Disholcaspis quercusglobulus (agamic)

Disholcaspis quercusomnivora (agamic)

Disholcaspis quercusmamma (agamic)

Disholcaspis rubens (agamic)

Disholcaspis persimilis (agamic)

Disholcaspis bassetti (agamic)

Disholcaspis sileri (agamic)

Disholcaspis canescens (agamic)

Nichollsiella arizonica (agamic)

Disholcaspis colorado (agamic)

Disholcaspis cinerosa (agamic)

Burnettweldia corallina (agamic)

Antron douglasii (agamic)

Disholandricus truckeensis (agamic)

Disholcaspis eldoradensis (agamic)

Disholcaspis perniciosa (agamic)

Disholcaspis quercusvirens (agamic)

Disholcaspis spongiosa (agamic)

Atrusca brevipennata (agamic)

Atrusca quercuscentricola (agamic)

Cynips mirabilis (agamic)

Belonocnema treatae (sexgen)

Xanthoteras pumiliventris (sexgen)

Holcaspis globulus (Fitch)

Cynips oneratus
Callaspidia quercus globulus
Cynips quercus globulus
Cynips q globulus
Cynips globulus
Diplolepis globulus
Loxaulis globulus
Holcaspis globulus
Cynips rugosa
Holcaspis rugosa

Gall. On the twigs of white oak (Quercus alba), chestnut oak (Quercus prinus [montana]), scrub chestnut oak (Quercus prinoides). Smooth, globular or the shape of a bullet, growing singly or in clusters of two, three, or more. Yellow, sometimes tinged with red. Internally of a compact, rather hard, corky texture and containing a free, oval, yellowish brown larval cell, resembling an egg. Diameter 8 to 16 mm.

Habitat: Canada to Texas. 

The insect described by Harris as Cynips oneratus is a guestfly (Synergus oneratus) and Cynips globulus of Fitch is the true gall maker. The species described by Bassett as Cynips rugosa is inseparable from Holcaspis globulus, at least I am unable to find any perceptible differences between the two species. 

The types of Harris are in the Boston Society of Natural History and Bassett's types of H. rugosa are in the American Museum of Natural History and the American Entomological Society. Fitch's type of H. globulus is lost.

Holcaspis omnivora (Ashmead)

Cynips q omnivora
Andricus omnivorus
Holcaspis omnivora

Gall. (Plate VII, Figs. 4, 5, 6, 7.) Singly or in clusters of two or three on the twigs of different kinds of oaks (Qurcus brevifolia, Quercus catesbaei [erroneous]; Quercus virginiana [erroneous], Quercus minor [stellata], and Quercus chapmani). Globular or irregularly rounded, sometimes confluent. Hard, pale brown or yellowish, sometimes tinged with red. Internally there is a small larval cell, sometimes loose, but more often attached to the hull near the bud axil. Diameter 8 to 20 mm. 

Habitat. Florida. 

The gall of this species resembles that of Holcaspis globulus, but the fly is almost entirely rufous while Holcaspis globulus is nearly black. 

Holcaspis mamma (Walsh)

Cynips q mamma
Holcaspis mamma
Holcaspis duricoria
Cynips duricaria
Holcaspis duricaria
Diplolepis q macrocarpae
Cynips macrocarpae
Andricus macrocarpae

Gall. (Plate VIII, Fig. 1.) In numbers or in clusters among the twigs of swamp white oak (Quercus platanoides [bicolor]) and bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa). Rounded, hard, and woody when old, brown or dark red, with a more or less distinct point at the apex. When fresh it is bright red, sometimes greenish, soft and pithy. Internally there is a free larval cell, similar to that of Holcaspis globulus. Diameter 6 to 18 mm. 

Habitat. Canada to Texas. 

I have united Holcaspis duricoria Bassett, with H. mamma Walsh. The description of the gall of the latter tallies exactly with that of the former, while the brief characters of the adult of H. mamma agrees with those of H. duricoria. Walsh compared his H. mamma with H. globulus and his diagnosis agrees essentially with the material of these species before me. A specimen of H. mamma was given to me by the late Dr. Ashmead, and I cannot separate it from duricoria. Bassett also suspected that H. duricoria was probably identical with H. mamma, and his species had long borne the name as a manuscript designation before the description was published. The gall of mamma is sometimes found in countless numbers on a single tree. 

