, considerably tangled, completely hiding the larval cells: the individual clusters rounded to oval, dense but fluffy, averaging near 20. mm. in diameter and 12. mm. in height, but commonly with several clusters in large, elongate masses up to 35. mm. in length. The individual larval cells averaging over 3.5 mm. in length, rather robustly elongate, averaging only 4 to 8 in a single cluster. 

Host. — Quercus rhodophlebia [rugosa], an oak with large and russet-hairy leaves. 

Range. — Mexico: Mexico City, 20 S, 9200'. — Probably confined to the mountains rimming the Valley of Mexico, unless extending to the southeast toward Vera Cruz.

Life History. — Adults: March 20, 22, 29, April 1. May 3. 

Receptum has a distinctive gall which is light grayish brown in color, fluffy with its long and tangled hairs, and conspicuous because of its large size and often agglomerate massing on the leaves of this oak, Q. rhodophlebia, in the mountains near Mexico City.

Druon rusticum, n. sp.
Agamic form

Gall. — Wool covering cream white to tan and russet brown, the colors often mixed in single dusters; the individual hairs not long, quite straight, hardly covering the larval cells and obviously tufted about each individual cell; making continuous but very irregular, narrowly elongate masses up to 25. mm., averaging nearer 13. mm. in length. The larval cells averaging only 1.5 mm. in length, elongate but less so than usual in the complex, averaging 4 to 10 in a cluster. 

Host. — Quercus macrophylla, the largest-leaved oak of the Mexican Cordillera. 

Range. — Guerrero: Taxco, 8 NE, 8000k •— Chilpancingo, 6 S, 4000^ — Probably confined to the state of Guerrero in southwestern Mexico. 

Life History. — Adults: April 6, 10, 15. May 1. 

This insect from Guerrero may occur over a goodly portion of that southwestern states in Mexico. The galls of [rusticum and protagion] are distinct, that of rusticum being mostly tan and russet, with short tufts of fairly straight hairs which make obviously irregular rows along the leaf veins — the galls of protagion being compact and rounded masses of wine purple or purple-brown wool. The parallel development of black, in rusticum and in the Mendelian race of protagion is an instance of similar mutations being involved, in one case in development of a Mendelian race in the midst of the parental species, and in the other case in the formation of a pure population which is a distinct species.

Femuros repandae, n. sp.
Agamic form

Gall. — As described for the genus. Possibly averaging smaller than the gall of ruidum; up to 17. mm,, averaging nearer 14. mm. in diameter. 

[Description for the genus: Large, globular, monothalamous bud galls. Galls quite regularly spherical, distorted chiefly by the bracts, deformed leaves, and deformed (broadened) petioles which are closely fused on the surfaces; up to 23, averaging near 15. mm. in diameter; the surface of the gall similar to the bark covering young twigs, touched with red when young, becoming silvery and purple brown with age. Internally more or less solid, with a compact but soft tissue filling the outer third or half of the gall, this giving way to a more spongy and open tissue which supports the larval cell; larval cell central, inseparable, thick- and hard-walled, up to 7.0 mm, in diameter even in rather small galls. Galls terminal on main or side twigs, abruptly rising from the twigs, sessile but not more solidly attached than a normal bud; usually showing normal bud scales at base, occasionally with a deformed or small leaf or even a rare stem developing from the aborted structures on the surfaces of the galls; occurring singly or (rarely) in clusters of two or three galls.]

Host. — Quercus repanda [Quercus rugosa?], the lowest dwarf among the high mountain oaks in this area. 

Range. — Mexico: Mexico City, 32 E, 10.600’ (types). — Hidalgo: Pachuca, 7 N, 8700’. — Probably restricted to dwarf oaks of the repanda group in the mountains of Mexico (state), and perhaps through Morelia. 

Life History. — Adults: April 16, 24 

This insect occurs on the dwarf oaks of the repanda, group in the high mountains rimming the Valley of Mexico. On the other oaks of the same area, F. ruidum represents the same complex of insects. 

Femuros ruidum, n. sp.
Agamic form

Gall. — As described for the genus. Not distinct from the gall of repandae unless in its larger size; up to 23. mm,, averaging nearer 15. mm. in diameter. 

