Callirhytis balanosa (agamic)

Callirhytis perditor (agamic)

Callirhytis balanopsis (agamic)

Callirhytis glandulus (agamic)

Andricus incertus (agamic)

Amphibolips quercusfuliginosa (agamic)

Andricus balanaspis (agamic)

Callirhytis balanoides (agamic)

Callirhytis middletoni (agamic)

Callirhytis petrina (agamic)

Melikaiella flora (agamic)

Callirhytis eldoradensis (sexgen)

Melikaiella corrugis (agamic)

Callirhytis carmelensis (agamic)

Callirhytis balanosa, new species

Host.--Quercus coccinea

Gall.--Found in spring on the immature acorns of the previous season, pushing out from within the cup and stunting the acorn. When growing in early spring they are fleshy, smooth, greenish, mottled with purple, flattened, and blunt at apex, where they secrete honeydew in such quantities that it often drips to the ground. They become full grown just as the buds are swelling. After they drop to ground in May the thin outer fleshy layer either shrinks up or decays away. The simple thin-walled larval cell inside is relatively large and transversely placed.


Callirhytis perditor (Bassett).

Andricus perditor
Acraspis perditor

Like [balanosa](https://www.gallformers.org/gall/781) Weld, this species is described as producing early spring galls which secrete honeydew on immature acorns of the previous season, but on a different host, Quercus ilicifolia instead of on Quercus velutina. 

Callirhytis balanopsis, new species.

Host.--Quercus marilandica

Gall.--Produced in fall on small acorns of current season, sometimes three or four on one acorn. They are green, smooth, 4 mm in diameter, laterally compressed and elongated slightly at base and apex. They secrete copious quantities of honeydew while growing and later fall to the ground.

Habitat.--[MO, AR, TX, AL, FL]

[Entry for Andricus fimbriatus, new species, a new wasp found on galls similar to Riley's Andricus glandulus.]

Host.--Quercus bicolor

Gall.--This fimbriate-cup gall on bicolor was well described by Riley in 1877 along with a similar one but protruding farther, from a smooth cup on Q. prinoides. Both have often been referred to in literature frequently under the names glandulus and glandulosus. The fly described as Andricus glandulus Beutenmueller, of which the author has a cotype, and associated with the above gall is a red species from an unknown gall. It belongs to the genus Callirhytis and is closely related to C. operatola — the agamic generation of C. operator (Osten Sacken). 

The writer has field notes on a similar gall on nine other white oaks of the eastern United States where the recess in which the gall rests is not fimbriate and the gall protrudes half its length or more. See plate 3, figure 12, on prinus [montana] and figure 13 on macrocarpa. As he has not been able to rear any of these as yet it is not known whether any or all of these are caused by the above-described species or which if any is glandulus Beutenmueller. 

Andricus fimbriatus, new species

Agamic

Host.--Quercus bicolor

Gall.--This fimbriate-cup gall on bicolor was well described by Riley in 1877 along with a similar one but protruding farther, from a smooth cup on Q. prinoides. Both have often been referred to in literature frequently under the names glandulus and glandulosus. The fly described as Andricus glandulus Beutenmueller, of which the author has a cotype, and associated with the above gall is a red species from an unknown gall. It belongs to the genus Callirhytis and is closely related to C. operatola — the agamic generation of C. operator (Osten Sacken). 

Habitat. — The type material was collected at Wilmette, Illinois, September 1, 1917, when the galls were dropping to the ground. "When some of the galls were cut open just a year later about half still contained larvae and half pupae and adults. One fly emerged in cage March 25 and one April 18, 1919. On December 2, 1919, five living flies were cut out. Transformation thus occurs in fall and emergence in the spring and the emergence is distributed over two seasons. As the emergence is before flowering there must be an alternating generation in a vernal gall. In 1908 the galls had nearly finished dropping by September 9 and in 1912 they had all dropped by September 10. They have been seen also at Evanston, Kenilworth, and Glencoe, Illinois, and at Porter, Indiana. The herbarium at Shaw Botanical Garden, St. Louis, has a specimen from Kimmswich, Missouri, collected in 1860. 

