Disholcaspis globosa (agamic)

Disholcaspis acetabula (agamic)

Disholcaspis lacuna (agamic)

Neuroterus contortus (agamic)

Disholcaspis brevinota (agamic)

Disholcaspis terrestris (agamic)

Biorhiza caepuliformis (agamic)

Callirhytis rubida (agamic)

Callirhytis ellipsoida (agamic)

Callirhytis elliptica (agamic)

Dryocosmus favus (agamic)

Xanthoteras pulchellum (sexgen)

Trigonaspis radicola (sexgen)

Trigonaspis fumosa (sexgen)

Sphaeroteras ocala (sexgen)

Odontocynips nebulosa (agamic)

Andricus rhizoxenus (agamic)

Odontocynips championi (agamic)

Holocynips hartmani (agamic)

Holocynips badia (agamic)

Holocynips maxima (agamic)

Eumayria enigma (agamic)

Callirhytis quercusfutilis (agamic)

Callirhytis apicalis (agamic)

Callirhytis ovata (agamic)

Callirhytis marginata (agamic)

Callirhytis fulva (agamic)

Eumayria floridana (sexgen)

Bassettia tenuana (agamic)

Bassettia floridana (agamic)

Loxaulus illinoisensis (agamic)

Loxaulus tenuis (agamic)

Loxaulus humilis (agamic)

Belonocnema treatae (sexgen)

Disholcaspis quercusvirens (agamic)

Belonocnema fossoria (agamic)

Belonocnema kinseyi (agamic)

Unknown q-rubra-ribbed-crown-gall

Unknown q-undulata-cylindrical-root-gall

Unknown q-gambelii-hairy-shoot-cluster

Unknown q-emoryi-globular-root-gall

Holocynips humicola (agamic)

Unknown q-laceyi-root-crown-cluster

Unknown q-virginiana-root-gall

Xanthoteras pumiliventris (sexgen)

Disholcaspis globosa, new species

Hosts: Quercus alba

Similar to those of Disholcaspis globulus (Fitch) in appearance, but less regular in shape and dark red or sometimes yellowish. They occur in clusters at base of 2-3 year old sprouts from stumps and are almost always hidden by debris. Scattering small ones are sometimes seen exposed a few inches above the surface. They are closely crowded together about the base of sprouts and there may be from two or three to as many as forty in the cluster. Each is 8-12 mm in diameter, the interior spongy, with a distinct thin inner shell.

Type locality. — Fort Sheridan, Illinois. The writer has also collected these galls at Highland Park, Ravinia, Evanston, Glen Ellyn, and New Lenox, Illinois; at Ithaca, New York; and at Tuskahoma, Oklahoma. About Chicago the galls have been found containing pupae on September 12, and with adults October 3. Adults emerge in the late October and early November. At Ithaca pupae were found as early as September 1. The American Museum of Natural History has galls from Bartow, New York, collected by E. B. Southwick. 

Note. — Similar galls were collected on Quercus prinus Linnaeus at East Falls Church, Virginia, August 31, 1919, and contained pupae September 13. 

Disholcaspis acetabula, new species

Host.--Quercus gambelii, grisea, toumeyi, reticulata [rugosa]

Gall.--Brownish-red hard bullet galls in clusters at base of small sprouts, hidden by debris. Individual galls are 6-9 mm in diameter, sessile, somewhat elongated, usually blunt, but sometimes pointed at apex. Surface finely wrinkled in preserved specimens. Interior of dense cellular tissue with a central thick-walled non-separable stony white larval cell. Exit hole in side. Occur in fall. 

The normal emergence is probably in October

Distribution: CO, NM, AZ

Type locality. — Colorado Springs, Colorado, in the Garden of the Gods. The writer found old empty galls there June 30, 1915, and fresh galls not yet full grown. On November 14, 1918, Mr. J. H. Pollock collected these galls on a small oak at Palmer Park, but emergence was almost complete, as only one dead fly was found inside the galls. On August 24, 1919, he collected the galls from which the type flies were obtained and sent in as Hopkins U. S. No. 10781 i 1 . They were from Garden of the Gods and then contained pupae. Living flies were cut out of the galls on September 12 and October 3 and 7. The normal emergence is probably in October. The Division of Forest Insects has old galls collected at Manitou in January, 1914, by Mr. B. T. Harvey. The host species of this Colorado material is not determined. But the writer lias collected similar galls on Q. gambelii on the Sandia Mountains, New Mexico, at 2,933 meters (8,800 feet), and in Arizona at Flagstaff and Williams and in the Santa Catalina and Huachuca Mountains. 

Note. — Similar galls have been seen on Quercus grisea Liebmann in Sandia Mountains, New Mexico, at Prescott, Arizona, and Alpine, Texas; on Q. toumeyi Sargent at Patagonia, Arizona; and on Q. reticulata Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth in Huachuca Mountains, Arizona.

Disholcaspis lacuna, new species

Host.--Quercus gambelii

Gall.--Globular bullet galls in clusters at base of strong sprouts similar to those of Disholcaspis terrestris on Quercus stellata. When fresh the galls are yellowish tinged with more or less rosy red, fleshy, 12-20 mm in diameter, often distorted by mutual pressure. Inside there is a distinct but not loose thin-walled white larval cell.

Locality.--AZ, NM

Type locality.- — Williams, Arizona. The type galls were collected August 1, 1916, and living adults were cut out of them on September 15, 1916. Similar galls were collected at Flagstaff, July 25, Grand Canyon, July 27, and near Monument Rock in the canyon east of Santa Fe, New Mexico, on July 18. Old galls were seen at Prescott, Arizona, April 14, 1918, and on June 27, 1918, at Soldier Camp in the Santa Catalina Mountains, both old and fresh ones, the latter in all stages of growth, only a few being full grown.

Xystoteras contorta, new species. Agamic

Host.--Quercus breviloba, Quercus stellata

Gall.--Gnarled woody swellings at base of young sprouts which are only a few millimeters in diameter. Covered with normal bark. Polythalamous.

Type locality.--Austin, TX. Collected galls on Q breviloba October 30, 1917, both old galls and fresh ones with pupae in. Living adults were cut out on December 12. Collected one gall on Q. stellata at Palestine, Texas, October 16, 1917, and cut out one fly December 1. 

DISHOLCASPIS BREVINOTA. new species. 

Host. — Quercus breviloba Sargent. 

Gall. — A bullet gall at base of sprouts similar to those of Disholcaspis terrestris Weld on Quercus stellata Wangenheim [D terrestris description: Globular bullet galls up to 17 mm. in diameter in clusters on runner sprouts or sprouts from stumps at surface of ground hidden by loose debris. When fresh finely mottled with red, but when dry almost uniformly red and finely wrinkled. Inside is a distinct thin- walled central cell in the center of spongy brown tissue.] 

Type locality. — Austin, Texas. Collected a few galls October 30, 1917. Cut out three living flies and one pupa November 13. Collected galls also at Boerne, Texas, October 27, and one gall opened on that date contained a pupa which transformed before November 10. The normal emergence is probably in the late fall. 

DISHOLCASPIS TERRESTRIS, new species.

