Amphibolips dampfi (sexgen)

Amphibolips fusus

Amphibolips nassa

Amphibolips gumia (agamic)

Amphibolips elatus (agamic)

Amphibolips jubatus (agamic)

Amphibolips maturus (agamic)

Amphibolips nebris (agamic)

Amphibolips niger (agamic)

Amphibolips pistrix (agamic)

Trigonaspis innocens (agamic)

Trigonaspis nitellina (agamic)

Sphaeroteras solitum (agamic)

Sphaeroteras tanos (agamic)

Sphaeroteras zinzala (agamic)

Erythres hastata (agamic)

Erythres jaculi (agamic)

Femuros geniale (agamic)

Femuros integrum (agamic)

Femuros lusum (agamic)

Femuros perfectum (agamic)

Femuros ocri (agamic)

Amphibolips damfi, n. sp. 
(bisexual form)

Gall. — A spongy oak apple similar to the American A. confluentus. More or less spherical, thin-shelled the spongy interior dense though soft, the larval cell central or nearer the base of the gall; galls up to 48. mm, in diameter; completely separable, borne on twigs. 

Host, — Q. ocoteaefolia [laurina]. 

Range. — Oaxaca: Sierra Juarez between Ixtlan de Juarez and Tepanzacoako, 8700b Probably restricted to a more southern portion of Mexico, centering in Oaxaca, 

Life History. — Bisexual galls mature at least by February. Bisexual adults emerging at some time between February 24 and April 15. 

Dampfi is a strikingly distinct insect producing a gall of the spongy oak-apple type. 

Amphibolips fusus, n. sp.

Gall. — A slender to globose, spindle-shaped oak apple, - with tip and base quite fine, with greatest diameter near middle of gall, up to 35. mm,, averaging nearer 30. mm. in length, up to 25. mm., averaging nearer 10, mm. in diameter. The outer shell weathering dirty brown or darker in color, probably green, rosy, and straw when fresh; smooth and naked except for minute, raised, black specks and splotches which are fairly abundant over whole gall; internally very dense (hardly spongy), quite solid except for the larval cell; 1 completely separable, borne on twigs. 

Host. - Quercus eduardi, the shining, prickly-leaved black oak of the area, a close relative of the American Q. Emoryi. 

Range. — Zacatecas: Cantuna, 6 N, 6700’ (types). Zacatecas, 25 SW. La Mesa, 7000' (gall). Probably restricted to a central portion of the Western Sierra of Mexico, including the state of Zacatecas.

Life History- — Unknown. All live adults (bisexual or agamic?) were emerged from galls found in November. All of the adults which we have of this species were dead and cut from old galls gathered in November. Whether these were remnants of a spring-emerging, bisexual generation, remnants of a just-emerged, fall, agamic generation — or. indeed, whether there is any alternation of generations at all in these southern species of the genus, it seems impossible to determine on the basis of the scant material now available

Amphibolips nassa

Gall. — A rather large, globose but slightly spindle-shaped oak apple with a fine tip and base. Body of gall quite globose, with greatest diameter near middle of gall; up to 40. mm., averaging nearer 24. mm. in length, up to 28. mm., averaging nearer 20, mm. in diameter. Outer shell weathering dirty brown or darker in color, probably green, rosy, and straw when fresh; smooth and naked except for minute, raised, black specks and splotches which are fairly abundant over whole gall; internally very dense (hardly spongy), quite solid except for larval cell; completely separable, borne on twigs. 

Host. — Quercus serrulata [castanea], the broader-leaved black oak, and Q. mexicana, the narrow- and entire-leaved black oak of the region. 

Range. — Michoacan: Purepero, 5 W, SW)’ (Q. serrulata, types; also galls on Q. mexicana). Morelia, 14 E, 7000’ (galls, Q. serrulata). Possibly extending throughout a wide area in southwestern Mexico, including Michoacan and Jalisco.

Life History. — Unknown. This insect produces a gall indistinguishable from that of A. fusus described above. The single female which we have for this species was cut from old galls gathered at the end of December. Whether this insect is a remnant of a spring-emerging; bisexual generation — of a recently-emerged, fall-maturing, agamic generation — or whether there is any alternation of generations in this species is (as with A. fusus) a matter that cannot be determined on the basis of our present material.

