Callirhytis piperoides (agamic)

Callirhytis lanata (agamic)

Amphibolips quercusinanis (sexgen)

Blaesodiplosis venae

Blaesodiplosis amelanchier-hook-gall

Andricus quercuspetiolicola (sexgen)

Amphibolips confluenta (agamic)

Neuroterus vesicula (sexgen)

Disholcaspis q-margarettae-bullet-gall (agamic)

Callirhytis gallaestriatae (agamic)

Macrodiplosis majalis

Eriophyes betulae

Dasineura parthenocissi

Rabdophaga strobiloides

Craneiobia tuba

Rhopalomyia gemmaria

Resseliella liriodendri

Neolasioptera impatientifolia

Clinodiplosis lappa

Phytoptus avellanae

Unknown c-americana-vein-sac

Callirhytis seminator (sexgen)

Callirhytis clavula

Aculops aenigma

Eriophyes semen

Iteomyia salicisverruca

Rabdophaga rigidae

Rabdophaga salicisbatatus

Rabdophaga salicisbrassicoides

Rabdophaga salicisgnaphalioides

Euura salicisnodus

Euura cooperae

Euura salicisovum

Euura salicispomum

Harmandiola castaneae

Pemphigus populicaulis

Pemphigus populitransversus

Mordwilkoja vagabunda

Saperda inornata

Harmandiola stebbinsae

Pemphigus rileyi

Ectoedemia populella

Kaltenbachiella ulmifusa

Aceria near-campestricola

Eriosoma americanum

Colopha ulmicola

Unknown u-americana-petiole-gall

Callirhytis quercuspunctata (agamic)

Trigonaspis quercusforticorne (agamic)

Daktulosphaira vitifoliae

Vitisiella brevicauda

Ampelomyia vitispomum

Ampelomyia vitiscoryloides

Stagmatophora sexnotella

Andricus piperoides

These galls are found in clusters of one to five dozen along the midrib, looking as if they had burst out from the inside of the leaf or vein. Each is smooth, spherical, attached by a small stem, 3.8 mm in diameter, monothalamous, grayish or tinged with red. They fall to the ground, where the larva completes its metamorphosis, which sometimes requires two years. Insects in second summer. Leaves of red oak Q rubra. Not rare.

Dryophanta lanata

A cluster of several light brown, wooly galls, sometimes pink-tinted, found on the under side of the leaf. Individual galls cone-shaped, monothalamous, attached by tip of cone to common center. About 5 mm wide, 5-7 mm high. The galls fall from the leaf in early autumn. The flies emerge the following spring. Common on scarlet oak, Quercus coccinea, figured on red oak, Quercus rubra. [The photo (Figure 25) Stebbins lists as C lanata resembles C piperoides; presumably an error] 

Amphibolips inanis

Empty oak apple. 

This is a spherical gall with thin walls from which many fibers extend towards the center, these holding in place the cell in which the larva develops. The gall is between 15 and 30 mm in diameter, light yellow-green changing to light brown. Common on leaves of scarlet and red oak, Quercus coccinea and rubra. Matures in June.

Cecidomyia? venae, n.s.
An irregularly oval fleshy gall on midribs or chief veins, above or below, opening by a slit on opposite side, retaining marks of vein along length; contracted towards ends so running out to substance of vein. 5-8 mm long. Color yellow, sometimes with red tinge. Slightly to densely pubescent. June and later. Several on one leaf. Two or more larvae in a cell. On thorn, Crataegus.

[This gall, which we strongly believe resembles an undescribed Blaesodiplosis midge gall that has been found in the Northeast, was listed by Stebbins as "Eriophyes amelanchieri n. s. June-berry mite-gall"]  

These rounded galls occur in great numbers upon the leaves. On upper side they are globular, below they open by a prolonged tube which on maturity splits in two at the end, allowing the insect to emerge. Usually red above, light yellow-green below. About 2 mm above, 1-8 mm below. On June-berry, Amelanchier canadensis, June.

Andricus petiolicola Bassett, Oak petiole gall.
Cynips quercuspetiolicola
Cynips petiolicola
Andricus petiolicola
A woody, club-shaped gall on petiole or midrib of leaf. Polythalamous. About 15 mm in diameter. Green becoming brown. Common on white oak, Quercus alba, chestnut oak, Q. prinus, and dwarf chestnut oak, Q prinoides.

