Phylloxera auburnensis

Phylloxera bispinae

Phylloxera chippokesiensis

Phylloxera crypta

Phylloxera echinus

Phylloxera falsostium

Phylloxera flavoconica

Phylloxera floridana

Phylloxera killianae

Phylloxera myristica

Phylloxera paludis

Phylloxera stoetzelae

Phylloxera wiedenmanni

Phylloxera williamsi

Phylloxera caryaesemen

Phylloxera caryaeavellana

Phylloxera symmetrica

Phylloxera caryaemagna

Phylloxera foveola

Phylloxera caryaeglobuli

Daktulosphaira vitifoliae

Phylloxera caryaevenae

Phylloxera caryaescissa

Phylloxera caryaefallax

Phylloxera caryaecaulis

Phylloxera caryaeren

Phylloxera spinosa

Phylloxera spinuloides

Phylloxera subelliptica

Phylloxera caryaesepta

Phylloxera caryaesepta (perforans)

Phylloxera picta

Phylloxera caryaefoliae

Phylloxera deplanata

Phylloxera intermedia

Phylloxera perniciosa

Phylloxera conica

Phylloxera notabilis

Phylloxera texana

Phylloxera caryaegummosa

Phylloxera pilosula

Phylloxera rimosalis

Phylloxera depressa

Phylloxera devastatrix

Phylloxera russellae

Phylloxera georgiana

Phylloxera foveata

Phylloxera minima

Phylloxera globosa

Phylloxera castaneae

Phylloxera glabra

Phylloxera reticulata

Phylloxera auburnensis Hamilton, sp. n.

Hosts: Carya pallida

Galls: Green, glabrous, and raised to a point on adaxial leaf surface; on abaxial leaf surface more convex, light green, pubescent, and globular; distributed along midvein of leaf 

Slightly convex and raised to a point above, green and glabrous, and diameter 2.5–4.5 mm; below globular and more convex, light green, and densely pubescent; distributed along midvein of leaf. Opening round and surrounded by 5–6 short pubescent bracts which extend out from the gall surface when open.

[Type specimen collected in April]

[A figure of the gall appears on page 123 of the pdf. A discussion of how to distinguish this gall from the similar P caryaeavellana appears on page 71.]

Range: AL

Phylloxera bispinae Hamilton, sp. n.

Hosts: Carya glabra

Galls: Elongate, slender, conical projections on both sides of leaf; green, crimson, or green and crimson; distributed along midvein of leaf. 

Slender conical projections on both sides of leaf; green, crimson, or green and crimson; diameter 1.0–7.0 mm; occurs along midvein and more convex above than below. Openings thorny and surrounded by slender bracts on both surfaces.

[A figure of the gall appears on page 126 of the pdf. A discussion of how to distinguish this gall from the similar P caryaesepta ssp. perforans appears on page 74.]

Range: AL

Phylloxera chippokesiensis Hamilton, sp. n.

Hosts: Carya cordiformis

Galls: Round and convex with depression or central elevation near middle, shiny and slightly pubescent, and green or yellowish-green on adaxial leaf surface.

Round and convex above, a depression or a central elevation near middle, green or yellowish-green, and shiny and slightly pubescent; diameter 1.4–2.4 mm; below more convex with a light green thorny projection; transparent especially near base; thorn-like opening splits into several long bracts at maturity.

[A figure of the gall appears on page 129 of the pdf. A discussion of how to distinguish this gall from the similar P caryaesemen appears on page 79.]

Range: VA

Phylloxera crypta Hamilton, sp. n.

Hosts: Carya aquatica

Galls: Round, slightly convex, and concolorous to surrounding leaf tissue on both surfaces of leaf with a slight depression in center above; diameter 3.5–4.6 mm. Below opening a green stem or thorn-like projection.

[A figure of the gall appears on page 131 of the pdf. A discussion of how to distinguish this gall from the similar P deplanata appears on page 81.]

