Asteromyia euthamiae

Asteromyia carbonifera

Asteromyia modesta

Contarinia q-palustris-male-catkin-larvae

Contarinia q-rubra-aborted-bud

Polystepha americana

Polystepha podagrae

Polystepha symmetrica

Polystepha pilulae

Polystepha globosa

Polystepha quercifolia

Polystepha pustulata

Polystepha pustuloides

Polystepha serrata

Polystepha simpla

Polystepha sobrina

Macrodiplosis erubescens

Macrodiplosis majalis

Macrodiplosis niveipila

Macrodiplosis qoruca

Contarinia q-palustris-vein-fold-gall

Dasineura silvestrii

Contarinia q-vaccinifolia-leaf-edge-roll

Dasineura pellex

Dasineura parthenocissi

Monarthropalpus flavus

Neolasioptera monardi

Contarinia n-sylvatica-swollen-flower

Phylloxerina nyssae

Unknown n-sylvatica-twig-swelling

Acericecis ocellaris

Dasineura aceris

Dasineura communis

Contarinia negundinis

Contarinia a-negundo-bead-gall

Unknown a-negundo-rough-twig-swelling

Contarinia a-rubrum-marginal-leaf-fold

Dasineura a-rubrum-expanded-veins

Neolasioptera k-virginica-tapered-stem-swelling

Neolasioptera hibisci

Dasineura toweri

Neolasioptera triadenii

Schizomyia c-canadensis-swollen-flower-gall

Caryomyia thompsoni

Sequoiomyia taxodii

Taxodiomyia t-distichum-starburst-gall

Contarinia acetosellae

Unknown a-androsaemifolium-seed-pod-gall

Unknown i-vomitoria-leaf-fold

Contarinia c-americana-enlarged-bud-gall

Neolasioptera d-villosa-woody-swelling

Cupressatia siskiyou

Chamaediplosis nootkatensis

Walshomyia cupressi

Chamaediplosis rugosa

Chamaediplosis h-macrocarpa-tiny-cup-gall

Contarinia juniperina

Oligotrophus betheli

Oligotrophus j-scopulorum-recurved-leaf-scale-gall

Walshomyia insignis

Oligotrophus juniperi

Oligotrophus pattersoni

Walshomyia j-osteosperma-cone-gall

Walshomyia j-osteosperma-leafy-bud-gall-midge

Walshomyia j-osteosperma-tube-gall-midge

Walshomyia j-occidentalis-bud-gall-midge

Walshomyia juniperina

Walshomyia texana

Cupressatia thujae

Planetella c-vesicaria-tuber-gall

Unknown c-praegracilis-deformed-fruit-gall

Paradiplosis tumifex

Dasineura abiesemia

Dasineura a-grandis-aborted-seed-gall

Resseliella l-laricina-seed-gall

Mayetiola carpophaga

Plemeliella p-glauca-hidden-cell

Kaltenbachiola rachiphaga

Kaltenbachiola canadensis

Dasineura swainei

Asphondylia lacinariae

Asphondylia betheli

Asphondylia diervillae

Unknown p-vulgaris-leaf-pocket

Neolasioptera n-cataria-stem-swelling

Craneiobia tuba

Asteromyia chrysothamni

Contarinia cuniculator

Contarinia e-repens-spikelet-gall

Unknown e-repens-imbricated-stem-gall

Rhopalomyia a-canescens-red-tube-gall

Unknown a-canescens-leaf-roll

Neolasioptera convolvuli

Dasineura trifolii

Neolasioptera fontagrensis

Ametrodiplosis dulichii

Hemiasphondylia mimosae

Arnoldiola castaneae

Unknown c-pumila-swollen-petiole-gall

Dasineura dentatae

Black blister on leaf or stem. Galls are occasionally bordered with purple. Leaf galls may dehisce separately from the leaves. A euthamiae has several generations per year and presumably overwinters as full-grown larvae in the last generation of galls. 

Leaf blister gall. Galls contain a symbiotic fungus that apparently is not eaten by the larva. The fungus turns hard and black and becomes incorporated with the plant tissue as the larva matures. This species is found on most goldenrods and is widely distributed across North America. As the season progresses, galls develop on leaves progressively farther up the stem. The color of the galls is characteristic of the host species. The size is variable also, 5-15 mm in diameter on S canadensis with one to several larvae, 3-4 mm in diam on S juncea with one larva. Hosts: most species of Solidago.