Amphibolips confluentus 

Cynips confluentus
Cynips confluens
Cynips quercus spongifica
Cynips quercuscaciculata
Cynips quercuscoccineae
Amphibolips coccineae
Amphibolips spongifica
Amphibolips confluentus

A globular gall found attached to leaf by small portion. Monothalamous; larval cell surrounded by brown spongy mass, and that by a rather smooth thickened wall. Pale green and soft while fresh, turning brown and brittle. 2-4 cm in diameter. Common on black, red, and scarlet oaks. Begins growth about May. Males and females emerge in June. Some females remain until October (C aciculata OS) A good example of dimorphism.

Neuroterus vesiculus

Cynips vesiculus
Neutoterus vesicula
Neuteroterus vesiculus

A monothalamous, subglobular gall appearing late in the fall in the center of a bud at or near the tip of the twig. Slightly corrugated, with a small projecting tip. Of the color of the bud. Cell comparatively large. Develops rapidly in the following spring. On white oak, Quercus alba. Rare.

Holcaspis rugosa

Cynips rugosa

Quercus prinoides

Round, somewhat roughened, woody galls on branch of dwarf chestnut oak, Quercus prinoides. Frequently several are so crowded as to lose the spherical shape. Green with red side when young, turning brown. Free larval cell surrounded by brown hard-spongy mass. Diameter about 10-12 mm. Insects emerge in the fall.

Andricus? gallaestriatae, n.s.

Striate oak gall
A spindle-shaped gall developed from a very small bud near the base of last season's twig, projecting from the tip of the bud. Top blunt with inserted tip. Comparatively thick-walled, the one larval cell filling the space, with a mere suggestion of supporting fibers at either end. Stem longer than remainder of the gall. (Gall about 2 cm. long, 2 mm. wide. Green yellow with each of the 7-10 longitudinal ridges tinned with red. more strongly on one side of the gall than on the other. On scarlet oak, Quercus coccinea. September. 



Cecidomyia majalis

Cecidomyia quercus majalis

Quercus rubra

An oblong blister-like gall along the principal veins, usually on the under side of the leaf. It opens by a slit on the opposite side which may be opened by pulling the leaf. Green becoming brown. Sometimes veins show on the gall. Thin-walled. The larva drops to the ground to transform. Common on scarlet oak, black oak, red oak, and pin oak. (Quercus coccinea, velutina, rubra, and palustris).

Eriophyes betulae n. s.

Without scientific name, Hagen, Can. ent., 1885, v. 17, p. 25. 
Eriophyes, sp., Jarvis, 37th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario 1906, p. 59, pl. A, fig. 6. 

Betula lutea [alleghaniensis]

An abnormal growth of the buds, the terminal growth being checked, forming considerable masses of undeveloped buds. On yellow birch, Betula lutea. Common. 

Cecidomyia? parthenocissi n. s. 

On under side of midrib of woodbine Parthenocissus quinquefolia, opening by slit on upper side of leaf. About 9 mm. long, 6 mm. wide, others about 5 cm. X 7 mm. Highest in middle. Red and green.

Rhabdophaga strobiloides

Cecidomyia strobiloides
Cecidomyia salicis-strobiloides

Cone-shaped gall consisting of a deformed terminal bud, the leaves closely overlapping. Monothalamous. 2-3 cm. long. Very abundant on willows. Fully grown in July. Insect emerges the following spring. On several species of willows, Salix.

On leaf of Cornus amomum. Hemispherical above, about 3 mm. in diameter, projecting like a curved tube beneath, about 8 mm., open at end. Light green below, red-brown above. Bright orange larva. Three galls on each leaf.

Aster ericoides.
Cecidomyia? gemmaria, n. s. Fig. 110.

The deformed bud of an aster constitutes this gall. It is one-celled, ovate, pointed and in some cases mucronate, green with a dense white pubescence. Length 4-7 mm., width 3-5 mm. Walls of the conical cell 1 mm. thick. Abundant on Aster ericoides. Collected by Dr. Geo. Dimmock, Aug. and Sept. 1908. Found in October in great abundance when it had turned dark gray. 