The types of the adults and galls of duricoria are in the American Museum of Natural History and the American Entomological Society. The types of H. mamma were lost in the great Chicago fire. 

Holcaspis rubens Gillette

Gall. (Plate VII, Figs. 8, 9.) Singly or in clusters on the twigs of oak (Quercus undulata). Globular and composed of a dense corky substance, containing a single larval cell that is easily detached from the surrounding portions. Smooth or rough externally and of a light straw color, usually tinted with red. Diameter 10 to 14 mm. 

Habitat. Colorado. 

The gall very much resembles that of Holcaspis globulus but the flies are very different. The types are with Prof. C. P. Gillette and in the American Museum of Natural History.

Holcaspis persimilis Ashmead

Gall. (Plate VIII, Figs. 15, 16.) On the twigs of black jack oak (Quercus marylandica). Rounded, hard, rugose externally, with raised lines and ridges. Otherwise similar in structure to other Holcaspid galls. Diameter 7 mm. 

This species is unknown to me. The types of the single adult and gall are in the United States National Museum; the habitat is unknown. According to Ashmead the adult may be known from the congeners by the angulated outer vein of the areolet.

Holcaspis bassetti Gillette

Gall. (Plate VIII, Figs. 6, 7.) Singly or in clusters from two to about thirty, closely crowded together on the twigs of swamp white oak (Quercus platanoides [bicolor]) and shingle oak (Quercus imbricaria). Green and soft when fresh and often tinged with pink. Hard, woody and brown, when old and dry. Monothalamous, rounded or irregular at base, broadly attached to the twig, and gradually drawn out into a more or less prominent point at the apex, which is sometimes curved. Larval cell at base of gall and somewhat pointed at the end toward the twig. 

Habitat.- Ohio; Michigan; Iowa. 

The types are with Prof. C. P. Gillette. 

Holcaspis sileri Bassett

Gall. (Plate VIII, Fig. 12.) Singly at the tip of twig of oak (Quercus undulata). Somewhat bud-shaped, ovate, or elongate. Attached by a broad base to the twig near the bud, pointed at the apex with part of a leaf growing from it or at the sides. Rough and apparently green when fresh, brown and pubescent when dry. Internally the gall is hard with the larval cell closely imbedded, but separated from the gall. Length about 9 mm. Width about 5 to 6 mm. 

Habitat. Southern Utah. 

The adult of this species has not been examined by me. It is in the collection of the American Entomological Society and two type galls are in the American Museum of Natural History.

Holcaspis canescens Bassett

Gall. In clusters on the branch of a species of dwarf oak (Quercus sp.) Rounded, hard, and woody, with a blunt spur at the apex. Resembling dwarf specimens of Holcaspis duricoria, though the surface is more hoary. Internally, there is a single larval cell, attached to the gall, but can be detached without breaking; around the cell there is a thin layer of rusty brown, and outside this a light gray color prevails. Diameter 10 mm. 

Habitat. California. 

The type is in the American Entomological Society.

Holcaspis arizonica Cockerell

Gall. Attached to the base of the petiole of leaf of oak (Quercus arizonica). Globular, pale ochreous, not shining. There is a projecting point next to the place of insertion. Inside it is brown, fiberous, moderately dense, with at least two cells. Diameter 9 mm. 

Habitat. Prescott, Arizona. 

This species is unknown to me. According to T. D. A. Cockerell it is closely related to Cynips sulcatus Ashmead, but differs by its much darker color and infuscated wings, and seems to go best in Holcaspis. The type, according to Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell, is with the American Entomological Society.

Holcaspis colorado Gillette

Gall. In clusters on the twigs of a species of oak (Quercus, sp.). Globular and drawn out into a blunt point at the apex. Hard and woody and resembles small dark colored galls of H. rugosa. The substance is more dense than in rugosa and gobulus and the central cell does not separate from the cellular tissue. Length 10 mm. Width 8 mm. 