Plate 28, fig. 3.

Host. — Quercus stellata Wangenheim and Quercus margaretta Ashe. 

Gall. — Globular bullet galls up to 17 mm. in diameter in clusters on runner sprouts or sprouts from stumps at surface of ground hidden by loose debris. When fresh finely mottled with red, but when dry almost uniformly red and finely wrinkled. Inside is a distinct thin- walled central cell in the center of spongy brown tissue. 

Type locality. — Ironton, Missouri. Type galls collected on Q. stellata, October 5, 1917, when a few of best developed contained adults and the rest pupae. The flies issued in breeding cage out of doors at Evanston, Illinois, November 6, November 11, and December 1, 1917, and living adults were also found in cage February 19 and March 11, 1918. Galls were also collected at Poplar Bluff, Missouri, October 8, 1917, and 18 flies were found alive in cage on December IS, the thermometer having registered — 14° F. on December 10. Collected galls at Webster Groves, Missouri, September 9, 1915, and cut out living adults November 2. Have collected these galls also at Hoxie, Hot Springs, and Texarkana, Arkansas; and at Palestine and Trinity, Texas; Dothan, Alabama; Marianna, Tallahassee and Madison, Florida — all on Q. stellata. In the United States National Museum are galls from Shovel Mount, Texas, collected by F. G. Schaupp on roots of post oak, with the label "Issued Febr. '97," but there are no flies with the galls. The same species occurs on runner sprouts of Q. margaretta. A large number of the galls containing pupae were collected at Ocala, Florida, October 30, 1919, and adults began to issue in the breeding cage in early December. Galls at Green Cove Springs, Florida, contained adults on November 23. Flies from galls on margaretta are a little smaller (average of 24 was 4.1 mm.) than those from stellata (average of 65 was 5.1 mm.). 

Biorhiza caepuliformis

Andricus caepuliformis

The galls of this species occur singly or in clusters of as many as 30 at the base of young vigorous saplings or sprouts from stumps, usually hidden by debris and often inclosed in a cylindrical case made by ants about the cluster, as the galls give off an exudate when young of which the ants are fond. They burst out through a crack in the bark and when detached leave a characteristic cup-shaped cavity in the bark. Fresh galls are full grown about Chicago by August 1 and contain pupae by September 12 and the adults by October 3. In breeding, cages the flies emerged November 23-26 and in greater numbers by December 2. In Florida pupae were seen October 10, 17, and 23, the earliest adults in the galls November 20 and the earliest emergence was December 1. The alternating generation is unknown. 

The species was originally described from Quercus velutina Lamarck from Indiana. The writer has taken it on Q. velutina at Poplar Bluff and Ironton, Missouri; Hot Springs and Texarkana, Arkansas; and Falls Church, Virginia. He has also taken it on eight other host oaks as follows: On Q. rubra Linnaeus at Fort Sheridan, Ravinia, Winnetka, Evanston, River Grove, Glenn Ellyn, Willow Springs, and New Lenox, Illinois, and at Tuskahoma, Oklahoma; on Q. marilandica Muenchhausen at Hot Springs, Arkansas; Palestine, Texas; and Marianna, Florida. On Q. texana [buckleyi] Buckley at Boerne and Kerrville, Texas. On Q. falcata Michaux at Dothan, Alabama. On Q. laurifolia Michaux at Daytona and Gainesville, Florida. On Q. catesbaei [laevis] Michaux at Marianna, Florida. On Q. brevifolia Sargent at Marianna, Madison, Jacksonville, Ocala, and Gainesville, Florida. On Q. myrtifolia Willdenow at Carrabelle and Daytona, Florida. About Chicago these galls seem to be much more abundant some seasons than others. From these galls come only agamic females. The galls are largest on Q. rubra.

Callirhytis rubida, new species

Host. — Quercus coccinea Muenchhausen. Quercus rubra Linnaeus. 

Gall. — Cells in the thick brown bark at or just below surface of ground on stumps or trees. Abrupt local swellings are formed which may even surround small saplings, the number of contained cells somewhat evident externally. (Plate 36, fig. 31.) 

Type locality.— Ravinia, Illinois. Galls collected October 22, 1916, and when cut open about half contained full-grown larvae and half living adults. Host oak not recorded. On May 19 a similar gall was found at Millers, Indiana, in the thick bark of a stump of Q coccinea, and a living fly was cut out, which agrees with the Ravinia specimen in structure, but measures onlv 2.5 mm. Galls found on Q. rubra at Plummer Island, Maryland, and cut open September 21, 1919, gave five adults, two pupae, and several full-grown larvae. 

Callirhytis ellipsoida, new species

 Host. — Quercus bicolor Willdenow. 

Gall. — Ellipsoid, 4.5 by 5.5 mm., single or in small clusters on the small roots just below surface of ground under the tree. Surface smooth, brown. Monothalamous with a firm wall less than one-half millimeter thick when mature, exit hole at end 2 mm. in diameter. Immature galls lighter in color, fleshy, translucent white inside. 

Habitat. — Type locality, Wilmette, Illinois. Collected also at Evanston and Winnetka, Illinois. 

Biology. — The galls probably take two years to develop, the larvae transforming to adults the second autumn but not emerging from the galls until the following spring between April 15 and May 7. They are all females. They oviposit at once in the swelling buds of the same tree, but the alternating sexual generation is unknown. 

Callirhytis elliptica, new species

This species can be separated from [Callirhytis ellipsoida Weld](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/924) only by color markings which, however, seem to be constant. The galls also are similar but on a different oak [Quercus bicolor]. 

Host. — Quercus alba Linnaeus. 

Gall. — An abrupt ellipsoidal swelling on small rootlets found an inch or two under the humus on forest floor underneath large trees. Brown, smooth, thin-walled when mature, monothalamous, and similar to galls of [Callirhytis ellipsoida Weld](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/924) on Quercus bicolor but the fly is different. 

Type locality. — The type fly was cut out alive from a gall found at Highland Park, Illinois, October 22, 1916, on root of an undetermined oak. On May 11, 1919, five similar flies were collected at Glencoe, Illinois, ovipositing on buds of Quercus alba. On May 23, 1919, found similar galls on roots of white oak at Ravinia, Illinois. Some showed exit holes from which flies had recently emerged; others were full grown but contained a thick translucent nutritive layer and a barely visible larval cavity; others had a large cavity and a third of the nutritive layer left and a nearly full-grown larva which would probably transform in the fall and emerge next spring in early May. In the United States National Museum are three similar flies collected by J. G. Barlow at Cadet, Missouri, April 27 and May 5, 1883, ovipositing in buds of white oak. Also two from Nyack, New York, collected by J. L. Zabriskie, April 21, 1885, on buds of Quercus alba. 

These galls were also collected at Marianna, Florida, October 10, 1919, on the roots of Quercus alba growing in deep woods. A dead adult was cut out on December 6, and mounted in balsam. This agrees with the type material and proves the type gall to have been on white oak. Galls collected in Washington, District of Columbia, on alba contained living flies on October 31, 1920. 