Circular brown spots with surrounding circle of yellow or light green, showing on both sides of the leaf, 1-3 mm. in diameter. Not uncommon on leaf of tulip tree, Liriodendron tulipifera.


Lasioptera impatientifolia 
(Cecidomyia impatientis)

On petiole or midrib, on both sides. 1 cm. long, 4 mm. wide. Green, smooth, monothalamous, containing several larvae. On Impatiens biflora.

Common.


ROSACEAE. Spiraea salicifolia.

Cecidomyia? lappa, n. s.

Terminal mass of brown or, when quite young, green, mossy in appearance, strongly resembling Rhodites rosae, but coarser. Each gall consists of an undeveloped bud, the leaves of which have the tips much elongated. The central cavity is enclosed by the overlapping leaves. Not rare. On meadow-sweet, Spiraea salicifolia.

Eriophyes avellanae

Hosts: Corylus americana

This gall is an abortion of the terminal bud and sometimes the lateral bud or buds. The stem does not develop, and the leaves become scarcely more than scales. Subspherical, about 1 cm in diameter. On hazelnut, Corylus americana. Rather common. Similar to Phytoptus coryligallarum of Europe.

Eriophyes coryli n. s.

Host: Corylus americana

A deformity of the leaf brought about by the excessive shortening and thickening of midrib and some of the main veins, producing puckering of the blade tissues. The thickened sac-like veins are really the galls, opening by slits above. Pubescent. On leaves of hazelnut, Corylus americana. One specimen. September.

Callirhytis seminator

Cynips seminator
Andricus seminator

These small seed-like monothalamous galls are massed together on the twig and covered with fibers forming a mass 15-45 mm in diameter. White dotted with red when young, turning brown in the fall. On white oak, Quercus alba. Common. Insect in early Summer.

Callirhytis clavula

Cynips quercus-tuber
Cynips clavula
Andricus clavula

Club-shaped woody gall at end of twigs. Sometimes leaves develop from the bud of which this gall is a malformation. Polythalamous, 2-4 cm. long. Green occasionally faintly marked with red, turning brown. Common on white oak, Quercus alba. Insects from April to July. 

Eriophyes aenigma

Cecidomyia salicis-aenigma
Acarus salicis-aenigma

Deformation of leaf of flower bud. Polythalamous, irregular mass both in size and shape, 1-3 cm long. Like a woolly tangle of aborted flower parts. Silvery to ash gray in color. Appears in early summer (June). On Willow, Salix.


Eriophyes semen

Cecidomyia salicis-semen
Acarus salicis-semen

A small, monothalamous, sac-like, rounded gall. About 1 mm in diameter. Usually on upper side of the leaf with the opening below. Found in large numbers on the leaf affected. Begins in early summer, matures with the leaf. On willow, Salix.

Cecidomyia verruca

Cecidomyia salicis-verruca

Monothalamous, subspherical gall on midrib or veins of leaf. Projects very slightly on upper surface, much more on under surface where the insect emerges, apparently, from a neat round hole. (This latter characteristic, so distinct from Walsh's description, has made me mistrust my identification). On two species of willow, Salix. Late summer.

Mayetiola rigidae

Cecidomyia salicis
Cecidomyia rigidae

Monothalamous, irregularly conical, twig-gall, sometimes terminal, frequently with a twig growing from its side, always with several buds on sides. It is tipped with a hollow bud which looks as if it had died early in the development of the gall. Reddish brown, grooved lengthwise. About 2 cm long. Larval cell extends the length of the gall. On common willows. Common. Insect remains as larva during winter, pupates in spring, soon emerges through terminal beak.

Rhabdophaga batatas

Cecidomyia salicic-batatas
Cecidomyia batatas

An extremely variable, polythalamous twig gall. Usually not terminal, surrounding the twig, sometimes with leaves or small twigs growing from sides, sometimes several strung along the twig. Spongy or woody within. On several willows. Common. Insect remains as larva during the winter, pupates in spring and soon emerges.

Rhabdophaga brassicoides

Cecidomyia salicis-brassicoides
Cecidomyia brassicoides

Gall consisting externally of rather close clusters of leaves, but not so closely overlapping as R strobiloides, the leaves broader and with fully margins, giving ruffled effect. Somewhat conical in outline, about 4 cm long by 25-30 mm broad at base. Color like leaves of bush, turning very dark in winter. On willow, Salix. 