Habitat. Colorado (Manitou). 

This species is unknown to me and the type of the adult and gall are with Prof. C. P. Gillette. It was described from a single living female which was cut from a gall October 31, 1892.

Holcaspis cinerosa (Bassett)

Cynips cinerosa
Andricus cinerosus

Gall. (Plate VII, Fig. 10.) Singly or in clusters of two or three on the twigs of live oak (Quercus virginiana). Monothalamous. Globular with a distinct pointed nipple at the apex, and covered with a dense mealy grayish powder. Internally it is of a dense corky or cellular structure, containing a partly free central larval cell. Diameter 12 to 22 mm. 

Habitat. Texas.

A distinct species, readily known by the dense grayish pubescence on the thorax and sides of the abdomen; clear hyaline wings with the cubitus of the primaries disappearing before reaching the first cross-vein. The gall is perfectly globular with a nipple at the apex and differs from all other known Holcaspis galls by the dense grayish powder covering it. 

The types are in the American Entomological Society. A fine lot of galls of H. cinerosa, from Austin, Texas, were kindly sent to me by Mr. C. Hartman.

Holcaspis corallina Bassett

Holcaspis corallinus Bassett

Gall. (Plate IX, Figs. 13, 14.) On twigs of a species of dwarf oak (Quercus, sp.) Coral-shaped, rounded with the surface irregularly and thickly studded all over with short, stumpy projections which differ in size. Reddish buff-colored when fresh and blackish when old; covered closely with a velvety pubescence. Internally the gall is yellowish brown and contains a single, attached, larval cell. Diameter 7 to 10 mm. 

Habitat. California. 

The types are in the American Entomological Society and type galls in the American Museum of Natural History.

Holcaspis douglasi Ashmead

Holcaspis douglasii

Gall. (Plate VIII, Figs. 10, 11.) On the under side of the leaf of oak (Quercus douglasi) Brown and covered with a lilac gray bloom. Squash shaped, with many ridges surrounding the upper margin, being prolonged into irregular tubercles, usually from seven to ten in number. From the base to the upper margin the gall gradually increases in width. Internally it is hollow and with an egg-shaped partly attached larval chamber. Height 7 to 10 mm. Width at upper margin 6 to 10 mm. 

Habitat. California (Marin Co.). 

The gall of this species is very different in shape from that of other Holcaspis. It is somewhat of the shape of a diminutive squash and covered with a delicate lilac gray bloom which is easily rubbed off. The types are in the United States National Museum. 

Holcaspis truckeensis Ashmead

Gall. (Plate VIII, Fig. 13.) On the terminal twig of oak (Quercus chrysolepis var. vaccinifolia). Irregular, inflated, hard, woody gall issuing from a slit in a terminal twig. Brown, somewhat smooth with transverse depressions, caused by the coalescence of several galls. Length about 25 mm. Width about 12 mm. 

Habitat. California. 

The types are in the United States National Museum.

Holcaspis eldoradensis sp. nov.

Gall. (Plate IX, figs. 6, 7.) On the twigs of Quercus kelloggii [erroneous; presumably should be Q lobata]. Hard woody and with the base broadly inserted in a slit on the branch. Rounded with the top very much flattened. Sides pale brown, wrinkled, summit dark brown and rugose. Centrally is a single larval cell. Width 4-7 mm. Height about 4 mm. 

Habitat: Sonoma County, California. 

Type: One female and gall. Collection American Museum of Natural History. 

Holcaspis perniciosa (Bassett)

Cynips quercus mellaria
Holcaspis perniciosus
Holcaspis perniciosa
Holcaspis monticola

Gall. (Plate IX, Figs. 8, 9.) In clusters on the twigs of oaks (Quercus undulata and Quercus gambelii). Monothalmous. Rounded with the apex more or less pointed or somewhat flattened, attached by a broad base to the twig which is enlarged into a shallow cup-like receptacle at the base of the gall. When fresh the gall is bright-colored, inclining to crimson or scarlet; when old, dark brown, hard, woody and containing a larval cell firmly imbedded in the rather hard cellular tissue. Smooth or slightly rough and sometimes with deep, irregular cracks. The adult escapes through an opening which it makes at the base of the gall. Diameter 5 to 8 mm. 