This species is less common on goldenrod than *A. carbonifera* and, unlike the latter, does not have a fungus associated with it but lives simply in the mesophyll layer of the leaf and forms only a single convexity on the leaf. Hosts *Erigeron* spp., *Conyza* spp, *Grindelia* spp.

Blisters are often inconspicuous unless discolored... This gall midge is multivoltine, each succeeding generation appearing on newer leaves.


Contarinia sp. 

Larva on male catkin
The specific damage to the catkins made by this undescribed species is unknown, but in spring the full-grown yellow larvae drop in such great numbers as to cover the surface of the ground.

Host: Quercus palustris

Distr: MD

Contarinia sp.

Aborted bud
Larvae were taken from between imbricated bud scales in early June. 

Host: Quercus rubra

Distr: NY

Polystepha americana (Felt)

Thin-walled, elongate blister on leaf vein
This species was taken originally from slight swellings, nearly the same color as the leaf, on lateral veins.

Host: Quercus rubra

Distr: NY

Polystepha podagrae

Thin-walled, elongate blister on leaf vein
This species was reared from purplish blisters, about 8 mm long, on the underside of mid or lateral veins.

Host: Quercus velutina

Distr: MA

Polystepha symmetrica

Circular, flat or convex cell between veins
Rough, convex, thick-walled, brown gall, several often coalesced
Gall equally prominent on both sides of leaf, outer surface peeling away at end of season

This gall is uncommon. It is possible the species that forms it is responsible also for the gall in 305b [Polystepha globosa]

Host: Quercus falcata

Distr: Maryland

Polystepha pilulae

Circular, flat or convex cell between veins
Rough, convex, thick-walled, brown gall, several often coalesced
Gall evident only on upper side of leaf, outer surface not dehiscent

This is one of the most conspicuous Polystepha galls and is commonly seen in autumn on many kinds of oaks. 

Hosts: Quercus spp.

Distr: NY

Polystepha globosa

Circular, flat or convex cell between veins
Smooth, flat or convex, thin-walled cell
Spherical gall

This gall is usually found on the lower side of leaves. 

Host: Quercus velutina

Distr: MA

Polystepha quercifolia

Circular, flat or convex cell between veins
Smooth, flat or convex, thin-walled cell
Flat and inconspicuous or slightly raised blisters
Gall not raised above surrounding leaf tissue

Often accompanied by reddish discoloration, the gall is otherwise inconspicuous.

Host: Quercus rubra

Distr: MD

Polystepha pustulata

Circular, flat or convex cell between veins
Smooth, flat or convex, thin-walled cell
Flat and inconspicuous or slightly raised blisters
Gall protruding on both surfaces of leaf

The typical gall shows on both surfaces of the leaf.

Host: Quercus velutina

Distr: MA

Polystepha pustuloides

Circular, flat or convex cell between veins
Smooth, flat or convex, thin-walled cell
Flat and inconspicuous or slightly raised blisters
Gall protruding on both surfaces of leaf

This gall protrudes on both sides of the leaf.

Host: Quercus spp.

Distr: NJ and NC

Polystepha serrata

Circular, flat or convex cell between veins
Smooth, flat or convex, thin-walled cell
Flat and inconspicuous or slightly raised blisters
Gall protruding on both surfaces of leaf

A photo in Felt (1940) shows a central nipple on this gall. [Felt 1940 doesn't seem to have a photo of this gall?]

Host: Quercus coccinea

Distr: MA

Polystepha simpla

Circular, flat or convex cell between veins
Smooth, flat or convex, thin-walled cell
Flat and inconspicuous or slightly raised blisters
Gall protruding on both surfaces of leaf

Host: Quercus velutina

Distr: MA

Polystepha sobrina

Circular, flat or convex cell between veins
Smooth, flat or convex, thin-walled cell
Flat and inconspicuous or slightly raised blisters
Gall protruding on both surfaces of leaf

This gall shows mostly on the upper leaf surface.

Host: Quercus velutina

Distr: MA

Macrodiplosis erubescens

Leaf fold, always with a slit-like opening
Folded sinus, usually green tinged with red

Host: Quercus sp. "red oak." 