Rhabdophaga gnaphalioides

Cecidomyia salicis-gnaphalioides

A monothalamous, solitary, oval gall, terminal on twigs. It consists of closely overlapping leaves, much dwarfed, the tips pinched together to form a beak, and spreading. About 1 cm long. Yellow-brown with the outside of each leaf so covered with appressed, whitish hairs as to look silvery. Gall formed in summer, insects appearing in late April or in May. On willow, Salix.

Cryptocampus nodus

Euura salicis nodus
Cryptocampus salicis-nodus

A gradual enlargement of the twig, usually around the twig, and several near one another. Polythalamous. From twice to several times the diameter of the twig. 1-3 cm long. Larvae sometimes remain in gall over winter, sometimes go under ground. Emerge in April or May. On willow, Salix sp.

Cryptocampus cooperae

[Salix interior added as a placeholder]

A roughened, irregular, many-celled gall, rising very abruptly from the side of the twig. Woody, knotty. Two or more crowded together, or occurring singly, 5-15 mm long, 5-10 mm wide. On willow, Salix. September.

Cryptocampus ovum

Euura salicis-ovum
Euura ovum
Cryptocampus salicis-ovum

This monothalamous gall consists of a deformed bud the tip of which persists. The gall varies considerably in size and shape, sometimes nearly spherical, again elliptical or ovoid, and tapering. When mature the larval cell is surrounded by a red-brown spongy mass, containing fibers transverse to the stem. Rather common on willow, Salix sp. Insect remains as larva during winter. Some apparently pupate underground. Imago in April.

Nematus pomum

Nematus salicis-pomum

Rounded, fleshy leaf-gall, about 1 cm in diameter. Green with rosy cheek. Appears early in the spring, matures by late July. Insect emerges the following April. Common on heart-leaved willow, Salix cordata.

[As Cecidomyia? castaneae]:

"An ellipsoidal, monothalamous gall found singly or in small groups near the base of leaves of chestnut, Castanea dentata, projecting from under side of the principal veins, occasionally from the midrib, seeming to be an enlargement of the vein.... The surface is smooth like the surface of the leaf. The walls are succulent .... light yellow-green, a few tinged with red ... collected in June..."

Pemphigus populicaulis

An irregularly spherical gall at union of blade and petiole. The opening is closed by a twisting of the leaf. Common on several poplars. The insects emerge when the gall dries somewhat and opens, usually about the middle of the summer.

Pemphigus transversus

Pemphigus populi-transversus

This oval gall is formed midway of the petiole, on one side, with the opening opposite the petiole and transverse. Not common. On poplar, Populus.

Pemphigus vagabundus

Byrsocrypta vagabunda

Populus deltoides

A deformation of the terminal bud with the leaves so changed as to lose all appearance of leaves, each becoming bag-like, sonic like cock's combs. Yellow-green, becoming nearly black in winter. Persistent. Very common. On poplar, Populus deltoides.


Mecas inornata

Saperda inornata

Populus grandidentata, tremuloides

Irregularly spherical swelling of the twig, 1-3 cm. in diameter. At first smooth, pithy, in second season becomes cracked without and hollow within. Beetle bores its way out in May. On Populus grandidentata and P. tremuloides. 


Cecidomyia? irregularis, n. s.

Irregular, monothalamous, blister-galls, between veins. Usually more than one on a leaf. Projecting above mainly, presence indicated below by a light-colored, roughened space. On large-toothed aspen, Populus grandidentata. Not rare.

Pemphigus? rileyi n. s.

A spherical, red and yellow gall occurring in clusters, usually on the under side of the leaf, near the petiole. Above there is a conical projection at the top of which is the opening. Thin-walled. About 5 mm. in diameter. On aspen, Populus tremuloides. Rather common.

Ectoedemia populella

This subglobular, one-celled gall is found on the petiole at its union with the blade of the leaf. There are distinct longitudinal ridges. Color like that of the petiole. About 5-7 mm. in diameter. The cell-walls are 1-2 mm. thick. Very abundant on American aspen, Populus tremuloides. In October the larvae go down to pupate in the ground. The moth emerges in May.

