Vitisiella brevicauda

Ampelomyia vitispomum

Ampelomyia viticola

Ampeloglypter sesostris

Ampeloglypter ampelopsis

Daktulosphaira vitifoliae

Lasioptera vitis OS

The grapevine tomato gall with its associate (Dasyneura vitis Felt) is probably more complained of than any other attacking the grape. The general appearance of these galls is shown in figures 32 and 33. The irregular, succulent galls occur on wild and cultivated grapes, often in a mass, suggesting at times a group of small tomatoes, and hence the common name. The galls may be on the leaves, leaf stalk, tendrils, or stalks of the fruit clusters. They vary in color from greenish yellow to reddish, the latter color being often the predominant one. When cut open several cells will be found and in each, at the proper time, an orange-yellow larva, the grub or maggot of the parent midge. When mature the grubs escape the galls through holes cut to the exterior, and fall to the ground where they change to pupae and remain until the following spring, the flies developing in time to start other galls on the tender growth. 

No practical control for this insect is known. The cutting off and destroying of galls before the grubs have escaped should serve to reduce the attack another season. 

Schizomyia pomum W & R

The hazelnut-like grape apple gall occurs on the shoots of the vine. It is somewhat less than an inch in diameter, greenish in color, becoming reddish as the season advances, more or less pear-shaped, and marked on the outside with depressions extending lengthwise (fig. 34). When cut open it is found to be divided into cells or segments with a cross partition, each cell being occupied by bright yellow larvae. The gall, succulent when small, later becomes quite hard and woody. Removing the galls by hand and destroying them when found are advised. 

Cecidomyia viticola OS

The upper surface of grape leaves is frequently found to be more or less covered with nail-like galls about one-third of an inch long. The galls are reddish or crimson in color, shading to green. The parent insect is a small midge, or gnat, resembling the preceding species, and the larva or grub within the gall is pale orange in color. This species is not sufficiently abundant to require treatment. 

Ampeloglypter sesostris Lec.

A small, reddish brown weevil, the grape cane gall- maker, sometimes punctures with her snout the shoots of the grape, usually just above one of the lower joints; in this puncture an egg is placed and several additional punctures may be made above the first, but in these no eggs are deposited. The larva upon hatching feeds in the pith, burrowing up and down the shoot. When full grown the pupa stage is entered in the burrow, the beetle emerging in midsummer. As the shoot grows it becomes enlarged at the punctured place, resulting in a gall-like swelling about twice the diameter of the cane in thickness and one or two inches in length. The injured canes continue to grow and, unless broken by winds, little harm results. No practical methods of preventing injury by this insect have been developed and ordinarily its attack is of very little importance. 

Ampeloglypter ater Lec.

The grape cane-girdler is a very near relative of [the preceding species](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/3111) and has about the same life history. The egg-laying activities of the female practically girdle the shoots, which soon drop (fig. 41). The egg is deposited mostly at the joint next below where the shoot has been cut off. Cutting off and destroying the shoot a few inches below this joint will result in the destruction of the grub feeding on the pith within the shoot. 

Phylloxera vitifoliae Fitch

The life history of the phylloxera is quite complicated and. varies considerably, according to type of grape infested and the climate of the country inhabited by it. The phylloxera may be disseminated from nurseries on vines, or on vines from infested vineyards, and new centers of infestation come about principally in this way. In California spread from these centers is due to migration from infested vines over the soil, or through cracks in the soil of the small root-inhabiting nymphs or larvae (fig. 53). These small larvae may also be born6 by wind and by picking boxes, and in hilly or irrigated vineyards perhaps some are carried by water. The winged form in that State appears not to be a factor of importance in the dissemination of the species.

Insect and fungous enemies of the grape east of the Rocky Mountains