Habitat Colorado; New Mexico; Utah; Arizona. 

A distinct species, redescribed as Holeaspis monticola by Prof. C. P. Gillette. Riley, in 1880, briefly described the galls under the name Cynips quercus mellaria. This name should not be accepted since it is based merely on the plant deformation. According to McCook the galls exude minute drops of a sweet, watery secretion which is collected by the honey ant (Myrmecocystus hortideorum). This liquid is eagerly collected by the ordinary workers, carried to their nests in their crops and fed to the repletes, and otherwise serving as food when other sources are exhausted. 

The types of H. perniciosus are in the American Entomological Society, and those of H. monticola are with Prof. C. P. Gillette and the American Museum of Natural History.

Holcaspis succinipes (Ashmead)

Cynip q succinipes 
Andricus succinipes
Holcaspis succinipes

Gall. (Plate VII, Fig. 11; Plate VIII, Fig. 14.) In clusters of from five to twenty or more crowded around a terminal twig or branch of live oak (Quercus virginiana). Globular or bud-shaped with a broad flattened or excavate base. Yellowish brown, with a surface like buckskin, becoming blackish brown with age. Internally hard, and tough with a single hard, smooth larval cell. Diameter 3 to 6 mm. 

Habitat. Florida. 

The types are in the United States National Museum

Holcaspis succinipes (Ashmead)

Cynip q succinipes 
Andricus succinipes
Holcaspis succinipes

Gall. (Plate VII, Fig. 11; Plate VIII, Fig. 14.) In clusters of from five to twenty or more crowded around a terminal twig or branch of live oak (Quercus virginiana). Globular or bud-shaped with a broad flattened or excavate base. Yellowish brown, with a surface like buckskin, becoming blackish brown with age. Internally hard, and tough with a single hard, smooth larval cell. Diameter 3 to 6 mm. 

Habitat. Florida. 

The types are in the United States National Museum

Holcapsis ficigera (Ashmead)

Cynips q ficigera
Loxaulis ficigera
Holcaspis ficigera

Gall. (Plate VIII, Figs. 2, 3, 4, 5.) In clusters thickly crowded together around a twig of live oak (Quercus virginiana) compressing each other and shaped accordingly. Outwardly they resemble compressed figs and are of a yellowish brown color. When not compressed they are rounded with a flattened base. Hard and woody and covered with a felt-like substance. Internally the gall is hard and surrounds a smooth kernel, which is plainly visible on detaching a gall, a part of the kernel being imbedded, and when detached it leaves an indentation in the twig. 

Habitat. Georgia; Florida; Kansas. 

The types are in the United States National Museum.

Holcaspis spongiosa (Karsch)

Diplolepis spongiosus
Cynips spongiosa
Cynips q ficula
Loxaulis ficula
Holcaspis ficula

Gall. (Plate IX, Figs. 10, 11.) Closely compressed clusters surrounding the twigs of burr oak (Quercus macrocarpa), post oak (Quercus minor [stellata]) and Quercus chapmani. The individual galls in these clusters assume a variety of forms, by reason of their lateral pressure which they exert upon each other. The normal form would undoubtedly be that of a regular cone attached by its apex to the branch. The galls form a rounded or elongated or globular symmetrical mass, somewhat resembling that of pressed figs. Externally they are thin-shelled and are usually covered with a rust-colored velvety substance which mostly disappears from the outward and exposed surface. Internally it is composed of a soft spongy reddish brown substance and contains a hard larval cell not separable from the spongy substance. The masses are usually very closely compact giving them the appearance of being one large gall, with fissures and depressions indicating the individual galls. Length 25 to 50 mm. Diameter 16 to 38 mm. 

Habitat. Georgia; Florida; Texas. 