Pemphigus fusus Walsh and Riley

Pemphigus ulmi-fusus Walsh and Riley

A spindle-shaped, hollow gall on the upper side of the leaf with the opening below. Varying in size, about 15 mm long. Not common. On slippery elm, Ulmus fula. Summer.

Eriophyes ulmi Garman

Phytoptus ulmi

A small globular gall on the upper surface of the leaf. The neck is constricted somewhat. Not common. On elm, Ulmus americana.

Schizoneura americana Riley

A gall which is simply a wrinkling and rolling of the leaf, caused by the attacks of the insects on the under side of the leaf. White elm, Ulmus americana. Common.

Colopha ulmicola

Byrsocrypta ulmicola
Thelaxes ulmicola
Pemphigus ulmicola
Glyphina ulmicola

This gall consists of a cock's-comb-shaped pouch on the upper side of the leaf of white elm, Ulmus americana. Early summer. Common. 



Undetermined gall

A monothalamous, subglobular gall at union of blade and petiole. Rough, rather thick-walled, brown. About 7 mm in diameter. One specimen. On elm, Ulmus americana. 

Callirhytis punctata Bassett

Cynips quercus-punctata
Cynips quercus-podagrae
Cynips punctata
Andricus (Callirhytis) punctata
Andricus punctatus

An irregularly spherical, rough, woody gall, constricted at its union with the branch which it usually surrounds. Polythalamous. Color of the branch, but turning almost black with age. Varying greatly in size ; sometimes several are united and masses the size of the fist are formed which impair the appearance of the tree. On black oak, Quercus velutina, and red oak, Q. rubra. Common. Reported on scarlet oak, Q. coccinea. 

Xanthoteras forticornis Walsh 

Cynips quercus-forticornis Walsh
Cynips forticornis
Teras forticornis
Cynips quercus-ficus
Biorhiza forticornis
Xanthoteras forticornis

Many of these galls are pressed together so closely on the twig as to lose all normal form, becoming flattened. Thin-walled, one-celled, the larval cell held in place by radiating fibers. Yellow, sometimes with red sides, turning brown. Common on white oak, Quercus alba. Insects emerged from July 1 to 13. [likely in error]

Phylloxera vitifoliae Fitch

Pemphigus vitifoliae
Byrsocrypta vitifoliae
Phylloxera vastatrix
Phylloxera vitifoliae

A small rough gall on either side of the leaf, usually, when present, in vast numbers. Another generation forms galls on the roots, causing considerable damage, especially in Europe. Common on wild and some cultivated grapes.

Lasioptera vitis Osten Sacken

This gall consists of a bunch of swellings, very irregular as to size and shape, on new growth. Soft and juicy. Surface smooth, green with red tinge or all red. Polythalamous. May and early June. Common on wild grapes. Larvae enter ground to pupate. Fly late in June.

Schizomyia pomum Walsh and Riley

Cecidomyia vitis-pomum

Vitis labrusca

An irregular gall, apparently the deformation of a bud. Somewhat pointed at apex, flattened at base where attached. Ribbed slightly. Wooly pubescent. Polythalamous with larval cells arranged lengthwise in two "stories," pithy. About 2 cm. in diameter. Green, turning brown when mature. On northern fox-grape, Vitis labrusca. 

Schizomyia coryloides Walsh and Riley

Cecidomyia vitis-coryloides

Vitis cordifolia [vulpina]

Irregular, fusiform, monothalamous galls, occurring in clusters of from 10 to 50, apparently deformation of a bud. Within they are pithy, the larval cell long, with woody shell, lying lengthwise in gall. Green when young, brown when mature, covered, especially towards the tip, with wooly pubescence. 15-20 mm. long, 6-10 mm. wide. On stem of frost grape, Vitis cordifolia. 

This monothalamous gall is an enlargement of the stem, often just below the flowering branches of blue-curls, Trichostema dichotomum. It is irregularly reniform, tapering somewhat above, ending bluntly below. They average 18 by 6 mm. The surface and coloring are similar to those of the stem. The thick spongy walls enclose a cavity following the general curve of the gall, extending below however, through the wall to a projection at the base of the concave side, where it is separated from the exterior by the epidermis of the stem only, thus providing for the escape of the adult which could not eat its way our, having no mandibles. Abundant.

Insect galls of Springfield, Massachusetts, and vicinity