The writer has field notes on a similar gall on nine other white oaks of the eastern United States where the recess in which the gall rests is not fimbriate and the gall protrudes half its length or more. See plate 3, figure 12, on prinus [montana] and figure 13 on macrocarpa. As he has not been able to rear any of these as yet it is not known whether any or all of these are caused by the above-described species or which if any is glandulus Beutenmueller. 

Amphibolips fuliginosa

The galls of this species were described as dropping from trees of Q laurifolia in August. The type flies were found dead in a box of galls put away four years earlier, so date of emergence was not known. The type locality is Jacksonville, Florida. The writer has collected galls on Q. phellos as well as on Q. laurifolia and at the following places: Jacksonville, Live Oak, Lake City, River Junction, Tallahassee, Carrabelle, Gainesville, Ocala, Clearwater, and Daytona, in Florida ; Savannah, Georgia ; Poplar Bluff, Missouri ; and Rosslyn, Virginia. A pupa was found inside a gall on October 22 and an adult December 1. An adult emerged in breeding cage May 1. Transformation takes place in fall and the flies remain in the galls during the winter to emerge the next spring. 

Callirhytis balanaspis, new species

Host. — Quercus marilandica Muenchhausen. 

Gall. — Produced in the fall in October on immature acorns which are about 6 mm. in diameter, the size being characteristically larger than the normal young acorns. It is deeply embedded in the acorn cup beside the acorn, less than half of the gall protruding, and secretes honeydew at apex while growing. When detached the gall is 5 by 7 mm., flattened, tapering at each end. The larval cell is in the middle and placed transversely. 

Habitat. — The type material was collected at Texarkana, Arkansas, October 15, 1917. A pupa was cut out March 25, 1919 (trans- formed by April 29), and two living flies were cut out December 2, 1919. Normal emergence date unknown. The same galls were noted at Ironton, Missouri; Little Rock and Hot Springs, Arkansas; and at Palestine, Texas. Large numbers were seen at Eosslyn, Virginia, and in the District of Columbia on October 10, 1920, when the galls were dropping to the ground and being gnawed open, probably by mice. 

Callirhytis balanoides, new species

Host. — Quercus velutina Lamarck. 

Gall. — Produced in autumn on small acorns of the current season, bursting out between the acorn and the cup. They secrete honey dew while growing. There are sometimes 2 to 3 galls on one acorn. When detached they are triangular in outline, flattened, the larval chamber transversely placed in the upper half of the gall and below it a spongy region which decays away after the gall drops, giving it an excavated base. 

Habitat.— The type flies were bred from galls collected October 5. 1917, at Ironton, Missouri, the flies issuing May 5, 1919. Similar galls have been seen at Ithaca, New York; Glencoe, Illinois; East Falls Church, Virginia ; and at Wharton, Texas. 

Callirhytis middletoni, new species

Host. — Quercus phellos Linnaeus. 

Gall. — Green, 6 by 7 mm. and 5 mm. thick, surface rough with blunt warty elevations, apex slightly prolonged, monothalamous, wall 1 mm. thick. They drop from the twigs in early May. No investigation was possible and it is not known whether this is a bud or acorn gall. The fly is so closely related to species from pip galls on young acorns that it seems probable that this is an acorn gall. After the galls drop an outer fleshy layer decays away, leaving a stony shell with sharp longitudinal ridges. 

Habitat. — The type locality is Washington, District of Columbia. This gall was first called to the author's attention by Mr. J, C. Crawford May C, 1914, when a large number of galls were collected on the ground under a large tree on the Mall between the Natural History Building of the United States National Museum and the Smithsonian Building. The author, however, failed to rear it. On the same date Mr. William Middleton collected galls from same tree. Adults emerged April 9 and April 16, 1915, and one April 17, 1916. These are recorded under Hopkins U. S. No. 12036. Mr. Middleton had also collected galls under the same tree May 2 and May 10, 1912, and pupae were found in the galls in September, 1913, and adults in November, 1913. The flies emerged March 31, 1914. The species evidently transforms in the galls that fall and adults emerge the next spring, the emergence being distributed over two seasons. Galls collected under same tree April 29, 1920, gave adults in the latter half of March, 1921. The new galls on this tree began to drop by April 15, 1921.