Amphibolips gumia, n. sp.
Agamic form

Gall. — Externally a peculiar brownish yellow or russet peach in color, the hairs on the interior of the gall very largely bright russet peach; of fair size, up to 43. mm., averaging near 30. mm. in diameter. 

Host. — Quercus Emoryi, the shining- and prickly-leaved black oak of lower elevations in southern Arizona. Galls also recorded from Q. hypoleuca (Weld 1326). 

Range. -- Arizona: Fort Huachuca (types; also galls acc. Weld 1926). Santa Rita Mountains (galls; also galls in U. S. Nat. Mus.). Bisbee (galls, acc. Weld 1926), Santa Catalina Mountains (galls, acc. Weld 1926). Chiricahua Mountains (galls in U, S. Nat. Mus., acc. Weld 1926). Fort Grant (galls in U. S. Nat. Mus., acc. Weld 1926). Apparently confined to the desert mountain ranges of southernmost Arizona and immediately adjacent New Mexico

Life History, — Galls collected in mid-January had nearly all adults emerged. This, the only American representative of the complex, is a conspicuous object on the black oaks of the desert-mountain ranges of southeastern Arizona. The insect appears to be identical with the insect of A jubatus, from the state of Durango in Mexico; but the galls of the two are very different, those of the Arizona species being of fair size and peculiarly russet peach in color, while those of jubatus are distinctly small and peculiarly brassy yellow in color. Between the ranges of the two are more than 500 miles of Mexican Sierra, occupied by two other species of this complex, namely elatus and nebris, and this seems to justify the use of the gall characters as evidence that the Arizona and Durango insects do not share the the same stock of genes.

Amphibolips (niger) elatus, n. sp.
Agamic form

Gall. — Yellow tan and rosy russet, brighter when fresh, weathering dark to brown and grayish black; some galls quite large, with many smaller ones in each series; up to 6.0 mm,, but averaging only 4.0 mm. in diameter. 

Host. —- Quercus Eduardi, the shining and prickly-leaved black, live oak of the area, a close relative of the American Q. emoryi 

Range. — Chihuahua: Pedernales, 2 E, 7590’ (Q. Eduardi). 

Known only from the one locality in more southern Chihuahua, but possibly extending north throughout the state. Replaced still further south in Chihuahua by A. nebris. 

Life History. — Adults: March 20. April 10, 13, 20. 

This species, elatus, is probably widespread through the state of Chihuahua. A hundred miles south Of Pedernales, which is the type locality of elatus, there is another species, nebris, on the southernmost border of Chihuahua. But elatus is more closely related to jubatus, the common species in Durango, and not so closely to nebris. From, jabatus, elatus is distiuguishable by the fact that the galls of elatus are very much larger and more tan yellow and rosy russet. 

Amphibolips jubatus, n. sp.
Agamic form

Gall. — A peculiar brassy yellow and rosy russet, weathering greenish brown or darker; the smallest galls in this complex, up to 30. mm'., averaging near 21. mm. in diameter. 

Host. — Quercus fulva (types); Q. Eduardi, Apparently one species on these two very different black oaks. The first is a small tree with large leaves that are heavily felted underneath: the second is the small- and prickly-leaved black oak related to the American Q. Emoryi, 

Range. — Durango: Otinapa, 8500' (types. Q. fulva), Patos, 15 W, 8000- (Q. Eduardi), Patos, 15 W, 8500’ (Q. fulva). Apparently confined to the state of Durango, replaced on Q. incarnata in the same area by A. niger.

Life History. — Emergence dates not recorded; probably in March and April, as in the related species of the complex. 

This species, jubatus, is the common one throughout the state of Durango. It is replaced in the same area by A. niger on Q. incarnata, Jubatas has its closest relative in elatus, from the southern end (and probably from most of the state) of Chihuahua. Niger is one of three closely related species, nebris, niger, pistrix, which we have from Parral (in the southernmost tip of Chihuahua), from southwestern Durango, and from Zacatecas, respectively. There are evidently two separate lines in the phylogenetic chains, and the two species occuring in Durango .are not as dose relatives as each is to geographically more remote species. The host isolation of the two species in Durango indicates a further difference between them in sensory reactions. The galls of jubatus and niger distinctly differ in color, jubatas galls being a peculiar brassy yellow, those of urger (he same straw yellow that is common in the complex; and the galls of average distinctly smaller — smaller than any others in the complex.

