Belonocnema fossoria (agamic)

Belonocnema kinseyi (agamic)

Belonocnema treatae (agamic)

Belonocnema fossoria (sexgen)

Belonocnema treatae (sexgen)

Belonocnema kinseyi (sexgen)

Belonocnema fossoria, Weld 1921 Rev. Stat.

Belonocnema quercusvirens, Burks, 1979 [species inquirenda]

Host plant: Quercus geminata

Gall: Smooth, single-chambered pea galls (5.88–6.45mm in diameter) on the ventral side of leaves

Distribution: GA, FL

[See paper for photos of the galls]

Belonocnema kinseyi, Weld, 1921, Rev. Stat.

Belonocnema treatae, Lund et al, 1998

Host plant: Quercus fusiformis (OK, TX, Mexico) and Quercus virginiana (TX to FL to NC)

Gall: Smooth, unilocular pea-like galls on the ventral side of leaves

Distribution: LA, MS, OK, TX

Belonocnema treatae (Mayr, 1881)

Dryorhizoxenus floridanus Ashmead, 1881

Host plant: Quercus virginiana and (rarely) geminata

Gall: Smooth, pea-like galls (4.92–5.50 mm) on the ventral side of leaves

Distribution: AL, FL, GA, MS, NC, SC

Belonocnema fossoria, Weld 1921 Rev. Stat.

Belonocnema quercusvirens, Burks, 1979 [species inquirenda]

Host plant: Quercus geminata

Gall: irregular shaped, multilocular galls often in clusters on the small rootlets

Biology: The sexual generation emerges from early March to mid-April, corresponding with the timing of leaf flush of their host Q. geminata. 

Distribution: GA, FL

[See paper for photos of the galls]

Belonocnema treatae (Mayr, 1881)

Belenocnema [sic] treatae Mayr, 1881 sexual generation

Hosts: Quercus virginiana and (rarely) geminata

Gall: irregular shaped, multilocular galls often in clusters on the small rootlets. 

Biology:  Sexual-generation adults emerge from mid-March to end of April, corresponding with the timing of leaf flush of their main host Q. virginiana

Remarks: Few specimens of this species have been collected from Q. geminata, which is unsurprising given the much later leaf flushing time of Q. geminata

Distribution: AL, FL, GA, MS, NC, SC

Belonocnema kinseyi, Weld, 1921, Rev. Stat.

Belonocnema treatae, Lund et al, 1998

Host plant: Quercus fusiformis (OK, TX, Mexico) and Quercus virginiana (TX to FL to NC)

Gall: irregular shaped, multilocular clusters of galls on the small rootlets

Distribution: LA, MS, OK, TX

One hundred and sixty years of taxonomic confusion resolved: Belonocnema (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) gall wasps associated with live oaks in the USA