Dryocosmus favus Beutenmuller

This species was originally described from Louisiana and Pennsylvania from galls on Quercus rubra Linnaeus and Q. coccinea Muenchhausen. The writer has collected galls on Q. rubra in Illinois at River Grove, Willow Springs, Evanston, Winnetka, Ravinia, and Fort Sheridan; and at Ironton, Missouri; Hot Springs, Arkansas; and Plummer Island, Maryland. He has also taken the galls on six other host oaks not previously recorded, as follows: 

Q. catesbaei Muenchhausen at Jacksonville, Palatka, Madison, Marianna, Ocala, Clearwater, Florida, and Troy, Alabama. 

Q. marilandica Muenchhausen at Marianna, Florida. 

Q. nigra Linnaeus at Gainesville, Florida. 

Q. brevifolia Sargent at Marianna and St. Petersburg, Florida. 

Q. myrtifolia Willdenow at Daytona, Florida. 

Q. texana Buckley at Boerne and Kerrville, Texas.

The appearance of the fresh galls has never been described. As many as 400 often occur in a cluster, which may measure 6 cm. in diameter (fig. 6) and is found just at or below the surface of the ground and is usually hidden by debris. The cluster sometimes entirely surrounds the host stem when the latter is not more then 1 cm. in diameter. In the fall about one-half of the clusters found are galls that are just starting in early October or nearly full-grown later in the month and containing larvae and they still contain them as late as November 14 and through the winter. These fresh galls are white and fleshy, smooth on the surface, blunt-pointed at the tip (fig. 5). The other half are white and juicy or just beginning to turn brown. These contain adults as early as September 15 about Chicago, and they were still inside the galls on November 14. These galls were put out of doors in breeding cage and three flies issued by December 1, and on December 28 twenty-seven were found, the thermometer having registered — 14° F. in the interval. On the 19th of the next February over 200 were found alive in the cage, which had been buried up in the snow for six weeks without a thaw. On March 12 there were two more out. In Florida pupae were found in galls on October 11, 21, 23, and November 3, and the earliest record of finding adults in the galls was November 20 and the earliest emergence December 1. 

The life history suggested from the above data is that the galls start in the autumn and get their full size quickly the first season and that the larvae do not transform until the next autumn when the galls are over a year old. After the larvae transform, the galls soon turn brown, the proximal part about the larval cell becomes hard and brittle, and during the winter the distal fleshy half of the gall becomes converted into soft spongy granular tissue through which the adults can easily chew their way (fig. 7) and it finally decays away entirety leaving the hard wedge-shaped bases containing the cells to persist for years. The adults either emerge in very late autumn or very early spring, and are wonderfully resistant to cold. But if there is an alternating generation it is unknown. 

Trigonaspis obconica, new species

Host.--Quercus douglasii

Gall.--An underground cluster of fleshy white galls at base of stumps similar to galls of T. radicola (Ashmead), but with longer and more slender pedicels. After flies emerge the galls decay. In May. 

Type locality. — Los Gatos, California. Paratypes from Paso Robles also. 

Biology. — Collected at Los Gatos May 14, 1918, when galls contained pupae and exit holes showed where some adults had already emerged. In breeding cages three males issued May 16 and three more on May 17. At Paso Robles on May 6 galls contained larvae and pupae. In cage four adults issued by May 13, six by May 25, and one June 2.

Trigonaspis radicola (Ashmead)

Dryophanta radicola
Diplolepis radicola

The galls of this species occur in clusters of a dozen or less, bursting out through the bark just below the surface of the ground in places where there is an abundance of humus at the base of tree or stump of Quercus alba Linnaeus. They are of white, soft, succulent tissue, rounded at end, but compressed into wedge shapes on sides, sometimes rosy if exposed. They develop rapidly in spring, becoming full grown and maturing the flies in about a month and then decaying. The writer has collected the galls at Miller, Indiana; Winnetka and Fort Sheridan, Illinois. Growing galls can be found in late May and the flies issue June 12-26, although in the late season of 1912 the first to issue came out on June 22, and they continued to come out until July 1. Males issue first. The fact that in 36 cases these galls were found at the base of stumps whose sprouts carried last year's oak- fig galls leads to the suspicion that this may be the alternating sexual generation of the wingless [Biorhiza forticornis (Walsh)](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/851). In one case there was failure to find them, and in one they were found where there were no fig galls. The radicola adults issuing in June are good fliers and are thought to fly to developing sprouts where they lay eggs and produce the fig galls in the fall. From these wingless adults (all females) issue in winter (in late December or in February and March in breeding cage) to crawl down to base of same sprouts and lay eggs to produce this radicola gall in the spring. This cycle is not proven, and it remains for others to work out the details of the life history. Brodie was the first to suggest a connection between the fig gall and a root gall when in Annals of Report of Clerk Board Forestry, Ontario, 1896 (pp. 114-116), he says forticornis burrows into ground finding rootlets a few inches down in which they oviposit and in which are formed subterranean galls, but he does not describe them further. Radicola is not on "rootlets," but at base of tree. In the forest insect collection at the United States National Museum are three males and three females of what seem to be this species reared in March, 1897, at Shovel Mount, Texas, by F. G. Schaupp "on roots of post oak." 

Trigonaspis fumosa, new species

Host. — Quercus gambelii Nuttall. 

Gall. — White, fleshy, fig-shaped, polythalamous, in clusters on root at base of tree like those of T. radicola (Ashmead). They rot after flies emerge. 

Type locality. — Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona. Galls collected June 27, 1918, on the Mount Bigelow trail near Soldier Camp at an elevation of 2,350 meters. Many adults had already emerged, and flies and pupae were found inside when galls were cut open. One fly was captured on oak at Mount Bigelow lookout tower. 

Similar galls were seen in same locality on Q. reticulata Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth, and adults were emerging on June 26, but unfortunately none were preserved. 

Biorhiza ocala, new species

Host. — Quercus chapmani Sargent. 

Gall. — A thin-walled, fleshy gall growing singly and sessile on the side of roots which are 5-15 mm. in diameter. Galls are globular or with a point at apex, 4-6 mm. in diameter and covered with a very short dense pubescence, grayish if exposed or pale yellow if buried in the sand. In early spring. 

Type locality. — Ocala, Florida. Collected April 17, 1914, when some flies had already emerged and others were cut out of the galls alive. They were not different from several males and females captured on April 17 and 18 at Ocala by sweeping on Q. chapmani, and these captured specimens form part of the type series. 

Odontocynips nebulosa Kieffer

This new genus and species was described in 1910 from flies only, captured in Georgia by King and in Texas by Boll. The types are in the Museum of Zoology, Berlin. 

The writer recognized the genus in March, 1917, in specimens from Woodstock, Georgia, bred from a root gall on oak received by Doctor Felt and submitted to William Beutenmueller for examination. The flies agree fairly well with the published description of nebulosa Kieffer. As the only description of the gall is the brief characterization by Doctor Felt in 1918 in his Key to American Insect Galls (p. 54) as "Irregular, polythalamous root gall, diameter 3.5 cm. on Q. minor," a more extended description may be given here. 

Host. — Quercus stellata Wangenheim. 