Distr: MD

Macrodiplosis majalis

Leaf fold, always with a slit-like opening
Leaf folded along or between veins
Short, pea-sized pouch gall on underside of leaf blade, usually near leaf vein, thin-walled, pale green to reddish

Host: Quercus palustris

Distr: MD

Macrodiplosis niveipila

Leaf fold, always with a slit-like opening
Leaf folded along or between veins
Elongate vein fold

Amorphous, thin-walled, large fold with white down on inside surface, often deforming leaf

Hosts: Quercus alba and Q spp.

Distr: MD

Macrodiplosis qoruca

Leaf fold, always with a slit-like opening
Leaf folded along or between veins
Regular, narrow, thick-walled, more or less annulate vein fold
Vein fold parallel sided, smooth, usually longer than 1 cm

Host: Quercus sp.

Distr: IL

Contarinia sp.

Leaf fold, always with a slit-like opening
Leaf folded along or between veins
Regular, narrow, thick-walled, more or less annulate vein fold
Vein fold tapered, striate, usually about 5 mm long

Larvae drop to the soil in summer and presumably remain there until the following spring.

Host: Quercus palustris

Distr: MD

"Dasineura" silvestrii

Leaf fold, always with a slit-like opening
Folded, thickened lobe along leaf edge

Only larvae are known of this species; they do not fit in any known genus but belong to the Oligotrophini.

Hosts: Quercus chrysolepis, garryana, vaccinifolia

Distr: OR, CA

Contarinia sp.

Leaf fold, always with a slit-like opening
Elongate, marginal leaf roll

Larvae apparently drop to the soil in summer.

Host: Quercus vaccinifolia

Distr: OR

Induces globular swellings on the upperside of ash (Fraxinus) leaflets along the veins. Adults of this species have not been reared. (summary remarks from BugGuide)

Swellings are thick-walled, turgid, usually about 15mm long, and can be found throughout the summer. Larvae are gregarious within the folds and reportedly drop to the soil when full grown. Host: P. quinquefolia. Distr.: Massachusetts to Ontario, south to Maryland. 

Larve form 5 mm blisters on the upper sides of boxwood leaves. The species, an immigrant from Europe, was introduced into North America during colonial times with potted boxwood.

Causes 1-3 cm, tapered swellings in Monarda fistulosa stems

Contarinia sp.

Host: Nyssa sylvatica

Swollen, staminate flower
Swellings are fruitlike, the pedicellate stamens in a circle around the periphery. [illustration provided in book]

Range: MD

Cartodiplosis nyssaecola

Host: Nyssa sylvatica

Marginal leaf folds
This species was originally believed to cause this gall, which is actually formed by Phylloxera nyssae. C nyssaecola is a predator on the phylloxeroids.

Range: NY and MD

Cecidomyiid

host: Nyssa sylvatica

Swollen twigs
Swellings are reportedly about 6 cm long.

Range: VA

Acericecis ocellaris

Hosts: Chiefly Acer rubrum; also A pensylvanicum, saccharinum, saccharum, spicatum; typical spots occur on A circinatum from OR and WA but larvae of the gall midge have not been reported.

Circular, usually red, leaf spot, each with one exposed larva on under side of leaf

Spots are about 5 mm in diameter, usually red, but sometimes green or yellow, and evident in spring as soon as leaves are fully expanded.

Range: eastern (and possibly throughout) North America

Dasineura aceris

Host: Acer saccharinum

Crumpled leaf
Damage usually occurs on expanding leaves, which grow distorted and crumpled.

Range: Ontario to WI, south to MD and KS

Dasineura communis 

Hosts: Acer pensylvanicum, rubrum, saccharum

Crumpled leaf or vein pouch; on other maples [ie not Acer saccharinum], chiefly Acer rubrum
More than one distinct type of damage has been attributed to D communis, but the various kinds may be caused by more than one species of gall midge. 

The pouches, usually situated next to a major vein, open to the upper leaf surface and may be long and narrow to short and pea-shaped.

Range: ME to WI south to MD and MO

Contarinia negundinis

Host: Acer negundo

Folded or swollen leaflet or swollen leaf bud
Damage occurs in early spring when leaves are expanding. The feeding site of the larvae, in the bud at the base of developing petioles or, more commonly, the leaflets, evidently depends on the tissue available when eggs are laid.

Range: MA to Saskatchewan, south to VA and IL

Contarinia sp.

Host: Acer negundo

Globular pouch gall along veins
These reddish, inconspicuous galls appear in June on the upper side of fully expanded leaflets and result from an inpocketing of the leaflet. Each gall contains a single larva.

Range: MD

Cecidomyiid

Host: Acer negundo

Rough, irregular twig swelling
The swelling is reportedly 2-4 cm long (Felt 1940)

*Contarinia sp.* and *Dasineura sp.*

Host: *Acer rubrum*

Yellow and red marginal leaf fold
One or two larvae of either genus, but usually of *Contarinia*, are found in each of these folds, visible in early spring after the leaves are fully expanded. [illustration shows galls similar to those of *[Macrodiplosis erubescens](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/1053)* on oak leaves]

Range: CT and NY to MD

Dasineura sp.

Host: Acer rubrum

Veins at junctures on underside of leaf expanded and compressed against the leaf surface [illustration shows galls in the vein angles]
Galls are visible only from the underside of the leaf. They appear in spring, and each contains one larva.

Range: MD

Neolasioptera sp.

Tapered stem swelling
Adults were reared in July in Florida, so this species probably has more than one generation per year.

Hosts: Kosteletzkya virginica
Distr: Florida and Texas

Neolasioptera hibisci (Felt)

Galls are irregular, ridged, and 2-3 cm long.
Larvae develop in tunnels, mainly in the pith, overwinter in the stalks, and pupate there in spring.

Host: Hibiscus moscheutos
Distr: New York, North Carolina, and Louisiana.


Neolasioptera triadenii

Enlarged seed capsule
5 mm long and 3 mm in diameter
Reared in early Fall

Host: Hypericum mutilum
Distr: Massachusetts



Neolasioptera triadenii
Irregular stem swelling

Gall: Swellings are about 8-12 mm long and monothalamous. 
The orange larvae overwinter in the stems and pupate there the following spring.

Host: Triadenum virginicum
Distr: MA, NY, NJ

Schizomyia sp.
Swollen, unopened flower

In late September it [larvae] leaves the gall and drops to the ground to pupate.

Host: Collinsonia canadensis
Distr: MD

Caryomyia thompsoni

Gall green to black, depressed-spherical, indented at apex, thin-walled, with sparse, long hairs.

Sequoiomyia taxodii

Swollen, aborted seed
Larvae overwinter in the seeds, and adults emerge in spring

Host: Taxodium distichum
Range: Illinois to Arkansas

[Image depicting galls]
Taxodiomyia sp. b

Starburst needle galls

Contarinia acetosellae

Deformed, reddish seed capsules

Host: Rumex acetosella

Distr: Georgia and Illinois, Europe

Cecidomyiid

"Pocket gall" on seed pods
The damage, attributed to a cecidomyiid by Maze (1949) was not described further

Host: A. androsaemifolium

Distr: Pennsylvania

Cecidomyiid

Swollen, folded leaves

Host: Ilex vomitoria
Distr: NC

Contarinia

Enlarged bud or deformed catkin

Host: Corylus americana
Distr: New York

Neolasioptera sp.

Irregular, woody swelling at base of leaf blade

Host: Dioscoreaa villosa
Distr: NY

Janetiella siskiyou

Infested cones may appear normal to slightly deformed
Larvae among the scales. They spin a cocoon in summer and pupate there in spring. Adults emerge shortly after.. Probably only one generation occurs per year.

Host: Chamaecyparis lawsoniana
Distr: Oregon; also Europe, where it is now well established

Contarinia sp.

Larva in swollen branchlet tip
Branchlet tips are swollen

Host: Chamaecyparis nootkatensis
Distr: British Columbia and Washington

Walshomyia cupressi

Greatly enlarged bud
Adults emerge from the buds in April

Hosts: Cupressus pygmaea, C. sargentii

Distr: CA

Contarinia rugosa

Bud of normal size, becoming brown after larva exits

The infestation is noticeable in spring, when the buds turn first red then brown after the full-grown larvae drop to the soil.

Host: Cupressus arizonica
Distr: California and Hawaii, where it was introduced with nursery stock

Contarinia [Chamaediplosis].
The damage is probably similar to that of Contarinia rugosa, but adult specimens are distinctly differ.

Host: Cupressus macrocarpa

Distr: CA

Contarinia juniperina

Slight swellings on the base of needles
Infestation can cause extensive dieback and unsightliness after the larvae leave.
One mine may contain one to severa larvae

Hosts: Juniperus chinensis, J. communis, J. horizontalis, J. ashei, J. squamata, J. virginiana

Distr: Ontario to Pennsylvania, west to Nebraska and Kansas

Oligotrophus betheli

The needles covering a gall are green at first and turn red or black only when the larva inside approaches full growth
Affected buds die after the gall midges emerge

Hosts: J. ashei, J. chinensis, J. horizontalis, J. scopulorum, J. "utahensis" [Juniperus osteosperma], J. virginiana

Distr: New Jersey to British Columbia and California

Oligotrophus sp.

This species, probably an Oligotrophus, is known only from galls and pupae. The galls differ from those of O. betheli only by having the tips of the outer leaf scales recurved.

Host: Juniperus scopulorum
Distr: Colorado

Walshomyia insignis

Yellowish bud galls, hardly distinguishable from normal buds

Host: Juniperus scopulorum

Oligotrophus juniperi

Gall burrlike, the leaves short, pointed

Host: Juniperus sp.

Distr: Colorado

Oligotrophus pattersoni

Leaves forming gall appressed, although tips may be reflexed
Galls are 10-15 mm long, 8-10 mm in widest diameter.

Host: Juniperus ashei
Distr: Texas

Walshomyia sp.

Host: Juniperus occidentalis

Distr: California

Walshomyia sp.

Host: Juniperus "utahensis"

Distr: Colorado

Walshomyia sp.

Gall elongate-cylindrical, brown

Host: J. "utahensis"

Distr: Colorado

Walshomyia sp.

Gall ovoid, globular, pink to dark purple, sometimes split at apex when mature

Host: Juniperus "utahensis"

Walshomyia juniperina

Host: Juniperus californica

Distr: California

Walshomyia texana

Host: Juniperus "sabinoides"

Distr: Texas

"Mayetiola" thujae

Damaged cones may be smaller than normal but not otherwise conspicuous
Seeds rarely survive an infestation.

Host: Thuja pilcata, western red cedar
Distr: British Columbia to Oregon

Carex

Swelling or tuber-shaped outgrowth at base of plant

Hosts: Many species of Carex including C. vesicaria

Distr: northern Holarctic Region

Cecidomyiid

Deformed fruit
Full-grown larvae were found in deformed perigynes in June.

Host: Carex praegracilis
Distr: Nebraska

Paradiplosis tumifex

Host: Abies balsamea, Abies fraseri, Abies concolor

Distr: Canadian Maritime Provinces to Wisconsin, south along Applachians to North Carolina, and California.

Dasineura abiesemia

Larva in scale selling
Galls are found in the cone scales, usually adjacent to the seeds

Hosts: Abies concolor, A. grandis, A. magnifica, A. shastensis.

Distr: OR, CA

Dasineura sp.

Larva in seed
One larva occurs per infested seed
Pupation occurs in the seed the following spring
Nearly all infected seeds are aborted

Hosts: Abies grandis, A. lasiocarpa
Distr: British Columbia

Resseliella sp.

Larva in seeds and between scales

Host: Larix laricinia

Distr: Maine

"Mayetiola" carpophaga

Seed deformed, discolored
Eggs are laid in spring on the developing cones
Ovules which swell to larger than normal size and grow irregularly

Host: Picea glauca

Distr: Ontario

Plemeliella sp.

Seed apparently normal
Seeds must be cut open to find larvae

Host: Picea glauca

Distr: Ontario

Kaltenbachiola rachiphaga

Larva in tunnel in rachis
Adults emerge mid-May

Host: Picea glauca

Distr: Quebec and Ontario

Kaltenbachiola canadensis

Larva in swelling of cone scale
Occasionally numerous enough to give the cone a warty appearance

Host: Picea glauca

Distr: Ontario

Dasineura swainei

Malformed, usuallly terminal bud
Bud growth is arrested and lateral shoots elongate to cause the development of multiple leaders and subsequent bushy growth

Hosts: Picea abies, P. glauca, P. mariana, P. pungens, P. rubens

Distr: Canadian Maratime Provinces to Alberta

Asphondylia lacinariae

Irregular, subspherical, bud gall
Galls are polythalamous, 20 mm longby 15 mm wide.

Hosts: Liatris punctata, L. pycnostachya

Distr: KS, AR, TX

Asphondylia betheli

Swollen fruit
Seeds fail to develop, and infested fruit persist on the plant longer than uninfested fruit
Infested fruit shrivel and drop off following the exit of adults

Hosts: Opuntia macrorhiza, Opuntia spp.

Distr: Colorado to California, south to Texas and Oaxaca

Asphondylia diervillae

Enlarged, deformed bud or fruit
9 mm long, 3 mm in diameter
Green, the slender tips discolored
Most are larger on one side, causing a bending in the opposite direction

Host: D. lonicera

Distr: NY

Cecidomyiid

Leaf pocket or leaf roll

Host: Prunella vulgaris

Distr: Pennsylvania

Cecidomyiid

Stem swelling
Swellings were reportedly about 1 cm long
They are probably formed by a Neolasioptera

Host: Nepeta cataria

Distr: Unspecified

Craneiobia tuba

Tubular leaf gall
Green to pinkish, monothalamous galls
Hemispherical on one side of the leaf, tubular on the other
Orange larvae in a spherical cell

Hosts: Cornus amomum, Cornus racemosa

Distr: Massachusetts, New York and Illinois

Asteromyia chrysothamni

Elongate-elliptical, discolored blister on leaf or stem
Galls are buff to blue-gray

Hosts: C. albidus, C. nauseosus, C. greenei, C. parryi, C. "plattensis", C. viscidiflorus, and Haplopappus spp.

Distr: widespread in western North America: Saskatchewan to Texas and west.

Contarinia cuniculator

Larva in needle
Only upper surface of needle discolored; needle often distorted or bent
Infested needles usually contain one larvae, but up to four have been found

Host: Pseudotsuga menziesii

Distr: British Columbia to California

Contarinia sp.

Larva in spikelet

Hosts: A. repens, A. smithii

Distr: ON, NB

Chilophaga or Astictoneura sp.

Larva in imbricated stem gall
The stem is foreshortened and the leaves are tightly imbricated

Host: A. repens

Distr: PA

Rhopalomyia sp.

Elongate-conical gall on leaflet, rachis, or flower stalk
Galls are reddish and about 4 mm long.

Host: A. canescens

Distr: MN, NE, KS

Cecidomyiid

Marginal leaf roll
Rolled margins are reportedly 3-5 mm long and yellowish

Host: A. canescens

Distr: KS

*Neolasioptera convolvuli*

Swellings are woody, monothalamous, and 1-2 cm long.
Usually a single, orange larva lives in a channel along the pith.

Hosts: *C. sepium*, *C.* sp.

Distr: MA, NY, MD, NB

Dasineura trifolii

Leaflet folded and swollen along midvein.
Several generations occur per year.
This species originated in Europe and was recognized in North America in 1879.

Hosts: T. pratense, T. repens

Distr: Massachusetts to Maryland, west to Nebraska; Europe.

Neolasioptera fontagrensis

Irregularly swollen root or stem
Larvae overwinter in the gaall

Host: C. scandens
Distr: MA, NY

Ametrodiplosis dulichii

Larvae in fruit
This species was reportedly reared from fruit.

Host: D. arundinaceum

Distr: MA

Asphondylia [Hemiasphondylia] mimosae

Flower bud gall
Found in clusters on flower peduncles
Thin-walled, greenish-pink, 7 mm long by 3 mm in diameter.

Host: M. "fragrans".
Distr: TX

"Rhopalomyia" castaneae

Bud or leaf galls
Enlarged, clustered buds

Host: C. dentata
Distr: NY, WV, NC

Cecidomyiid

Swollen petiole
All that is known of this species is that it forms an irregular gall about 12 mm in length.

Host: C. pumila

Dasineura dentatae

Flat, circular, warty growth, usually between veins
Small, roughened blisters
A single larvae lies between both gall halves and presumably drops to the ground to pupate

Host: C. dentata

Distr: MA, ON, OH

The plant-feeding gall midges of North America