The types of H. ficula are in the American Entomological Society and the American Museum of Natural History, and the types of H. spongiosus are probably in the Berlin Museum. 

The description and figure of the gall of H. spongiosus agree with that of H. ficula. The adult was briefly described from a broken example and Dr. Karsch stated that the same together with the characteristic gall would serve to recognize the species.

Holcaspis brevipennata Gillette

Gall. (Plate IX, Figs. 4. 5.) Attached singly to the under side and always near the margin of the leaves of oak (Quercus undulata). Globular thin shelled; straw color more or less stained with rusty brown. The central cell is held in place by a rather abundant growth of fine radiating fibres, more or less branched toward their outer ends. Diameter 11 to 18 mm. 

Habitat. Manitou, Colorado. (Gillette.) 

The gall somewhat resembles that of Dryophanta polita, but is more fragile and thin shelled. The wings of the adult extend slightly beyond the abdomen. The parapsidal grooves are continuous and the anterior part of parallel lines are wanting. 

The types of the adults and galls are with Prof. C. P. Gillette and in The American Museum of Natural History.

Holcaspis centricola (Osten Sacken)

Cynips quercus centricola
Cynips q centricola
Cynips centricola
Loxaulis centricola

Gall. (Plate IX, Fig. 1.) On the undersides of the leaves of post oak (Quercus minor [stellata]). Globular flattened at base and attached to the leaf by a small nipple. Thin shelled white, sometimes tinged with pink and covered with a white pubescence, this being the character of the under side of the leaf of the post oak. Internally there is a central kernel which is held in position by numerous, white, silky filaments, radiating from the kernel to the shell of the gall. Diameter 15 to 20 mm. 

Habitat. Washington, D. C.; New Jersey; Indiana. 

A very distinct species and different from all other known Holcaspis. In the adult the parapsidal grooves extend from the shoulders, where they are widely separated, backward to the scutellum, where they are close together. The line at base of wing is curved anteriorly and the wings are clouded apically and on the anal vein. The gall superficially resembles that of Amphibolips inanis. It is possible that the species may not belong to the genus Holcaspis and I place it in this genus tentatively. The types are in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Mass. 

Holcaspis maculipennis Gillette

Gall. (Plate IX, Figs. 2, 3.) Single or in clusters of two or more, on the upper and under sides of the leaves of oak (Quercus wrightii [erroneous], Quercus undulata [erroneous], Quercus garryana), and probably other. allied species. Globular, yellowish, composed of a thin outer shell and a single larval cell held in place by radiating fibres. Yellowish brown when dry and covered with darker brown rounded spots. Diameter 15 to 35 mm.

Habitat. New Mexico [erroneous]; California; Oregon. The maculation of the wings is unlike that of any other species of Holcaspis, and the species may be readily known by the continuous parapsidal grooves. The gall resembles that of Amphibolips inanis. 

The types are with Prof. C. P. Gillette. I have bred several specimens of the flies from galls collected at Portland, Oregon, by Dr. E. O. Hovey. 

Belenocnema treatae Mayr.

Dryorhizoxenus floridanus ASHMEAD

Gall. (Plate LI, Fig. 1.) In clusters around the rootlet of live oak (Quercus virginiana). Polythalamous. Irregular in shape, somewhat wedge-shaped, soft, fleshy and of the consistency of a potato when fresh. Externally rough, irregular and of a yellowish color. Hard, brown and woody when dry. Internally composed of numerous cells one above another, and separated by thick fleshy partitions. Length from 10 to 20 mm. 

Habitat. Florida. 

The types are in the United States National Museum.

Belonocnema colorado Gillette

Habitat. Dolores, Colorado. Pecos, New Mexico (T. D. A. Cockerell). 

This species was described from a single specimen taken June 18, 1892, by Prof. C. P. Gillette. It is allied to B. treatae, but differs by the absence of the median groove on the mesothorax and infuscations on the radial veins. The gall is not known. It probably occurs on the roots of oak. The type is with Prof. Gillette. 

The species of Holcaspis and their galls