Amphibolips maturus, n. sp
Agamic form

Gall. — Color yellow tan and rosy russet, brighter when fresh, weathering dark to brown and grayish-black; very large, up to 65. mm., averaging nearer 50. mm. in diameter. 

Host. — Quercus serrulata [castanea] (types), a broader-leaved, serrate black oak. Also on Q. mexicana, the slender- and entire-leaved black oak of the area; and on Q. rossi [castanea], a black, oak with obovate, more reticulate leaves. Possibly on all the black oaks of the area. 

Range. — Michoacan: Purepero, 5 W, 8500? (Q. serrulata [castanea], types; also on Q. mexicana). Zacapu, 11 E, 8000’ 'Q, serrulata , Jalisco; Sayula, 13 SW, 7700’ (Q. Rossi). Possibly throughout a considerable portion of southwestern Mexico, at least through much of the states of Michoacan and Jalisco.

Life History. — Adults: .March 25, April 10, 20. The galls which we have seen average larger than in most species. In several of these characters, matures shows relations to the branch of the complex, and not to the nebris-niger-pistrix chain of species.

Amphibolips nebris, n. sp.
Agamic form

Gall. — Color yellow tan and rosy russet, brigther when fresh, weathering dark to brown and grayish-black; very large, up to 70, mm., averaging near 55. mm. m diameter. 

Host. — Qnercus Eduardi the shining, prickly-leaved, black live oak of the area, a close relative of the American Q. Emoryi. 

Range. — Chihuahua: Parral, 12 W, 6800’ (types). Apparently confined to a southernmost portion of Chihuahua, replaced further north and west in the same state by elatus, and by jubatus and niger in Durango.

Life History. — Adults: March 20. April 5, 15, 22. 

This insect, nebris, is known only from the single locality west of Parral, in southernmost Chihuahua. It is replaced to the north and probably throughout most of Chihuahua by elatus, and to the south, on most of the oaks in Durango, by jubatus, and on Q. incarnata in Durango by A. niger. But nebria is not closely related to elatas or jubatus, although it is very close to niger and still closer to pistrix from Zacatecas. 

Nebris differs from niger in having the gall very distinctly larger. 

Amphibolips niger
Agamic form

Gall. — Yellow tan and (quite abundantly) rosy russet, brighter when fresh, weathering darker; averaging distinctly small, up to 33, mm. (up to 50. mm. ace. Beutenmuller), but averaging nearer 25. mm. in diameter. 

Host. — Quercus Incarnata [sideroxyla], a tree form of black oak with entire or undulately toothed leaves. Replaced on other black oaks in the same area by A. jubatus. 

Range. — Durango: Otinapa, 8500b «Durango» (city or state?) (types). Known only from this one area in the southwestern portion of Durango, but probably extending elsewhere in this part of the Sierra, wherever the host, Q. incarnata, is to be found. 

Life History. — Adults: January 30. February 1-8. April 15, 22, 27, 

This species, niger, belongs in the nebris-niger-pistrix series of species, and not to the elatus-jubatus-maturus branch of this complex — even though niger and jabacus may occur in the same localities in the state of Durango. See the discussion under elatus for the distinctions between the two chains, and under elatus for the differences between niger and jubatus. Niger is separable from nebris in its gall very distinctly smaller. From pistrix, niger is distinguishable by its much smaller galls. 

Amphibolips pistrix, n. sp.
Agamic form

Gall. — Golden or reddish yellow and rosy russet, brighter when fresh, weathering dirty brown and grayish black; moderately large, up to 52. mm., averaging near 38. mm. in diameter. 

Host. — Quercias Eduardi, a small tree with smooth, shining, prickly leaves, a dose relative of the American Q. Emoryi, 

Range. — Zacatecas: La Mesa, 7000L Known only from this one locality in a southwestern portion of the state of Zacatecas (southwest of Huejucar) 

Life History. — Adults: April 15. 22, 26. We have this insect only from a single locality in the southwestern portion of Zacatecas, very near the boundary of the most northerly projecting finger of the state of Jalisco. Pistrix is one of the nebris-niger-pistrix chain, of species. The gall averages larger than the largest specimens of niger; and this, in connection with the distinct hosts and geographic isolation of the two, is evidence enough of different genetic constitutions in the populations. 