Range: SC

Phylloxera echinus Hamilton, sp. n.

Hosts: Carya aquatica

Galls: Globular, pubescent, pink, and more convex on adaxial leaf surface and slightly convex, pubescent, and green on abaxial leaf surface.

Globular and more convex above, pinkish, and with long yellowish-white pubescence; diameter 1.3–1.8 mm; below slightly convex, light green, and pubescent. Opening round and surrounded by short yellowish-white pubescence.

[A figure of the gall appears on page 133 of the pdf. A discussion of how to distinguish this gall from the similar P pilosula appears on page 84.]

Range: SC

Phylloxera falsostium Hamilton, sp. n.

Hosts: Carya cordiformis

Galls: Round and convex, yellowish-green and somewhat transparent, with or without slit-like opening in middle, and rim formed around circumference on adaxial leaf surface; more raised above than below; round, pubescent, light green and much lighter compared to adaxial leaf surface, and sunken below surface with rim formed around circumference on abaxial leaf surface.

Round and convex or slightly sunken below leaf surface with a distinct rim above and yellowish-green; diameter 2.3–4.5 mm; with or without an apparent slit-like opening in middle which leads down into a false chamber; below round, pubescent, almost white, and sunken below leaf surface with a rim around circumference. Opening below round and surrounded by white pubescence which splits into 5–6 small bracts at maturity.

[A figure of the gall appears on page 135 of the pdf. A discussion of how to distinguish this gall from the similar P rimosalis appears on page 87.]

Range: OK

Phylloxera flavoconica Hamilton, sp. n.

Hosts: Carya ovata, tomentosa

Galls: Conical and yellow, glabrous, and more prominent on adaxial leaf surface; on abaxial leaf surface slightly convex and light yellowish-green. Diameter 1.1–5.0 mm; light yellowish-green and with a pubescent slit-like opening below.

Leaf gall: conical

[A figure of the gall appears on page 138 of the pdf. A discussion of how to distinguish this gall from the similar P caryaefallax appears on page 91.]

Range: TN, GA

Phylloxera floridana Hamilton, sp. n.

Hosts: Carya floridana

Galls: Round and slightly convex, yellow, and with or without central depression on adaxial leaf surface; somewhat conical and convex on abaxial leaf surface. Diameter 1.1–5.2 mm; below more convex with a protruding slit-like opening fringed with whitish pubescence.

Leaf gall: button [shape]

[A figure of the gall appears on page 140 of the pdf. A discussion of how to distinguish this gall from the similar P caryaefallax appears on page 93.]

Range: FL

Phylloxera killianae Hamilton, sp. n.

Hosts: Carya glabra

Galls: Round and slightly convex, covered in resin-like droplets which make it appear to sparkle with several long white hairs present on adaxial surface and on abaxial surface of leaf around opening.

Round and slightly convex above and below, covered in crimson resin-like droplets with several long white hairs on surface above, and diameter 0.9–1.5 mm; below opening round and surrounded by long white hairs.

[A figure of the gall appears on page 142 of the pdf. A discussion of how to distinguish this gall from the similar P pilosula appears on page 95.]

Range: NC

Phylloxera myristica Hamilton, sp. n.

Hosts: Carya myristiciformis

Galls: Round, flattened, and yellowish-green with central depression in middle on adaxial leaf surface; round, more convex, and green with reticulated pattern on abaxial leaf surface.

Round and flattened above, yellowish-green and with a round depression in middle, diameter 2.0–2.9 mm; below round, more convex, and light green with a reticulated pattern. Opening below a brown nipple.

[A figure of the gall appears on page 145 of the pdf. A discussion of how to distinguish this gall from the similar P russellae appears on page 99.]

Range: SC

Phylloxera paludis Hamilton, sp. n.