[Description for the genus: Large, globular, monothalamous bud galls. Galls quite regularly spherical, distorted chiefly by the bracts, deformed leaves, and deformed (broadened) petioles which are closely fused on the surfaces; up to 23, averaging near 15. mm. in diameter; the surface of the gall similar to the bark covering young twigs, touched with red when young, becoming silvery and purple brown with age. Internally more or less solid, with a compact but soft tissue filling the outer third or half of the gall, this giving way to a more spongy and open tissue which supports the larval cell; larval cell central, inseparable, thick- and hard-walled, up to 7.0 mm, in diameter even in rather small galls. Galls terminal on main or side twigs, abruptly rising from the twigs, sessile but not more solidly attached than a normal bud; usually showing normal bud scales at base, occasionally with a deformed or small leaf or even a rare stem developing from the aborted structures on the surfaces of the galls; occurring singly or (rarely) in clusters of two or three galls.]

Hosts. — Quereus texcocana [deserticola], Q, conglomerata Q, rhodophlebia [rugosa]. Apparently on all the white oaks of the area except the low dwarfs of the repanda group. 

Range. — Mexico: Mexico City, 20 S? 4200‘ (Q. rhodophlebia ). .Mexico City, 17 S, 8200’ (Q, conglomerata , Q. texcocana. Mexico City, 12 W, 8500’ (Q. texcocana). — .Morelos: Cuernavaca, 8 N, 8700’ (Q. texcocana, types; also on Q, conglomerata ). — Apparently one species both in the Valley of Mexico and in Morelos, possibly extending further west toward Michoacan and south east toward Vera Cruz. 

Life History. — Adults: March 5, 15, 20, 29. April 5, 10. 

In several groups of cynipids we find that the species occurring on the inner faces of the mountains rimming the Valley of Mexico do not extend over the high passes onto the southwest slopes which drop into the valleys of Morelos. In the present Instance, however, it seems to be one species, ruidum which we found on the several oaks in localities south and west of Mexico City, and in the montnins above Cuernavaca In Morelos. Having crossed the high divides at this point, the species may extend some hundreds of miles to the west into Michoacan and, southeastwardly, toward Vera Cruz. 

Feron tibiale, n. sp.
Agamic form

Gall. — Individual galls swollen cylindric, flaring at the broadened tip, covered with more or less crystalline processes, with a few broad filaments (chiefly at the base of each gall), with almost all of the fibers fine, hair-like. The whole forming a more or less solid and tangled mass up to 27. mm. in diameter and 13. mm. high. Purple rose and light brown when voting, becoming light straw brown to russet, rosy brown, or dark brown with age. 

Host. — Quercus texcocana. [deserticola]

Range. — Mexico: Mexico City, 25 E, 7000’ (types). .Mexico City, 12 W, 8500’ (galls). — Puebla: El Seco, 5 S\XZ, Extending from the Valley of Mexico southeast toward the state of Vera Cruz. 

Life History. — Adults: December 5, 16. 23. January 10. February 25. March 2, 9, 10, 15. April 1, 10, 17. Most of the emergence in January and February. 

This is the southernmost species yet known in the complex with 13-segmented antennae. Tibiale Is closely related to tecturnarum, which is the next species to the north and the most widespread species in Mexico. 

Feron verutum, n. sp.
Agamic form

Gall. — Individual galls long and slender, uniformly cylindrical or flaring at the top, fairly well covered with distinctly crystalline processes all of which are broad and blunt, filamentous, none of which are fine or hair-like. The whole forming a spiny mass in which the individual galls are quite prominent, the clusters up to 55, mm. in diameter and 17. mm. high. Bright purple rose and straw color when fresh, darkening with age. 

Host. — Quercas macrophylla. [magnoliifolia]

Range. — San Luis Potosi; Rio Verde, 14 W, 6500b Guanajuato: San Felipe, 20 SW, 8000’. — Spread over an area in Central Mexico, at least from Guanajuato to eastern San Luis Potosi. 

Life History. -- Adults: April 22, 30. May 1’2. Most of the emergence in the last week of April. 

This is one of the series which has crystalline, filament-covered galls and insects with 13-segmented antennae. The spectacular gall of the species Is the largest of the complex. The two points from which we have the insects are only about 80 miles apart, but they are separated by broad deserts and barren, mountain areas, and the species probably spreads indirectly through connecting ranges which may involve a goodly portion of Central Mexico. The nearest known relatives are vitreum and validum, from the Valley of Mexico and from Morelos, respectively. These other species are located about 180 miles from verutum. Undescnbed species of the series may occur in the intervening territory. The present species is distinct from validum in having the mesonotum practically naked, and smooth and shining posteriorly; and from vitreum in being darker, with 3 or 4 more of the antennal segments dark brown, and the scutellum more rugose with a well-indicated median groove. 