Biorhiza innocens, n. sp.
Agamic form

Gall. — Similar to that of B, eburnea (Bassett). Individual galls rounded but much distorted, flattened on bottom and irregularly compressed, especially on sides coming in contact with other galls; surface fairly smooth, not wrinkled; singly or in clusters, on leaf blades, petioles, or stems. 

Host. — Quercus Pringlei (types), Q. cordifolia, which are, respectively, scrub and alpine dwarf white oaks. 

Range, — Tamaulipas: Miquihuana, 25 NW, 7500' (Q. Pringlei and Q, cordifolia), 

Life History. — Adults: November 27, December 6, 14. January 3, 8, 9, 20, 24, 31. Most of the emergence early in January. 

This variable-wing, Mexican insect, innocens, is very similar to Bassett's eburnea, which was described from Utah.   From nitellina, the other Mexican species, innocens is best distinguished by its greater distortion from the fundamentally spherical form in the galls.

Biorhiza nitellina, n. sp.
Agamic form

Gall. — Similar to that of eburnea (Bassett), Individual galls quite regularly hemispherical, flattened on bottom, usually not distorted except for some flattening where two calls press together; usually scattered, not particularly clustered, chiefly on leaves, 

Host. — Quercus repanda [unclear if this refers to modern Q repanda or Q microphylla], the lowest dwarf oak of the area. 

Range. — Hidalgo: Jacala, 24 SW, 6800' Probably restricted to dwarf white oaks in more northern Hidalgo and immediately adjacent portions of other Mexican states

Life History. — Adults: December 30. January 2, 8, k 16. February 25. Most of the emergence in the first half of January. 

Biorhiza solita, n. sp. 
Agamic form

Gall — Similar to that of B. pulchripennis. Light to rich brown, weathering darker; of medium size, up to 4.2 mm., averaging near 3.5 mm. in diameter. 

Host. — Q. macrophylla [magnoliifolia] (types), Q. huematophlebia [magnoliifolia], Q. rhodophlebia [rugosa], Q. chihuahuensis, Q. sacame [arizonica], Q. undata, Q. reticulutam [rugosa], Q. potosina, Q. jaralensis [potosina], Q. microphylla. Apparently one species on all of these white oaks.

Range.— Jalisco: Guadalajara, lu W, 6000' (Q. macrophyda). Guadalajara, 25 S, 6000’ (galls, Q. haemafopldebia, Q. macrophyIla), Magdalena, 4 N, 4300’ (galls, Q. macrophylla). Sayula, 13 W, 7700’ (Q. rhodophlebia). Atequiza, 5 E, 0500’ (galls, Q. haematophlebia). Guanajuato: San Felipe, 20 SW, 8000’ (Q. chihuahuensls; also galls on Q. macrophyda, Q, juralensis). Leon, 20 NE, 9000’ (galls, Q. reticulata, Q. jaratensis, Q. microphyUa). Aguascalientes: Aguascalientes, 35 E. 7000 (Q. macrophylla; also galls on Q. poiosina, Q. undata). Pabelion, 20 W, 7000’ (galls, Q. sacame, Q. undata, Q. inacrophylla). Pabelion, 23 W, 3500’ (galls, Q. potosina, Q, sacame). San Luis Potosi: San Luis Potosi, 15 W, 7000’ (galls, Q. undata). San Luis Potosi, 15 W, 8000’ (galls, Q. potosina). Apparently widespread from San Luis Potosi to the far ends of Jalisco. 

Life History. — Adults; in most cases probably emerging before the last week of November and December; stray emergence on March 2, 3, 11, and April 1. 

Solita is the most widespread of me species in the complex, it appears to be one species from the southern corner of the state of San Luis Potosi, through Aguascalientes and Guanajuato, to the far ends of the state of Jalisco: and it is only a minor variation which spreads further east, from Queretaro all the way to Tamaulipas (sec the species soda}. It is apparently one species on all of the while oaks of the area — a total of ten oaks, including dwarfs, scrubs, and tall trees from which the galls have so far been recovered. The galls are often very abundant in these stands of oaks, and they are packed as tightly on the large-leaves of some of the tallest trees as they are on the small leaves of some of the alpine dwarfs. On a leaf of such a large-leaved species of oak as Q. macrophylla, one may find as many as three or four hundred galls, and extensive stands of scrub of this oak may have the leaves so heavily infested that the difference in color of the scrub as a whole is noticeable at considerable distances. All of our collections were made after the last Week of November, most of them in December, and the abundant emergence holes in the galls, as well as the small numbers of the later emergents, make it clear that most of the emergence occurs before the last week of November or early in December. Thus, in spite of our large collections of the galls, we have relatively few insects or solita, and larger series might show Local races or host isolates in what we are now taking to be one, widespread species. 