Hosts: Carya aquatica

Galls: Round and shiny, convex, light green to brownish-green, slightly pubescent, and with shallow or deep depression in center on adaxial leaf surface; round and shiny, flattened and slightly convex, light green to brownish-green, and slightly pubescent on abaxial leaf surface, more convex above than below.

Round and more convex above, light green to brownish-green, shiny and slightly pubescent, with a shallow or deep depression in center, some with a seam along middle of circumference, and diameter 3.0–4.5 mm; below flattened and round, light green to brownish-green, shiny, and slightly pubescent. Opening below round and surrounded by 5–6 short bracts with pubescence at tips..

[A figure of the gall appears on page 147 of the pdf. A discussion of how to distinguish this gall from the similar P notabilis appears on page 102.]

Range: MS

Phylloxera stoetzelae Hamilton, sp. n.

Hosts: Carya aquatica, Juglans hindsii

Galls: Round and yellowish-gold or crimson, slightly convex or sunken below leaf tissue, with central elevation or depression, shiny and glabrous on adaxial leaf surface; globular, much more convex, yellowish-gold or green with a hint of pink, shiny, and glabrous on abaxial leaf surface.

Round and slightly convex or slightly sunken below surface above, yellowish-gold or crimson, glabrous and shiny, and with a central depression or elevation; diameter 4.0–9 mm; below more convex and globular, yellowish-gold or light green, and glabrous and shiny. Opening below surrounded by white pubescence and at maturity splits open into four white pubescent bracts.

Leaf gall: round

[A figure of the gall appears on page 149 of the pdf. A discussion of how to distinguish this gall from the similar P russellae appears on page 105.]

Range: MS, GA

Phylloxera wiedenmanni Hamilton, sp. n.

Hosts: Carya cordiformis

Galls: Round or oval, convex, with pubescent yellowish-green circumference and transparent light yellow depression in center, occurs above plane of leaf or slightly sunken below plane forming a rim around it on adaxial leaf surface; round or oval, convex, constricted at base, light green, pubescent, and with round opening surrounded by 6-7 pubescent bracts on abaxial leaf surface.

Button-like and with a depression in center; more convex above than below; occurs above plane of leaf or slightly sunken below plane forming a rim around it; circumference light green and pubescent; depression almost white or yellow and translucent; diameter 5.0–9.1 mm; below round or oval, light green, and pubescent. 
Opening below round and surrounded by 6–7 pubescent bracts.

[A figure of the gall appears on page 152 of the pdf. A discussion of how to distinguish this gall from the similar P foveola appears on page 109.]

Range: OK, TX

Phylloxera williamsi Hamilton, sp. n.

Hosts: Carya cordiformis

Galls: Oval and convex, yellowish-green, and with long white pubescence on both sides of leaf; slightly more convex above than below. Diameter 2.2 mm; below pubescent and with a protruding slit-like opening fringed with white pubescence.

[type specimen collected in May]

[A figure of the gall appears on page 154 of the pdf. A discussion of how to distinguish this gall from the similar P floridana appears on page 112.]

Range: WV

Phylloxera caryaesemen

Hosts: Carya glabra, cordiformis

Round and convex above, red or yellowish-green with a depression in center, small and seed-like, diameter 0.3–2.0 mm; slightly convex below and light green. Nipple opening whitish surrounded by several short pubescent bracts.

[description paraphrased from contrasting info on page 79 of the pdf: red or yellow, pubescent only on lower side of leaf, more convex above than below, almost flat below, short and stout bracts surrounding opening, opening white.]

Range: IL, MO, AR

Phylloxera caryaeavellana

Hosts: Carya pallida, tomentosa, cordiformis, texana, glabra

Leaf gall: hazelnut [shaped]

Round and flat above; often slightly convex or sunken below leaf surface; crimson, green, or yellowish-green; diameter 5.0–10.0 mm; below globular and often with a hazelnut shape, light green, pubescent, and apex splits into several bracts at maturity.