CALLIRHYTIS PETRINA. new species

Host. — Quercus hypoleuca Engelmann. 

Gall. — A few loosely connected, thin-walled woody cells inside the acorn. Found in summer in acorns of current season's crop.

Habitat. — The type material was collected in Sabijio Basin in the Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona. June 28. 191S. Three living adults were cut out December 2. 1919. Normal emergence is prob- ably in the spring. Acorns similarly affected were seen in the Huachuca Mountains also.

Callirhytis milleri, new species

Host. — Quercus agrifolia Née, Quercus californica Cooper, Quercus wislizeni A. de Candolle. 

Gall. — A compact stony-hard mass containing four to a score or more confluent cells inside of and in Agrifolia and Wislizeni acorns more or less filling the interior of the acorn, which is frequently reduced in size (fig. 2). The woody mass thus occupies the center of the acorn instead of the cotyledons, extends its whole length, and when the acorn is cut open can be lifted out intact. In California the acorns are of normal size and the cotyledons are present but distorted. Occurs in late summer or fall in acorns of current season's crop. See notes on Biorhiza eldoradensis (Beutenmüller), p. 7. 

Habitat. — The type locality is Pacific Grove, California, where affected Agrifolia acorns were collected November 15, 1913, by Mr. J. W. Miller, who reared 20 adults March 8-27, 1915, sent in with galls under Hopkins U. S. No. 10867b and for whom the species is named. The writer collected some at Palo Alto, August 10, 1915, and cut out a pupa September 17, 1917, and a living fly December 19, 1917, indicating that transformation takes place the fall before emergence. The writer has also taken the galls at Alpine, Pasadena, Santa Barbara, Paso Robles, Los Gatos, and St. Helena, California. The writer found similar galls in old Wislizeni acorns at Camp Baldy, June 15, 1918, and living adults were cut out December 2, 1919, and an equal number of larvae found indicating that the emergence is distributed over at least two seasons. These flies agree with those from Agrifolia acorns except that they average 2.6 mm instead of 2.8 mm in length. Similar ones were seen in the San Gabriel River canyon in the San Gabriel Mountains and at Bagby in the Sierras. Mr. F. H. Herbert sent in similar galls in acorns in California from Onion Valley, in El Dorado County, under Hopkins U. S. No. 13643c and from Los Gatos under Hopkins U. S. No. 13673e. From the latter, five flies emerged March 31 to April 15. They are similar to the others except in being larger, averaging 3.1 mm, and they are included in the type series.

Biorhiza eldoradensis (Beutenmuller)

Andricus eldoradensis Beutenmuller

They were from Ashland, Oregon, reared from acorns of califomica of the 1914, crop, collected by P. D. Sergent on September 5. 1914. Unfortunately no acorns were preserved, but the adults were said to occur "in gall pockets on the inner surface of the acorn shells" and 8 were obtained from three acorns. The flies emerged September 5-October 7, 1914. 

Host.—Quercus agrifolia Nee, Quercus densiflora Lindley, and Quercus californica Cooper.

Gall.—The gall produced by this species is undescribed. Separate woody cells are produced in the acorns, which are somewhat distorted in shape and usually undersized (fig. 1). They are always in the lower third of the acorn and the cell is adherent to the wall of the acorn and not separable from it, projecting slightly into the interior cavity, which has a velvety lining and may contain traces of the cotyledons. An acorn may contain from one to half a dozen of these cells at various points around its periphery and the flies make separate holes to the exterior through the acorn cup. Occurs in late summer and autumn in acorns of current season's crop.

At the time the species was first described, it was associated with a stony mass of galls more or less filling the interior of the acorn, the work of a new species described in the present paper as Callirhytis milleri Weld, page 11. Although this stony gall and the Eldoradensis flies bore the same Koebele number, Beutenmueller suggested that the two might have nothing to do with each other. C. milleri produces a confluent mass of cells in the interior which can be lifted out intact; Eldoradensis produces separate cells in the base of acorn not separable from the wall. The type galls of Eldoradensis consist of one acorn of each kind. The writer has seen both species working in the same acorn, but the two types of work are easily recognized.