Gall. — On the roots of young shoots that come up under larger trees. These shoots are only 30-90 cm. high and often occur in large numbers so that their tangled roots form a mat, and it is on these horizontal roots where the thicket is dense enough to accumulate humus that the galls are found. They occur on roots 5-15 mm. in diameter and are sometimes 5-10 cm. underground. Single galls are globular, 10-13 mm. in diameter, but they are usually aggregated into irregular lobed polythalamous masses as large as a man's fist or 8 cm. in diameter. They are covered with smooth bark, light colored like the normal bark of roots, but brown when dry. They are easily cut when fresh, but very hard and woody when dry. The larval cavities are about 6-8 mm. in diameter and the walls about 2 mm. thick. Exit holes 3 mm. in diameter. They are often attacked by whitish wingless plant lice attended by a pale yellowish ant. 

Habitat. — The writer first collected the galls on September 9, 1915, at Webster Groves, Missouri, on Quercus stellata. They contained pupae on October 3, and adults October 26, but a few had a thick nutritive layer instead. The galls were buried in soil in greenhouse to determine date of emergence and still contained living flies January 17, 1916, but by March 20 all were gone. On October 4, 1917, the same locality was again visited and only one gall found where they had been very abundant two years before. Collected galls at Hoxie, Arkansas, October 10, 1917, and cut out living flies November 16. At Hot Springs, Arkansas, galls contained pupae on October 12. From others collected at Palestine, Texas, October 16, flies emerged indoors the next spring from February 20 to March 8. Old galls were seen at Marianna, Florida, October 11, 1919. 

Note. — Found a similar old gall on Quercus lyrata Walter and from it cut out a moldy fly belonging to the genus Odontocynips; and it is probably the same species, as these two oaks have many galls in common, but until reared it is better not to publish lyrata as a host of nebulosa. 

At Cuero, Texas, October 23, and Austin, Texas, October 30, similar galls were found on roots of Quercus virginiana Miller, and a fragment of an adult in an old gall showed it to be due to an Odontocynips. Three stages of the galls were observed: 1, old galls with numerous exit holes where flies had emerged the previous spring; 2, fresh galls containing pupae; 3, fresh galls not distinguishable from the above but containing a thick transparent mass of nutrient material with a barely visible larval cavity. This suggests that the galls take two years to develop. Similar empty galls were seen at Kerrville, Texas, July 21, 1918. Until adults can be reared it is better not to publish virginiana as a host of nebulosa, however.

Andricus rhizoxenus (Ashmead)

Callirhytis rhizoxenus
Callirhytis rhizoxena

This species was described as Callirhytis rhizoxenus from a gall "on the roots of a live oak at Fort Grant, Arizona." The type gall in the United States National Museum is ellipsoidal, 36 by 22 by 25 mm., smooth on outside, very dark brown, hard and granular inside instead of woody but contains no normal cells or exit holes. The type flies have the tarsal claws with a tooth and run to Andricus. They agree with adults the writer has reared from a rougher brownish (not carbonaceous black) gall terminal on twigs of Quercus oblongifolia Torrey at Patagonia, Arizona. They were collected July 6, 1918, and contained pupae, the flics issuing by July 19. The types agree also with flies from a similar gall on Quercus toumeyi Sargent collected at same time and place and from which living adults were cut out August 21. Similar galls occur also on Quercus arizonica Sargent in this region, but no adults were reared. A smoother gall quite similar to the type of rhizoxenus in shape and size and color occurs on Quercus reticulata Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth (Plate 32, fig. 14) (seen in the Santa Catalina and Huachuca Mountains) but no adults were reared. As these always occur in the lower part of the clump of bushes, within 1 or 2 feet of the ground, terminal on the oak runner sprouts characteristic of this oak, it may well be that it was galls from this oak, occurring under debris perhaps, that were originally collected and described as root galls. The species should be considered as producing a stem gall, not an underground gall, and is treated in this paper merely to clear up the error in the literature.

Andricus championi

Cynips ashmeadi
Cynips championi
Cynips championii

The gall was described as a twig gall by Cameron in 18S3 from Chiriqui, Mexico, collected by a Mr. Champion. Later Doctor Duges sent specimens of a large woody gall (the largest now preserved measures 11 by 8 by 7 cm.) to Doctor Ashmead, who curiously enough considered it to be a root gall and as such described it together with the maker under the name of Andricus championi. It is a true Andricus, and the three types are in the United States National Museum together with the nine galls and eight other flics from the same locality not labeled as types. Thinking that this was a root gall and hence different from Cameron's, the authors of the Tierreich monograph gave it the new name of ashmeadi. As Craw- ford has pointed out, however, Doctor Duges later wrote to Dr. L. O. Howard that he had never sent any root galls to Ashmead, and the specimens in the National Museum plainly show that they are twig galls, and without doubt they are the same as those described by Cameron. The species should then take the name which Ashmead gave it and be credited to him, as he was the first to rear and describe the maker. 

In August, 1910, the writer saw these galls (Plate 31, fig. 13) fairly common on the oaks which grow on the higher slopes of the mountains at the west end of Lake Chapala above San Pedro in the State of Jalisco, Mexico. The fresh galls were only partly grown and although solid, were easily cut with a knife. They were grayish in color and the surface quite smooth, usually terminal on branches of large spreading trees. The old galls are harder, darker, and rougher and seem to persist on the tree for years. The largest gall seen was given to the writer by Mr. Dwight R. Furness who collected it near Ocotlan, Jalisco. It measures 16 by 12 cm. and is thus about twice as large as the specimen before Doctor Ashmead, which he called "the largest oak gall in the world." This species is here included merely because it has been erroneously considered to be a root gall. 

Callirhytis hartmani, new species

 Host. — Quercus chrysolepis Liebmann. 

Gall. — Large area of greatly thickened bark causing a large swelling at the base of saplings or rough swollen areas at the crown of large trees, especially on callus tissue. This thickened bark contains hundreds of larval cells about 6 mm. long. Such areas also occur where a limb bends over and the elbow touches the ground. The bark becomes over an inch thick and the wood underneath very rough and knotty. On trees in moist gulches. 

Type locality. — Los Gatos, California. The type galls containing living adults were collected November 2, 1918, by Mr. R. D. Hartman and sent in under Hopkins No. 15922 a and placed in rearing at the Eastern Station, East Falls Church, Virginia. The flies emerged April 9, 16, 26, 1919. The writer saw old galls in the San Gabriel Mountains on August 8, 1916, near Coldbrook camp, and at Camp Baldy on June 17, 1918. Empty galls were also seen at St. Helena, California, on May 28, 1918. On May 13, 1918, while collecting with Mr. Hartman at Los Gatos, galls were found in which there was a thick layer of translucent nutritive tissue with no larval cell visible. These were perhaps formed by the flies that had emerged earlier in spring. 

Callirhytis corallosa, new species

Host. — Quercus macrocarpa Michaux, Quercus alba Linnaeus, Quercus bicolor Willdenow, Quercus stellata Wangenheim, Quercus prinus Linnaeus, and Quercus chapmani Sargent. 