Range: AL, AR, DE, LA, MS, OK, SC, TX

Phylloxera symmetrica

Hosts: Carya pallida, tomentosa, tomentosa x pallida, texana

Leaf gall: pear [shaped]

Round and flat above; some can be slightly sunken below leaf surface or slightly convex; a depression in center; concolorous with leaf tissue, crimson, light green, or yellow; diameter 2.0–8.0 mm; below more convex and conical, globular, or pear shaped; base with or without constriction; pubescent; crimson, light green, yellow, or white. Opening below surrounded by 4–8 short pubescent bracts.

Range: AL, AR, DE, MS, OK, TN, WV

Phylloxera caryaemagna

Hosts: Carya cordiformis, tomentosa, pallida

Phylloxera caryaemagna is now considered a separate species rather than a variety of P. caryaecaulis due to its placement in a separate clade.

[Phylloxera caryaemagna has previously been considered a synonym of Phylloxera caryaecaulis, and the two are very similar in appearance. Dr Hamilton notes in couplets 12 and 13 of her first key (page 115 of the pdf), that P caryaemagna is pubescent and spongy, while caryaecaulis has hard walls and a glabrous exterior.]

Globular and light green or yellowish-white, some with a hint of crimson, spongy with short pubescence, diameter 4.0–20.0 mm; occurs along midvein of leaf with gall tissue appearing to protrude through leaf tissue above and below much more convex with a slit-like opening when mature; also occurs on petioles.

Leaf and stem gall: globular [shape]

Range: AL, AR, DE, FL, NC, OK, SC, TN, VA, WV

Phylloxera foveola

Hosts: Carya ovata, glabra, tomentosa, texana, cordiformis, Juglans nigra

Leaf gall: button

Button-like and more convex above than below, yellowish-green circumference with a pale red depression or completely yellowish-green with a pink dimple, depression may be shallow or deep, and diameter 3.0–5.0 mm; below slightly convex or depressed and yellowish-green with a short nipple which splits into 4–8 flat recurved bracts.

Range: AL, AR, DE, MD, OK, SC, VA, WV

Phylloxera caryaeglobuli

Hosts: Carya ovata

Leaf gall: globular [shape]

Globular above, much more convex above than below, light green or yellowish-green sometimes with a hint of red, often with several small openings near apex of gall, and occurs between leaf veins; below almost white and opening a pubescent transverse slit.

Range: AR, MD, MS, TX, VA, WV

Daktulosphaira vitifoliae

Host: Vitis vulpina

Leaf galls

Range: OK

Phylloxera caryaevenae

Hosts: Carya tomentosa, tomentosa x cordiformis, aquatica, texana

Elongate sclerotized ridge above that is green, yellow, or pink with a protruding pubescent fold of tissue below on each side of elongate slit opening which is light green or pink; length 6.0–14.0 mm

Leaf gall: elongate

Range: AL, AR, FL, GA, LA, MS, OK, SC, TX, VA

Phylloxera caryaescissa

Hosts: Carya tomentosa (and tomentosa hybrid), cordiformis, glabra, texana

Round and convex above; red, light green, yellowish-green, or white in color; diameter 8.0–14.0 mm; below level with leaf tissue or convex, light green, and opening a pubescent transverse slit.

Leaf gall: button

Range: AL, AR, FL, GA, LA, MS, OK, SC, TX, VA

Phylloxera caryaefallax

Hosts: Carya glabra, texana, tomentosa

Conical or round and somewhat flattened above, convex, yellow or red, diameter 1.0–5.0 mm; below light green, often more convex below than above, and a protruding clam-like opening with white pubescence.

Leaf gall: round

Range: AR, FL, MS, OK, SC, TX

Phylloxera caryaecaulis

Hosts: Carya glabra, ovata

[Phylloxera caryaemagna has previously been considered a synonym of this gall, and the two are very similar in appearance. Dr Hamilton notes in couplets 12 and 13 of her first key (page 115 of the pdf), that P caryaemagna is pubescent and spongy, while caryaecaulis has hard walls and a glabrous exterior.]