Habitat.—Acorns of Quercus agrifolia affected by this species have been seen by the writer at Newhall, Piru, Fillmore, in Ojai Valley, Montecito, Santa Barbara, Paraiso Springs, Los Gatos, Berkeley, and St. Helena, California. Those of Quercus wislizeni in San Gabriel River canyon above Azusa, at Santa Margarita, Los Gatos, and Bagby, California.

Callirhytis petrosa, new species

Host. — Quercus brevifolia Sargent. [Quercus incana]

Gall. — A mass of confluent woody cells inside the acorn in place of the normal cotyledons. Found in fall affecting acorns of current season's crop and causing them to be more or less stunted in size. 

Habitat. — The type locality is Palestine, Texas, where affected acorns were collected October 16, 1917. Five living flies were cut out of galls on December 1, 1919, and as full-grown larvae were also found the emergence is distributed over at least two seasons. The normal emergence is probably in the spring. Similar galls were seen at Ocala and at St. Petersburg, Florida, in autumn of 1919.

Callirhytis corrugis (Bassett)

This species was described from one specimen taken on May 11 at Waterbury, Connecticut, from the claws of a spider on flowers of Q. prinoides. It is preserved in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, where the writer has examined it. It is a Callirhytis with nonciliate fore wings, pale venation, simple claws, and is clearly related to those species known to have been reared from stone galls in acorns. The mesoscutum is rugose all over, not tranversely so, coarser behind, the transverse groove at base of scutellum is rugose and of uniform width so that disk is rounded in front, the carinae of propodeum converge slightly above and the first and second cross-veins are not clouded. Determined as this species without direct comparison with the type, the writer has specimens taken at Great Falls, Virginia, and others taken ovipositing in buds of Q. coccinea at Washington on March 27, 1921. Some of these specimens have 13 and others 14 segments in antenna, while corrugis was described as 14-segmented, but the number may vary. If these are correctly determined the only character so far found to separate them from petrosa Weld is the length of the ovipositor, ratio 3.26 in petrosa and 4.8 in those determined as corrugis. The gall of corrugis is still unknown. The sculpture of the fly suggests that it came from a stone gall in an acorn, probably on coccinea or ilicifolia. The alternating generation is also unknown. 

**CALLIRHYTIS CARMELENSIS**, new species

**Host:** *Quercus agrifolia* Nee and *Quercus wislizeni* A. de Candolle.

**Gall:** The gall is ellipsoidal, often laterally compressed, measuring 5 by 7 mm. It forms by the side of small acorns (approximately 4 mm in diameter), pushing out between the acorn and its cup, aborting the acorn. When growing in April, the galls are fleshy, greenish, smooth, and secrete honeydew at the apex. They drop in May, and as they harden and shrink, a raised transverse band develops near the basal end, which becomes truncate or excavated. The larval cell inside is large and transversely placed.

**Habitat:** The type locality is Monterey, California, where galls were collected on *Q. agrifolia* on August 14, 1916. Flies emerged on March 27, April 10, and April 18, 1918. Galls collected at Los Gatos on May 13, 1918, produced one fly on April 10, 1919, and another on April 11, 1920. Three living flies were cut out on November 7, 1920. Galls collected at Carpinteria on April 29, 1918, yielded flies on March 27 and April 18, 1919. A *Q. wislizeni* gall collected at Santa Margarita contained a living fly cut out on December 1, indicating transformation occurs in fall, though emergence is not until spring.

Other localities where these galls have been observed on *Q. agrifolia* include:
- San Gabriel Canyon (San Gabriel Mountains)
- Cahuenga Pass (Santa Monica Mountains)
- Fillmore, Carpinteria, Santa Barbara, Paso Robles, Paraiso Springs, Palo Alto
- Hills back of Berkeley and St. Helena

They have been found on *Q. wislizeni* at Los Gatos, Mount Tamalpais, St. Helena, and Bagby. All localities are in California.

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Notes on American Gallflies of the Family Cynipidae Producing Galls on Acorns: With Descriptions of New Species