Biorhiza socia, n. sp.
Agamic form

Gall. — Similar to that of B. pulchripennis. Light brown or even straw brown in color, sometimes richer brown; rather small galls, up to 3.7, averaging 2.9 mm. in diameter. 

Host. — A tree form of Quercus microphylla; Q. reticulata [rugosa]. 

Range. — Queretaro: Queretaro, 28 N, 7300’ (Q. microphylla tree). — Hidalgo: Jacala, 7 NE, 5000’ (Q. reticulata; also galls on Q. repanda). Jacala, 5 W, 5800’ (galls, Q. reticulata). — Tamaulipas: Miquihuana, 25 NW, 8500’ (Q. cordifoUa). — Apparently widespread in the Eastern Sierra of .Mexico from Queretaro to Tamaulipas. 

Life History. — Adults: December 10. January A March 15, 24. April 10. Most of the emergence apparently before the middle of January, stray adults emerging at later dates. 

This species, socia, is an extension of P. solita. Socia is distinguished by having a smaller gall. Socia ranges widely over a southwestern portion of Mexico, from San Luiz Potosi to the far end of Jalisco. Socia (to judge on the basis of our limited material) ranges nearly as widely in the eastern Sierra, there being some two hundred miles between the localities recorded north of Queretaro and that northwest of Miquihuana in Tamaulipas. Although soda was bred from galls collected on the dwarf scrub, Q. cordifolia. in the mountains northwest of Miquihuana, the remarkable species zinzala is found in the same locality on the taller shrub, Q. Pringlei. 

Biorhiza stelis, n. sp. 
Agamic form

Gall. — Similar to that of B. pulchripennis. Rather light brown, often straw brown, darker only with age; of fair size, up to 4.7 mm., averaging near 3.5 mm. in diameter. 

Host. — Quercus rhodophlebia [rugosa] (types’), Q, texcocana [deserticola], Q. Purpusli [rugosa]. 

Range. — Hidalgo: Pachuca, 7 N, 8700’ <Q. rhodophlebia, types). Mexico: Mexico City, 12 W, 8500’ (Q. texcocana). Mexico City, 25 E, TOGO7 (Q. texcocana). Jildtepec, 7 NW, 9500’ (galls, Q. Purposit). Apparently confined to the southern end of the state of Hidalgo, and to the mountains rimming the northern half of the Valley of Mexico. Replaced on Q, repanda in the same area by B. tanos, and replaced at the southern end of the Valley of Mexico by B. tricosa

Life History. — Adults: March 15, 20, 23, 24. April 10. The entire record thus between mid-March and mid-April. 

The abundance of this species in the mountains rimming the northern half of the Valley of Mexico is so great that it was a simple matter to gather the very large series which we have in our collection. Unlike some of the other Mexican species of this complex, the insects of the present species do not emerge until March and April. stelis is confined to the taller oaks (Q. texcocana, Q. rhodophlebia) of the area. Under these taller trees, in the very same localities, on the low scrub oaks, Q. repanda, there is a very similar species, B. tanos of this same complex. 

Biorhiza tarasco, n. sp.
Agamic form

Gall. — Similar to that of TT pulchripeofiis. Light yellow brown, of moderate size, up to Id im, averaging nearer 3.5 mm. in diameter. 

Host. — Quercus conglomerata [rugosa]

Range. Michoacan: Morelia, 14 E, 7000J (types). Possibly restricted to a portion of the mountains of Michoacan.

Life History. — Adults: March 15, 25. April 10., 

In all other characters the species is typical of the complex, and its gall is indistinguishable from the galls of the other species of more southern Mexico. There can be no question that tarasco is one of the links in this complex. 

Biorhiza tricosa, n. sp.
Agamic form

Gall. — Similar to that of B. pulchripennis, Rather light brown, often straw-brown in color, darker only with age; of moderate size, up to 4,0 mm., averaging 3.0 mm. in diameter. 

Host. — Quercus rhodophlebia [rugosa] (types), Q. texcocana [deserticola]. Probably on all white oaks, except the low dwarfs in the area. 