Globular and smooth, hard, pale yellowish-green with a hint of crimson, diameter 5.0–25.0 mm; occurs on petioles with an irregular opening or along mid-vein of leaves with a slit-like opening below.

Range: AR, SC

Phylloxera caryaeren

Kidney-shaped and hard, light green, and densely pubescent; diameter 2.0–15.0 mm; occurs on petioles, stems, and along underside of midvein of leaves; usually occurs in clusters; opening a transverse slit that spreads apart as the gall matures dividing the gall into two equal halves.

Phylloxera spinosa

Hosts: Carya glabra, texana

Globular and covered in short spines; crimson, white, white with crimson, or yellowish-green; occurring along midvein of leaf or petiole; opening slit-like or irregular.

Leaf gall, petiole gall. Globular

Range: AL, AR, GA, NC, OK, SC

Phylloxera spinuloides

Globular and densely covered in long slender spines, greenish-yellow or brownish-yellow, and diameter 5.0–15.0 mm; occurs on petioles or along midvein of leaves; opening slit-like or irregular.

Phylloxera subelliptica

Hosts: Carya ovata

 Oval and mottled green, glabrous, diameter about 10.0 mm and length about 20.0 mm; occurring on side of petiole or completely surrounding it with a slit-like opening apparent when mature.

Range: AL,

Phylloxera caryaesepta

Hosts: Carya glabra, myristiciformis, texana, cordiformis, tomentosa x pallida

Elongate and slender or short and stout conical projections on both sides of leaf; light rose, crimson, yellowish-green, or light green and crimson towards apex; more convex above than below; elongate and slender galls with a diameter 2.0–4.0 mm; short and stout galls with a diameter of 5.0–12.0 mm; resembling either a thorn or sea anemone. An opening at apex on each side fringed with filaments.

Leaf gall: thorny

Range: AL, AR, FL, GA, LA, MS, OK, SC, TX, VA

Phylloxera caryaesepta subspecies perforans

[description from comparison with P bispinae on page 75-6 of the pdf. 4-6 mm tall, opening on upper leaf surrounded by ~8 pubescent bracts.]

Phylloxera picta

Hosts: Carya glabra, tomentosa

Slightly convex on both sides of leaf with a conical nipple opening on each side; diameter 3.0–6.0 mm; color variable: dark green and nipple and ring around base red, concolorous with leaf surrounded by a purple ring and buff around base, pink and margin yellow or green, green with the nipple buff and yellow ring around base, or yellowish-green with a purple ring surrounding nipple. Upper nipple splits into several recurved pubescent bracts at maturity and lower nipple remains closed.

Leaf gall: round

Range: AL, AR, DE, LA, MS, SC, TX, VA

Phylloxera caryaefoliae

Hosts: Carya glabra, texana

Conical and pale yellowish-green above with a pale ring surrounding base, apex splits at maturity into several bracts, and diameter about 5.0 mm; flat beneath with a round opening surrounded by slender pubescent filaments.

Range: OK, SC, TX

Phylloxera deplanata

Round and slightly convex above, red with a yellow central depression or entirely greenish-yellow, and diameter 1.0–5.0 mm; below more convex and often conical, purplish or greenish-yellow, and nipple with oval orifice fringed with pale pubescence.

Range: AL

Phylloxera intermedia

Convex or conical above, red or yellow surrounded by a pale ring, and diameter 3.0–6.0 mm; before maturity there is no apparent opening and at maturity bracts split at apex into a jagged opening; below slightly convex and paler than leaf with a small closed nipple which may or may not open.

Phylloxera perniciosa

Thorny, yellowish-white, and smooth; diameter 2.0–8.0 mm; occurs on petioles, stems, or along midvein of leaves with the underside usually more convex. Opening is elongate and thorn-like.