Gall. — At base of thrifty sprouts about stumps or on bark of small trees just below surface of ground, 12-15 mm. in diameter and 6-10 mm. high, brown, convex, button-shaped, irregularly ridged exteriorly, some being much more rugose than others, with a clasping or sessile base and when broken off showing an impressed scar with radiating ridges which become more conspicuous in decaying galls. Galls on stellata, chapmani, and prinus are much smoother externally than those on the other three hosts mentioned and those figured (plate 32, fig. 16) are from chapmani. The outer spongy layer disintegrates with age leaving a hard woody cell 7 by 5 mm., with a wall one-half millimeter thick. 

Type locality. — Fort Sheridan, Illinois. Galls collected October 3, 1914, on macrocarpa and alba, about half containing living adults and half full-grown larvae. Others were found there on October 30, on bicolor, and from another collected October 29, 1916, the adult emerged in breeding cage on April 28, 1917. These galls have been taken also at Winnctka, New Lenox, and Glen Ellyn, Illinois, on the above hosts. 

Smoother button-shaped galls with the same radiate scar when detached were found on the roots of chapmani at Ocala, Florida, April 17, 1914, some empty and others containing full-grown larvae, and again October 30, 1919, when half contained pupae and half adults. More were seen at Clearwater and at Daytona and Daytona Beach, Florida. Some of these, when opened December 3, gave five larvae and two pupae which transformed December 1 2. These smooth galls were also taken on roots of stellata at Mineola, Texas, September 2, 1915. They were empty. More were taken in fall of 1917 at Pop- lar Bluff, Missouri, Texarkana, Arkansas, and two at Palestine, Texas, from one of which a living fly was cut November 20, 1917. Similar smooth galls were found on roots of prinus at East Falls Church, Virginia, September 1, 1919, and one then cut open contained a pupa, and three living flies were cut out on December 9. 

The normal emergence seems to be in spring, in April, and to be distributed over two years. 

Callirhytis maxima, new species

 Host. — Quercus alba Linnaeus, Quercus macrocarpa Michaux, Quercus bicolor Willdenow, Quercus prinus Linnaeus. 

Gall. — A large rounded mass, 90 by 50 by 50 mm. or smaller, growing out from side of one of main roots at base of tree or stump just below surface of the ground. Surface uneven but smooth, brown. When mature the interior is soft and easily cut or crumbled with the fingers, and might be taken for a piece of well-rotted wood until the numerous hard shell-like thin-walled brown cells are noticed imbedded in the whitish matrix. When the moisture is dried out the galls are as light as cork. 

Type locality. — Fort Sheridan, Illinois. 

Biology. — On October 4, 1914, galls were found on Q. macrocarpa with adults ready to emerge; others with the substance of the gall firmer contained full-grown larvae, others less than half an inch in diameter were fleshy with larval cavities barely visible, suggesting that the gall takes three years to mature, or else two, and the larvae in some do not transform the second fall but hold over until the third. At Winnetka, Illinois, October 30, some galls contained adults and others were very small. On November 1, immature galls were found at New Lenox, Illinois. On April 24, 1915, a small gall was found on Quercus alba from which adults were issuing. They were smaller, averaging 3.4 mm., but otherwise similar. Found gall at Highland Park, Illinois, on May 12, 1917, looking as if the adults had but recently issued; another at Fort Sheridan May 25 showed exit holes where all the adults had escaped. Collected a fine gall on Quercus alba May 6, 1914, on Plummer Island, Maryland. Adults evidently transform in autumn and emerge the next spring in late April or early May. A single fly of what seemed to be this species was noted in the stomach contents of blue-headed vireo (Lanivireo solitarius (Wilson) at Washington, District of Columbia, on April 15. A single old gall of this species was found on roots of Quercus prinus in September, 1919, at East Falls Church, Virginia, and another at Plummer Island, Maryland. 

Callirhytis enigma, new species

Host. — Quercus rubra Linnaeus, Quercus catesbaei Michaux, Quercus myrtifolia Willdenow, Quercus texana Buckley. 

Gall. — In clusters of as many as 150 at the base of young sprouts 4-10 cm. underground. Clusters are roughly spherical and may measure 2.5 cm. in diameter. The appearance of the fresh galls is unknown. The type flies are from a disintegrated cluster, and a fleshy layer had evidently rotted away, leaving a hard and brittle shell 4 by 6 mm., longitudinally ridged, with a wall about one-half a millimeter thick. (Plate 33, fig. 20.) The fleshy layer is evidently thin, for in the sandy soils of Florida it seems to dry down on the inner shell instead of decaying as in the more humid northern soils, and the ridges show through. The species was known to the writer years before an intact cluster was found, and it was not until flies were reared from these Florida galls, in 1919, agreeing with the types that the character and appearance of the cluster was known. The galls figured are from Q. catesbaei. (Plate 33, fig. 19.) 

Habitat. — The type flies are from Winnetka, Illinois, where a dis- integrated cluster containing adults was found October 22, 1914, at the base of a young sapling of Q. rubra. Empty galls of this species were also seen at Ravinia and Highland Park, Illinois. Intact clusters of galls were collected at Madison, Florida, October 21, 1919, on Q. catesbaei. They then contained pupae, and adults were cut out De- cember 4, agreeing with the Winnetka specimens. Others were seen at Gainesville, Ocala, Marianna, and Jacksonville. The same species was found on Q. myrtifolia at Carrabelle, Florida, October 19, and at Daytona November 20, and both pupae and adults were found when cut open on December 3. Empty galls were seen on Quercus texana at Boerne, Texas. The United States National Museum has a single similar fly from Jacksonville and a gall cluster from Georgiana, Florida, both without date or host records; also an empty gall cluster from Ocean Springs, Louisiana, collected February 3, 1898, on "Q. 'phellos ?." 

Callirhytis futilis (Osten Sacken) 

Callirhytis radicis
Andricus radicola
Callirhytis radicola
Andricus radicis

On May 12, 1917, a dozen or more Cynipids of the same species were seen ovipositing in the unopened buds of Quercus alba Linnaeus at Fort Sheridan, Illinois. Investigation showed that there were hundreds of cells (radicis form of C.futilis) in the bark of the main roots (Plate 33, fig. 21) at the base of the tree from which these flies were coming and they were seen crawling up the trunk, and from these cells similar flies were cut. On May 6, 1914, at Plummer Island, Maryland, oak-wart galls were seen on the leaves of alba, and a large number of cells were found in the bark of the main roots and from them two living adults were cut. At Starved Rock, near Utica, Illinois, May 31, 1913, the wart galls were very common on one tree of alba, and the old radicis cells in the bark of the root were found, exit holes showing where adults had emerged earlier in spring to produce the current crop of leaf galls. In this thickened bark, however, there were nests of cells with a thick nutritive layer. These were probably formed in the fall of 1912 by flies from the 1912 wart galls and would not give adults until the spring of 1914. Old cells of what is probably this species were observed in the thick bark at the crown of a large tree of Quercus prinus Linnaeus, at East Falls Church, Virginia, on September 1, 1919. 