Range. — Mexico: Mexico City, 20 S, 9200'’ (Q, rhodophlebia, types). Mexico City, 17 S, 8200’ (Q. texcocana). Apparently confined to the southern end of the mountains rimming the Valley of Mexico.

Life History. — Adults: March 2, 10, 24, 30. 

Biorhiza ulcus, n. sp.
Agamic form

Gall. — Similar to that of B. pulchripennis. Light to medium brown, of moderate size, up to 4.0 mm., averaging near 3.5 mm. in diameter. 

Host. — Quercus nudinervis (types); Q. macrophylla. [both magnoliifolia]

Range. — Guerrero: Taxco, S NE, 8000' (Q, nudinervis, Q. macrophylla). Apparently confined to a northeastern portion of the .state of Guerrero. 

Life History. — Adults: March 20. 

Biorhiza tanos, n. sp.
Agamic form

Gall. — Similar to that of B. pulchripennis. Light to medium brown in color (no darker); of medium size, up to 4.0 mm, averaging nearer 3.2 mm. in diameter. 

Host. — Quercus repanda, the lowest dwarf oak of the area. Replaced on all the taller tree species in the region by B. stelis and B. tricosa. 

Range. — Hidalgo: Pachuca, 7 N, 8700' (types). Mexico: Mexico City, 32 E, 10,6007 Mexico Citv, 20 S. 9400' 

Apparently one species on the dwarf oaks throughout the mountains rimming the Valley of Mexico. 

Life History. — Adults: March 6, 18, 24, 25, 23 Nearly all of the recorded emergence in the last week of March. 

In the mountains rimming the Valley of Mexico, on the taller tree species of oak there are two species of the present complex: stelis at the northern end, and tricosa at the southern end of the Valley. Throughout the entire area there is one species, tanos, on the low dwarf oaks of the Q, repanda complex. 

Biorhiza zinzala, n. sp.
Agamic form

Gall. — Similar to that of B. pulchripennis, but distinct in shape; medium to dark brown in color; shaped like an inverted flask, attached by a cylindrical base, averaging near 0.7 mm. in diameter, the base immediately expanding into a swollen, elongate, flask-shaped or more nearly spherical top which may be up to 3.0 mm. but averages nearer 2.3 mm. in diameter, the exit hole usually at the very tip of the gall. 

Host. — Quercus intricata, Q. Pringlei (two scrub oaks not clearly distinct in the type locality of zinzala). 

Range. — Tamaulipas: Tula, 22 N, 6100* (types, Quercus intricata and Q. Pringlei). Miquihuana, 25 NW, 7500’ (Q. Pringlei). Miquihuana, 7 SE, 6000’ (Q. Pringlel). Probably confined to a portion of the eastern Mexican Sierra, in and adjacent to the southwestern corner of Tamauli.pa&.

Life History.— Adults: February 5, 11. March 10, 15. 

This insect is probably confined to a portion of die eastern Mexican Siena centering in the southwestern comer of Tamaulipas. The two localities from which we have this species, zinzala, are some thirty miles apart — the two collections made four year's apart, on expeditions which penetrated this part of the Eastern Sierra from opposite directions. The oak in this region, occurs in narrow bands which may wind, at particular altitudes for each species, for considerable distances about the mountains sides, though the vertical spread is never great. Semi-tropic and desert wastes limit the lower extent of these oaks; in many of the ranges wind-swept and often cold mountain divides prevent the spread of most of the fauna and flora from one side to the other of the same ridge. The frequent limitation of moisture to nail canyons increases the possibility that each cynipid species is an endemic restricted to some very limited portion of the mountains; and yet we know some cynipids which range a hundred miles or more in this region, The area is so difficult to penetrate that we have not vet learned enough about it to predict the range of an particular element of its fauna. like the present species zinzala. 

It is to be noted that the very low dwarf, Q. cordifolia, which forms dense mats on the highest ridges in this area, bears B. socia (see Figure 4) of the present complex. Zinzala occurs at slightly lower elevations on the taller scrub oaks, Q. intricata and Q. Pringlei (two oaks which are not always separable in every locality).

Erythres hastata, n. sp.
Agamic form

[Genus level description: Gall. — A separable, cone-like, terminal cluster of aborted, fasciated leaves and bracts enclosing a small, seed-like cell. The cluster composed of many, awl-shaped bracts and aborted leaves, the inner leaves elongate, narrow, awl-shaped, with sharply-pointed tips, each terminating in fine filaments, the outer bracts short, more broadly triangulate; the whole forming an elongate or swollen cone; fresh galls probably green in color, dried galls straw to medium brown, weathering more silvery gray; the galls up to 25,. mm. in length and 13. mm. in greatest diameter, internally the larval cell is small, up to 6.0 mm. in length and 2.0 mm. in greatest diameter, elongate spindle-shaped, sharply tipped, thin-walled, and closely embedded in the surrounding bracts. Highly separable galls, borne terminally on main or lateral stems.]

Gall. — An elongate, slender, and rather loose cluster of fasciated leaves, up to 25. mm,, averaging near 20, mm. in length and 8.0 mm. in greatest diameter, the mature galls widely flaring and loose-leaved at top, with the greatest diameter near the tip. 

Host. — Quercus serrulata [castanea] (or a close relative), one of the prickly-tipped, nearly entire-leaved black oaks which forms small to medium-sized trees. Possibly on other black oaks of the area. 

Range. — Michoacan: Zacapu, 11 E, 8000’ (types). Probably restricted to a limited portion of Mexico which includes the eastern part of the state of Mochoacan

Life History. — Adults: January 12, February 10, in the first year after the development of the galls.

Hastata differs most from jaculi in having the conical gall very slender, loose and flaring open at the top, with the greatest diameter in mature galls there at the top.

Erythres jaculi, n. sp.
Agamic form

[Genus level description: Gall. — A. separable, cone-like, terminal cluster of aborted, fasciated leaves and bracts enclosing a small, seed-like cell. The cluster composed of many, awl-shaped bracts and aborted leaves, the inner leaves elongate, narrow, awl-shaped, with sharply-pointed tips, each terminating in fine filaments, the outer bracts short, more broadly triangulate; the whole forming an elongate or swollen cone; fresh galls probably green in color, dried galls straw to medium brown, weathering more silvery gray; the galls up to 25,. mm. in length and 13. mm. in greatest diameter, internally the larval cell is small, tip to 6.0 mm. in length and 2.0 mm. in greatest diameter, elongate spindle-shaped, sharply tipped, thin-walled, and closely embedded in the surrounding bracts. Highly separable galls, borne terminally on main or lateral stems.]

Gall. — A swollen, very compact cone of fasciated leaves, with the greatest diameter near the base, with the apex of the gall drawn to a blunt point; up to 25. mm,, averaging near 20. mm. in length, up to 13.0 mm, averaging near 11. mm. in greatest diameter.

Host. Q. Rossi;, a larger tree-form or black oak with large, coarsely reticulate leaves. Possibly on other black oaks of the area. 

Rango. — Jalisco: Sayula, 13 SW, 7700’ (types). Possibly widely spread through a southwestern portion of Mexico which includes the state of Jalisco

Life History. — Adults: March 20. 

This insect, jaculi, is different enough from hastata. It is most distinct in its almost uniformly sooty black mesonotum, its conspicuously broader head and thorax, and the much more compact gall — a cone which is broadest -at base and printed at top.

Femuros geniale, n. sp.
Agamic form

Gall. — Small, narrowly cylindric, with the walls of the upper half of the gall quite thin and often puckered, nearly or entirely shut at top, although the cavity thus enclosed occupies more than a third of the diameter of the whole gall; outside of gall silvery brown, with little or no bloom, diameter up to 8.0 mm, averaging nearer 6.0 mm.; length up to 11.0 mm., averaging nearer 8.5 mm. 

Host. — Quercus undata, Possibly on other white oaks in the area. 

Range. — Durango: Durango, 2 N, 6500' (types). Canatlan, 7 N, 7400' Probably restricted to a part of the Western Sierra of Mexico centering in western Durango.

Life History. — Adults: in spring. 

The present species is the most northern of the four herein described. We have it from two localities not far apart in the state of Durango. The galls of geniale are practically identical with those of integrum — these being the smallest and most regularly cylindric in the complex, 

Femuros integrum, n. sp.
Agamic form

Gall. — Small, narrowly cylindric, with the walls of the upper half of the gall quite thin and often puckered, nearly or entirely shut at top, although the cavity thus enclosed occupies more than a third of the whole gall; outside of gall silvery brown, with little or no bloom; diameter up to 7.0 mm., averaging nearer 6.0 mm.; length up to 10.0 mm., averaging nearer 8.0 mm. 

Host. — Quercus potosina (types); Q. chihuahuensis; Q. undata; Q, reticulata [rugosa], Apparently one species on all these oaks; possibly found on still other white oaks in the area. 

Range. — San Luis Potosi: San Luis Potosi, 15 W, 8000’ (types on Q. potosina. Also on Q. undata). Guanajuato: San Felipe, 20 SW, 8000’ (Q, chihuahuensis Leon, 20 NE, 9000’ (Q. reticulata). Probably restricted to a portion of the Western Sierra of Mexico including the western portion of San Luis Potosi and adjacent Guanajuato,

Life History. — No data available. 

Integrum is the wide-ranging species of more central Mexico, from the state of San Luis Potosi south for some undetermined distance, it is most closely related to its more northern neighbor, geniale. The galls of the two are identical, small, and quite strictly cylindric. 

Femuros lusum, n. sp.
Agamic form

Gall. — Very large, cylindric, with the thin-walled top half of gall wide open or flaring, making the gall widely-open cup-shaped with a thick and solid base, the open cavity almost as wide as whole gall; outside of gall silvery to yellow-brown, young galls quite scurfy, older galls naked. Diameter of body of gall up to 15.0 mm., averaging nearer 11,0 mm., the flared top sometimes as much as 19.0 mm. in diameter; length up to 19.0 mm., averaging near 15.0 mm. 

Host. — Quercus conglomerata [rugosa]. 

Range. — Michoacan; Morelia, 14 E, 7000’ (types). Possibly extending through the mountains of Michoacan and part of Jalisco, 

 The galls of lusum and perfectum are strikingly distinct, representing as extreme departure from the basic type of gall as one might readily conceive. In lusum the galls are scurfy, brown, very large, distinctly cylindric, with the cavity at top very large and broadly open, or even with its thin-walled boundaries widely flared open. The galls of perfectum are covered with a purplish-white scurf, of fair size, nearly spherical, with only a very small cavity at top which is more or less completely closed at the apex. 

Femuros perfectum, n. sp.
Agamic form

Gall. — Fairly large, nearly globular or slightly elongate or flattened, with the exceedingly small cavity in the upper half of the gall almost completely closed by very thick and solid walls, although a central pucker at the apex of the gall still indicates the opening to the cavity; cavity never wider than larval cell, often narrower; outside of gall silvery gray to purplish brown, conspicuously covered with a purplish-white bloom; up to 16.0 mm., averaging nearer 13.0 mm. in diameter, never more than 13.0 mm. in length. 

Host. — Quercus macrophylla [magnoliifolia], the largest-leaved white oak of southwestern Mexico. 

Range. — Guerrero; Chilpancingo, 6 W3 40007 (types). Tierra Colorado, 14 N, 3200? (galls). Probably restricted to a portion of the state of Guerrero, in southwestern Mexico. 

Life History. — Adults: May 10, July, 8, in the first year after the development of the gall. 

This insect, from the state of Guerrero in the southwestern corner o’ Mexico, is closest to F lusum. The galls of the two species are strikingly distinct — an interesting instance of divergent modifications of a single basic plan. See lusum for a comparison of the galls of the two. 

Femuros ocri, n. sp.
Agamic form

Gall. — Similar to those of F. repandae and F. ruidum. Much smaller, up to 12. mm., but averaging only 8,5 mm. in diameter. 

Hosts. — Quercus sacame [arizonica] (types), Q, haematophlebia [magnoliifolia],. Q. rhodophlebia [rugosa]. Possibly on other white oaks of the area. 

Range. — Aguascalientes: Pabellon, 20 W, 7000’ (types). Jalisco: Atequiza, 5 E, 6500’ (Q, haemalophlebia), Guadalajara, 25 S, 6000’ (Q. haematophlebia). Sayula, 13 SW, 7700’ (Q, rhodophlebia). Apparently one species through the states of Aguascalientes and Jalisco, in more southwestern Mexico.

Life History. — Adults: May 10. 

This species belongs to the same complex as F. repandae and F. ruidum. (described in Kinsey, 1937, Rev de Ent. 7:66-67). Ocri is found further north and west than the previously described species, this new form ranging through the states of Aguascalientes and Jalisco. The gall averages much smaller than those of the other species; but otherwise the gall is quite like those previously described. 

New Mexican gall wasps (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae). II