Phylloxera conica 

Hosts: Carya glabra, tomentosa, myristiciformis, texana

Globular and more convex above; crimson, greenish-yellow, or purplish-brown; diameter 3.0–7.0 mm; slightly convex below or sunken below leaf tissue and light green. Nipple opening round, pubescent, and splits into 4–8 short bracts at maturity.

Leaf gall: globular

Range: AL, FL, GA, LA, MS, OK, SC, TN, TX

Phylloxera notabilis

Hosts: Carya aquatica, cordiformis, laciniosa

Oval or round and more convex above, yellowish-green or slightly red, with or without a central depression, pubescent, and diameter 2.0–10.0 mm; below somewhat conical, green or yellow, and pubescent. Occurs along midvein of leaf and opening stem-like which splits into several long bracts.

Leaf gall: oval

Range: AL, GA, SC

Phylloxera texana

Globular and much more convex above; diameter 4.0–6.0 mm; opening occurs above with apex of gall splitting into several stout bracts; below raised to a point.

[A drawing of the gall appears on page 173 of the pdf.]

Phylloxera caryaegummosa

Globular and suspended by a slender filament from below; yellow or white and pubescent and sticky; apex splits at maturity into several filaments.

Phylloxera pilosula

Hosts: Carya tomentosa

Round and flat or slightly convex above with a shallow depression, light green, and with long yellowish-white pubescence; diameter 3.0–6.0 mm; below more convex with a nipple composed of slender bracts, green to almost white at apex, and densely covered in long yellowish-white pubescence.

Leaf gall: globular

Range: GA, NC, TN, VA

Phylloxera rimosalis

 Button-like and often with a distinct rim around circumference above, light green, and shiny; diameter 3.0–11.0 mm; below more convex, light green with yellow pubescence, and opening a conical nipple with a round orifice.

Range: SC

Phylloxera depressa

Round and smooth above, light yellowish-green, and diameter 3.8–6.2 mm; about equally convex above and below; below lighter with a nipple-like opening surrounded by many bracts.

Phylloxera devastatrix

Hosts: Carya illinoinensis

Globular or irregular; about equally convex above and below; smooth; green, yellowish-green, or red on one side; diameter 3.0–15.0 mm; occurs on midvein of leaves, petioles, stems, leaf buds, and flower buds. Opening flat and round surrounded by pubescence or nipple-like and found below when present on leaf.

Stem, Leaf gall: globular

Range: AL, LA

Phylloxera russellae

Hosts: Carya illinoinensis

Button-like and flattened, about equally convex above and below, and green or yellowish-green with a reticulated pattern; diameter 3.2–7.2 mm; opening below surrounded by white pubescence which splits into 2–5 bracts at maturity.

Range: AL, LA, OK

Phylloxera georgiana

Globular or irregular; occurs singly or in clusters on petioles or stems; greenish-yellow or red on base or one side; diameter 5.0–10.0 mm; opening with or without a short nipple.

Phylloxera foveata

There were no Phylloxera specimens or dried gall specimens in the U.S. National Collection for Phylloxera foveata (Shimer), so [it has] been designated as nomina dubia.

Phylloxera minima

There were no Phylloxera specimens or dried gall specimens in the U.S. National Collection for Phylloxera minima (Shimer) so it has been designated as nomina dubia.

Phylloxera globosa

There were no Phylloxera specimens or dried gall specimens in the U.S. National Collection for Phylloxera globosa (Shimer), so it has been designated as nomina dubia.

Phylloxera castaneae

Hosts: Castanea pumila

Free-living

Range: AL

Phylloxera glabra

Hosts: Quercus garryana, lobata

Free-living

Range: OR, CA

Phylloxera reticulata

Hosts: Quercus kelloggii

Free-living

Range: CA

Species Diversity of Hickory-feeding Phylloxerans (Hemiptera: Phylloxeridae) in the U.S.