Callirhytis apicalis (Ashmead)

Andricus apicalis

This species was described from material from Quercus wislizeni A. de Candolle. The writer has taken galls on that oak in the San Gabriel Mountains, at Los Gatos, and Bagby, California. He has also found them on Quercus californica Cooper in Sequoia National Park, at Los Gatos and Dunsmuir, California, and on Quercus agrifolia Nee at Carpinteria, Santa Margarita, Paraiso Springs, Los Gatos, and St. Helena, California. The fresh galls are greenish-white, tinged with red if exposed to light, fleshy, single, or in groups of a few or in clusters that may be as much as 8 cm. in diameter and contain as many as 35 galls. The fresh galls are found in May in all stages of growth. By June 1 they are full grown. They then turn brown and the juicy interior becomes converted into brittle, cavernous tissue, with a series of thin plates radiating out from the hard basal cell. In galls taken to Evanston, Illinois, pupae were found by September 1 and also on October 10, November 17 (transformed December 6), and December 23. Living adults were cut out of this lot of galls on December 23, March 20, and April 18. Some larvae do not pupate until the second autumn, however. The normal emergence is probably in early spring, one of the type series having been reared February 17. After the insects escape, the peripheral tissues weather away in time, leaving the rough hard larval cells attached to the bark to persist for years.

Callirhytis ovata, new species

Host. — Quercus catesbaei Michaux, Quercus myrtifolia Willdenow, Quercus texana Buckley. 

Gall. — Cells in and protruding from the brown bark at crown of small trees, 5 to 10 cm. underground. When single, they are elliptical in outline, sessile, 6 mm. high by 5 mm. in diameter, light brown in color and smoother than the surrounding bark. Exit hole 2.6 mm. in diameter at distal end. They are sometimes detachable. They often occur in rows or in groups of a dozen or more. When confluent, a local swelling of the bark is produced, but the number of cells contained is evident. The figure shows galls on Q. myrtifolia. On Q. catesbaei they usually occur on larger roots at least 2 to 5 cm. in diameter and often in the angles where branch roots arise. 

Habitat. — The type galls were collected at Marianna, Florida, October 11, 1919, on Q. catesbaei and then contained pupae. Living flies were cut out of the galls on December 3. More were taken at Ocala October 30, and these also contained pupae. Galls found at Ocala April 15, 1914, were empty. These galls were also found at Madison and Jacksonville. The species transforms inside the galls in November and probably emerges in early spring. The fact that some galls still contained larvae in December when others in the same groups contained adults suggests that the emergence is distributed over two years. Similar galls were collected on Q. myrtifolia at Daytona, Florida, on November 20, 1919. Some pupae had already trans- formed into adults and a few were still in pupa state when flies were cut out on November 28 and December 3. At Boerne, Texas, October 26, 1917, old galls were seen on Q. texana as well as full-grown fresh ones, some of which contained a thick nutritive layer and others pupae or adults. 

Callirhytis marginata, new species

Host.—Quercus coccinea Muenchhausen.

Gall.— Abrupt cushion-like swelling in the bark just at or below the surface of the ground on young sprouts which are 5-10 mm. in diameter. Single or confluent so that they may contain one to a half a dozen cells which are 4-5 mm. in diameter. They are similar to those of Callirhytis rubida Weld. 

Type locality. — Fort Sheridan, Illinois. One cluster of these galls was found April 25, 1915, and one fly emerged in collecting box and two were cut out of galls. Three more of same species were found ovipositing in the side of the swelling buds in the same clump of sprouts at whose base the galls were found.

Callirhytis fulva, new species

Host. — Quercus chrysolepis Liebmann. 

Gall. — Hemispherical when single or forming a hemispherical group with individual galls compressed laterally into angular cross-section by mutual pressure, produced on roots just under surface of ground. Single galls measure up to 22 mm. in diameter by 18 mm. high, groups of two to eight measure up to 35 mm. diameter. Tissue of gall mustard yellow, pithy distally, becoming more compact about the proximally placed larval cell. 

Type locality. — San Gabriel Mountains, California. 

Biology.— Collected one-half mile above Coldbrook Camp in San Gabriel River canyon above Azusa, California, August 6, 1916. The larvae change into pupae about November 1, and into adults later in the autumn, but probably do not emerge until next spring. In breeding cage out of doors at Evanston, Illinois, they issued March 10-19. 

Eumayria floridana Ashmead

Eumayria mutiarticulata

Doctor Ashmead described a root gall on Quercus laurifolia Michaux in 1887 in Transactions American Entomological Society (vol. 14, p. 133) as Eumayria multiarticulata. Later in the same paper he described Eumayria floridana, male and female, without gall, from five specimens taken at large in March, 1SS7, in Florida. In the old Ashmead collection at the United States National Museum are three male flies with the label "Jacksonville, Florida," and bearing a white label with the word "type." These are evidently of the original five. The American Entomological Society probably has another one. In the Museum collection, however, probably years later, he placed a red label with "U.S.N.M. Type 2883" on a gall which answers the description of multiarticulata and also on a female fly and accessioned them as Eumayria floridana. Both bear the "U.S. D.A. No. 2647" and are from Georgiana, Florida. With these are 37 other females all bearing the same number. The emergence dates are April 12, 13, 19, 20, 25, 27, and May 3, 1882. Pinned in case with them is a slip with name " Eumayria multiarticulata, " showing that as that name had been applied only to gall, he wished to call the species floridana and wished the large series of reared flies to be included in the type series for in the type book he wrote "many types." Whether there were any males in the reared series or any females in the captured series is not known. The writer has reared both males and females from galls collected at Jacksonville, Florida, and these agree with both sexes in the Museum, so that there is no doubt that the Museum material belongs to one species. 

As Ashmead 's description of the adults was very brief, the following notes are added from the type material in the Museum: 

Gall. — Photographed from galls on Quercus catesbaei Michaux collected at Jacksonville, Florida. In the late fall the galls contain a thick translucent nutritive layer in each cell. They should be collected in the spring for rearing. 

Host. — It was described from Quercus laurifolia Michaux. The writer has collected galls on nine other species of oak, as shown below. 

Habitat. — From Quercus catesbaei at Ocala and Jacksonville, Florida, galls were taken and adults of both sexes reared that agree with the types in the United States National Museum. They were collected April 21 and April 25, 1914, and the flies emerged and died in the box before August 10. Galls of this species and on this host were seen at Green Cove Springs, Ocala, Madison, and Gainesville, Florida. Galls have been taken, but no flies reared from the following oaks: 

Q. rubra Linnaeus at Ravinia, Fort Sheridan, Highland Park, and Evanston, Illinois. 

Q. coccinea Wangenheim at Millers, Indiana, and Evanston, Illinois. 

Q. velutina Lamarck at Hot Springs, Arkansas. 

Q.falcata Michaux at Gainesville, Florida. 

Q. texana Buckley at Boerne and Kerrville, Texas. 

Q. marilandica Muenchhausen at Mineola, Texas, and Hot Springs, Arkansas. 

Q. brevifolia Sargent at Marianna and Ocala, Florida. 

Q. myrtifolia Willdenow at Carrabelle and Daytona, Florida. 

Bassettia tenuana, new species

Host. — Quercus gainbelii Nuttall. 

Gall. — Similar to those of [Compsodryoxenus tenuis Weld](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/890). The insects gnaw individual exit holes through the brown bark, which after a year or two becomes cracked and rough. 

Type locality. — Las Vegas, New Mexico. Galls were collected in a patch of runner oak of an unknown species on April 4, 1918. They then contained adults, and living flies were cut out which bear Hopkins U. S. No. 15601 dl . On April 19 similar galls were collected at Flagstaff, Arizona, on Quercus gambelii. They contained similar adults, which issued April 10-16 and bear Hopkins U. S. No. 15601 d .

Bassettia floridana Ashmead

This species was described from four females captured at large in Florida. In cutting open galls of [Compsodryoxenus humilis Weld](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/892) (p. 236) some specimens were found with much longer larval cells than is characteristic of that species, and the flies ran to the genus Bassettia. They agree very well with the two types of B. floridana Ashmead in the United States National Museum (one pinned and one in balsam), except that in these fresh specimens the abdomen is longer than head and thorax together, while in the dry pinned type it equals thorax. The eight fresh flies measure 2.75-2.95 mm. The type floridana measures 2.6 mm. As the original description of floridana was brief, some further notes from the type specimens are here added and the associated gall described for the first time. 

Host. — Quercus chapmani Sargent. 

Gall. — Spindle-shaped enlargements at base of current year's shoots occurring in patches of runner oak in fall. (Plate 34, fig, 25.) In external appearance they can not be separated from galls of Compsodryoxenus humilis Weld, but the larval cells are ellipsoidal, 3.25 mm. long by 1.25 mm. in diameter, tying lengthwise just under the bark. 

Habitat.— Ocala, Florida. Galls collected October 30, 1919. When cut open February 23, 1920, pupae and four transformed flies were found. 

Compsodryoxenus illinoisensis, new species

Host. — Quercus macrocarpa Michaux. 

Gall. — Cells in the thickened bark at the crown of small sapling causing an abrupt swelling of four to five times the normal diameter of the shoot and extending for a distance of as far as 30 cm., or in bark at base of young shoots in such numbers as to cause a noticeable swelling. Almost wholly buried under the debris on forest floor. Resembles the gall of the sexual generation of Callirytis futilis (Osten Sacken) on roots of large trees of Quercus alba, except that cells are smaller. 

Type locality. — Winnetka, Illinois. One gall was found October 22, 1914, and contained living adults. Another was found November 1, with adults emerging, and they continued to come out until November 11. Another gall was found at Fort Sheridan, Illinois, on October 3, 1914, and living flies were cut out of it on October 29. 

Compsodryoxenus tenuis, new species

Host. — Quercus fendleri Liebmann. 

Gall. — A slight gradual enlargement at crown of small saplings which are 3-15 mm. in diameter. The larval cells are not scattered uniformly but occur in nests of three or four to a dozen cells under the bark in a sort of depression or pocket in the wood. The cells are white, brittle, thin-walled, about 2-3 mm. in diameter. 

Type locality. — Trinidad, Colorado. The type galls were collected July 10, 1916. They then contained pupae, and when cut open September 16 living flies were obtained. Natural emergence date unknown. Similar but larger old galls were collected at Las Vegas, New Mexico.

Compsodryoxenus humilis, new species

Host. — Quercus chapmani Sargent and Quercus stellata Wangenheim. 

Gall. — A slight spindle-shaped enlargement at base of one-year- old sprouts in patches of runner oak. In autumn they are on current year's growth. Maximum diameter of gall is about twice that of normal shoot. Cells are scattered, not nested, just under the bark, about 1.5 by 2.0 mm. and extending about 1.25 mm. into the wood, the deeper part narrower. 

Habitat. — Type locality, Ocala, Florida. The galls were collected October 30, 1919, in a patch of Quercus chapmani, Hopkins U. S. No. 15634c. These galls then contained larvae and pupae. The type fly was cut out January 12, 1920. Other galls were collected on same oak at Green Cove Springs, November 23, 1919, containing adults which were cut out on December 1. One gall was taken on Quercus stellata October 11 at Marianna, and lighter colored flies similar in structure were cut out December 6.

Belonocnema treatae Mayr

Dryorhizoxenus floridanus Ashmead
Belonocnema floridanus

The type galls of this species were found while ploughing under a live oak (Quercus virginiana Miller) in March. They were just below the surface on the small rootlets (up to 10 mm. in diameter) and in clusters every 4 or 5 inches. They are described as irregular, somewhat wedge-shaped, soft and fleshy, easily detached, of a yellowish color, the first true root gall to be described in this country. Two hundred flies were reared. The galls are still preserved in the United States National Museum, black or brownish and very similar to the dried galls of the sexual generation of Trigonaspis. 

The writer has never seen the fresh galls, but on two occasions has found the dried-up galls of what was probably this species on the roots of Quercus geminata Small, at St. Petersburg and Clearwater, Florida, in November. In each case they were on the roots of saplings whose leaves bore immense numbers of globular, tan-colored galls, described in 1861 by Osten Sacken as Cynips q. virens. This suggests that these pea galls on leaf might be the alternating generation of Belonocnema treatae, but further observations or experimental evidence will be necessary to prove it. The type galls in the United States National Museum have a label in Doctor Ashmead's hand "agamic female of B. treatae Mayr," showing that he had already suspected this relationship. The writer also has reared adults from these leaf-pea galls and they prove to be all females and to belong to the genus Belonocnema, thus strengthening the supposition. The writer thus proposes to transfer the maker of this oak leaf-pea gall to Belonocnema, leaving the proof of the association with treatae to others. It appears, however, that the maker of these pea galls is still undescribed. Ashmead reared a single fly in February supposedly from over 200 of these galls and described it as Cynips q. virens, transferring it to Andricus later, but the type fly in the United States National Museum has a question mark after the genus. This type is in bad condition, but agrees with the description, and is plainly a Disholcaspis and agrees with Disholcaspis ficigera, a gall of which had evidently been mixed in with the others by mistake, and such a gall was found in the Ashmead duplicate gall collection in a box of oak leaf-pea galls which may have been his breeding cage. Thus the single fly reared was associated with the wrong gall, a mistake which would not have occurred had the species been described from adequate material. As the classification of the Cynipidae must be based upon the adults rather than upon their work, the maker of the stem gall known in literature as ficigera must take the oldest name applied to it, namely, virens, and the maker of the leaf gall needs description. However the leaf-pea gall-fly of Florida proves to be different from those from similar galls in Texas so that there are two species to describe. Although somewhat outside the scope of the present paper, these changes are here included, and the synonomy of each species follows, together with field notes on each. 

Disholcaspis virens (Ashmead)

Cynips q ficus Ashmead
Cynips q ficigera Ashmead
Holcaspis ficigera Ashmead
Disholcaspis quercus-ficigera Ashmead
Disholcaspis ficigera Ashmead

Host. — Quercus virginiana Miller and Quercus geminata Small. 

Habitat. — The writer has collected galls on Quercus virginiana at Jacksonville, Gainesville, Ocala, Cottondale, Marianna, River Junction, Carrabelle, Live Oak, and Daytona, Florida; Savannah, Georgia; and Cuero, Texas. He has galls from Mobile Bay (James Hayes), Billy Island, Georgia (Dr. J. C. Bradley); and Victoria County, Texas (J. D. Mitchell). He has collected galls on Quercus geminata at Car- rabelle, Clearwater, and Daytona Beach, Florida. 

Biology.— Growing galls are found in October secreting honey-dew and frequented by flies, wasps, and yellow jackets. Galls from Texas sent to Evanston, Illinois, gave flies December 14. Others remained inside the galls and were cut out alive on December 20 and February 6. Under natural conditions emergence is probably in late fall. When attacked by quest-flies, which make cells in distal parts of the gall, the size of the gall is much reduced. 

Belonocnema fossoria, new species

Cynips q virens Osten Sacken gall only
Andricus virens Ashmead
Andricus quercus-virens Ashmead

Host. — Quercus geminata Small, and Quercus virginiana Miller. 

Gall. — Globular, hard, tan-colored galls occurring in numbers on the under side of the leaf. Monothalamous, 4-6 mm. in diameter, of dense cellular tissue. 

Habitat. — The type material is from galls collected at Clearwater, Florida, November 7, 1919, on geminata and sent in as Hopkins U. S. No. 15634 f . Flies issued December 8. Three paratypes from Jacksonville are probably from virginiana. The writer has seen galls at Jacksonville, Daytona, Tallahassee, and Gainesville on virginiana and on geminata at St. Petersburg and Daytona Beach. Dr. J. C. Bradley has collected galls at St. Simon's Island, Georgia.

Belonocnema kinseyi, new species

 Host. — Quercus virginiana, Miller. 

Gall. — Similar to those of Belonocnema fossoria Weld. 

Habitat. — The type material is from Quercus virginiana collected October 26, 1917, at Boerne, Texas. The galls then contained pupae and adults. Flies emerged in cage before November 15, and one more was found alive in cage March 23, 1918. These galls were also seen at Houston, Wharton, Victoria, Cuero, and Austin, Texas, in October, 1917, and at Sabinal and Kerrville, Texas, in July, 1918. The galls are found full grown by the end of July, contain pupae in October, and adults emerge in November.

WELD 405. Plate 37, fig. 32. 

Host. — Quercus rubra Linnaeus and Quercus nigra Linnaeus. 

Gall. — A polythalamous, somewhat globose, gall with a smooth brown surface, 15 mm. in diameter, attached at the crown and hidden under humus. When mature the epidermis disintegrates revealing a cluster of whitish, longitudinally ridged, relatively large woody cells. 

Habitat. — Old galls were collected at Ironton, Missouri, on Quercus rubra October 5, 1917, and at Gainesville, Florida, October 23, 1919, on Quercus nigra.

WELD 704. 

Host. — Quercus fendleri Leibmann. [= x undulata]

Gall. — Cylindrical, acuminate at apex, thin-walled, smooth, 5 mm. long by 2 mm. in diameter, attached near fork at base of small sprouts at surface of ground, very easily detached. 

Habitat. — Collected at Trinidad, Colorado, July 11, 1916, and one at Morley, Colorado, April 2, 1918.

WELD 706. 

Host. — Quercus gambelii Nuttall and probably other Rocky Mountain oaks. 

Gall.— Cluster of several dozen hairy brown cells that are probably fleshy when fresh, at end of vigorous etiolated shoots coming up under loose stone piles or under mass of humus. It is probably a spring gall. The clusters measure up to 2-3 cm. in diameter. 

Habitat. — Collected old galls in July, 1916, at Trinidad, Colorado; Las Vegas, and Rito de los Frijoles near Buckman, New Mexico; Grand Canyon and Flagstaff, Arizona.

WELD 707. Plate 37, fig. 35. 

Host. — Quercus emoryi Torrey. 

Gall. — Similar in size and appearance to that of Eumayria floridana Ashmead. 

Habitat.— Old galls found at Prescott, Arizona, April 13, 1918.

WELD 1501. Plate 37, fig. 33. 

Host.— Quercus agrifolia Nee, Quercus wislizeni A. de Candolle Quercus californica Cooper. 

Gall — Abrupt oblong swellings at base of sprouts which are only a few millimeters in diameter. The gall may measure 25-35 mm. in diameter by 35-75 mm. long. It is hard and woody when dry, covered with normal brown bark which is not much thickened. Cells radially arranged in pockets in the wood. Exit holes with a characteristic smooth ring. 

Habitat. — The writer has collected old galls on Quercus wislizenii on Mount Tamalpais, in San Gabriel and San Antonio River canyons in San Gabriel Mountains, in Ojai Valley, and at Santa Margarita, California; on Quercus agrifolia at Newhall, near Carpinteria, at Santa Margarita, Paso Robles, Paraiso Springs, Monterey, and Los Gatos; on Quercus californica at Dunsmuir and in Sequoia National Park. Fresh galls nearly full grown but too immature for rearing were seen only once at Monterey, on May 11, 1918.

WELD 407. Plate 37, fig. 36. 

Host. — Quercus laceyi Small. 

Gall. — Dried-up galls, 5 mm. in diameter, were found at base of stump in the late fall. They were globular, with a slight pedicel, produced in a cluster. Probably a fleshy spring gall of the Trigonaspis type. 

Habitat. — Boerne, Texas.

WELD 408. Plate 37, fig. 34. 

Host. — Quercus laceyi Small and Quercus virginiana Miller. 

Gall. — Confluent, globular, dried-up galls, 4 mm. in diameter, in a small cluster, pubescent on surface. Found in fall on young shoots of live oak buried under thick bed of dead leaves and on laceyi attached to a large root. 

Habitat. — Boerne and Cuero, Texas. 

Trigonaspis pumiliventris

Dryophanta pumiliventris
Diplolepis pumiliventris
Belonocnema colorado
Trigonaspis radicis

D. pumiliventris was described from males only and ''from an unknown source'' although there is a specimen in the American Entomological Society collection marked '' co type'' bearing the label ''Ct.'' The galls are described as ''shrunken and distorted, probably soft and succulent when fresh, polythalamous, probably on oak.'' The writer has not seen the types but this description fits almost any preserved root gall of Trigonaspis very well. Bassett thought, however, that they were produced in the axils of leaves. Perhaps a branch had been inclosed in the sending to aid in the determination of the host plant and he thought they had fallen from the axils of this twig. Three flies from Bassett are in the United States National Museum from the Ashmead collection, and Ashmead had placed them in the genus Trigonaspis in the case. They can not be separated in size, coloration, or sculpture from the males of radicis Ashmead.

T. radicis was described from one male and four female specimens from Utah, June 20, 1885, the gall being on the roots of an unknown oak. The types are in the United States National Museum together with ten others determined by Ashmead as radicis collected by E. A. Schwarz at four different localities in Utah in June, 1893. The
writer has twenty males and two females which agree with these. They were taken at Colorado Springs, Colorado, on July 1, 1915, by sweeping on scrub oaks. As the males of these can not be separated from those of pumiliventris Bassett, radicis becomes a synonym of the older name.

American gallflies of the family Cynipidae producing subterranean galls on oak