Near San Felipe, in the state of Guanajuato, verutum occurs on Q. macrophylla, and testurnarum (of the series with 13-segmented antennae) occurs on Q. chihuahuensisy Q. undata, Q. jaralensis, and possibly other dwarf and arborescent oaks

Feron vitreum, n. sp.
Agamic form

Gall. — Individual galls long and slender, uniformly cylindrical or flaring at the top, more or less covered with distinctly crystalline processes all of which arc broad and blunt, filamentous, not fine nor hair-like. The whole duster forming a spiny mass in which the individual galls are still prominent, the clusters up to 35. mm. in diameter and 12. mm. high. Bright purple rose and straw color when fresh, darkening with age.

host. — Quercias rhodopidebia (and Q. texcocana?). 

Range. — Mexico: Mexico City, 20 S, 9200’ (Q. rhodophlebia). Mexico City, 17 S, 8200’ (Q, texcocana?), — Hidalgo: Pachuca, 7 N, 8700- (galls; Q. rhodophlebia). — PossibH extending southeast from the Valley of Mexico on Q. rhodophlebia or its relative, Q. decipiens. 

Life History. — Adults: March 10.

This is another of the series of species with 14-segmented antennae and galls which are clearly crystalline with broadened filaments (not tangled, hairs) as a covering. The known localities He north and south of Mexico City on the inner rim of the mountains which bound the Valley of Mexico. Twenty miles south of Mexico City, vitreum was found high up near the limit to which white oak extends. It is only 5 or 6 miles across the divide the the locality (Cuernavaca, 8 N) from which we recovered 2*'. validwn; but the two species are separated by a 10,220 foot pass to which white oak do not extend. The 13-segmented series of the complex is represented by F. tibiale on Q. texeaccma to the east of Mexico City; and the one lot of what is certainly vitreum “from Q. texcocana" from 17 miles south of Mexico City may represent a mis-determination of the host. 

Feron validum, n. sp.
Agamic form

Gall. — Individual galls long and slender, uniformly cylmdiic or flaring at the top, more or less covered with distinctly crystalline processes all of which are broad and blunt, filamentous, not fine nor hairlike. The whole cluster forming a spiny mass in which the individual galls are still prominent, the clusters up to 30, mm. in diameter and 12, mm. high. Bright purple rose and straw color when fresh, darkening with age. 

Host. — Quercus texcocana. [deserticola]

Range. — Morelos: Cuernavaca, 8 N, 8700k — Replaced in the Valley of Mexico by F. vitreum, but possibly extending from Morelos to southern Jalisco

Life History. — Galls: Still fresh January 7. — Adults: April 10. 

The known material is too scant to warrant generalizations as to usual date of emergence. validum is one of the southern Mexican species with. 13 segmented antennae and distinctly crystalline galls which are covered with broad and blunt filaments instead of the tangle of fine, hair-like processes which characterize the galls of the Mexican species with 13-segmcnted antenae. 

The nearest relatives of validum are verutum (from Guanajuato to eastern San Luiz Potosi, on Q, microphylla) and vilreum (from south of Mexico City, on Q. rhodophlebia). The galls of all three species are about the same

Xystoteras cylindratum, n. sp.
Agamic form

Gall. —- Small, naked, hollow cylinders scattered on the under surfaces of leaves. Each gall rather regularly cylindrical, a bit swollen below the tip. a bit restricted basally, up to 5.0 mm. in length and 2.5 mm. in diameter, averaging nearer 3.5 mm. in length and 1.7 mm. in diameter. Exterior of gall fairly smooth, entirely naked except for a blue or purplish scurf. Body of gall hollow, open at top, the open cavity penetrating a third or a half of the gall, separated from the larval cell by a thin partition; larval cell floored with a thicker partition beneath which still another cavity is to be found. Young galls straw and light rose oink, sometimes touched more purple red, the whole touched with an ashy-blue scurf; older galls becoming burnt red to purple brown or dark, dirty brown. Each gall separate, but galls often occurring in great numbers and in dense masses, usually on under surfaces, rarely on upper surfaces of leaves of oak, 

Host. — Quereus texcocana. [deserticola]

Range. — Mexico: Mexico City, 22 E, 8200\ and 25 E, 7000\ — Puebla: El Seco, 5 SW, S200\ — Apparently extending from the Valle}' of Mexico southeastwardly toward Vera Cruz.

Life History. —- Adults: December 5, 16, 23. January 9. March 10, 15. April 1, 10. Most of the emergence in the middle of March. 

This species is very abundant on the oaks directly east of Mexico City. Both in 1931-32 and in 1935-36 we found the insects so abundant that quarts of the tiny galls might have been gathered from small stands of trees — except for the difficulty of picking up such small objects after they had once fallen to the ground. At the present stage of our studies, I do not recognize what are the closest relatives of the species.

New Mexican gall wasps (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae)