Epiblema strenuana

Asphondylia ambrosiae

Rhopalomyia ambrosiae

"Stem borer. The species produces a fusiform swelling at the stem terminal and are on almost every stem terminal."

[note from same source: a related, but distinct *Epiblema*, probably the one [now clarified to be *E. minutana*](https://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4729.3.3), "...forms part of a complex with *E. strenuata* ...The 2 species can be separated by their biology... [The non-*strenuata* species] bores in the main stem and sometimes into the lateral branches of the ragweed but does not infest the stem terminals to produce the fusiform swellings characteristic of *E. strenuata*. Ragweed stems are more commonly infested in the fall season by this species.]

"Forms bud-galls. Hosts: *A. artemisiifolia* ... [also mentions *A. monophylla* as a host, but Kew's POWO considers this a synonym of *A. artemisiifolia*.]"

"A high percentage of parasitism exists... Four adults were reared from a total of 278 galls; 6 larvae may be found in one gall. If all the larvae grew to the adult form without being parasitized, the total amount of reared adults should number 1,668 instead of 4."

Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera associated with Ambrosia artemisiifolia (Compositae) in Florida