Atrusca carolina (agamic)

Dryophanta carolina

Cynipidae

Sphaeroteras

Quercus alba

Alabama

Arkansas

Connecticut

Delaware

Florida

Georgia

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Nebraska

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oklahoma

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Vermont

Virginia

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Ontario

Quebec

Quercus chapmanii

Quercus margaretiae

Quercus sinuata breviloba

Quercus stellata

Cynipid galls of the eastern United States

The Gall Wasp Genus Cynips

Sphaeroteras carolina (agamic)

Dryophanta carolina n. sp.

galls on White Oak (Quercus alba)

Gall. — A small, hard cellular, finely pubescent globular gall, .20 inch in diameter, slightly attached to the petiole of a leaf. 

Described from two specimens reared in February from galls collected in Asheville, K. C, October, 1886. 

On The Cynipidous Galls of Florida

Diplolepis carolina (Ashmead)

Described from two adults from Asheville, N. C, from galls on Quercus alba. The writer reared two flies which agree with the types from galls collected on Q. stellata at Ironton, Mo. in October, 1917, the flies emerging June 1, 1918. The galls occur in clusters of 2-4 on the midrib and nearly always on upper side of the leaf but sometimes on the lower. They are 5-6 mm. in diameter, with a smooth surface just visible with hand lens between clumps of stellate hairs. The galls were seen at Hoxie, Hot Springs, and Texarkana, Ark. ; Palestine, Houston, Boerne, College Station, and Arlington, Tex. ; Madison and Ocala, Fla. What seems to be the same gall occurs at Boerne and Austin, Tex., on shin oak, Q. breviloba, and on Q. chapmani at Carabelle, Clearwater, St. Petersburg, and Daytona, Fla. 

Field notes on gall-inhabiting cynipid wasps with descriptions of new species

Cynips mellea variety carolina
agamic form

Dryophanta carolina
Biorhiza mellea err det Beutenmuller
Diplolepis carolina 
Cynips mellea var B Kinsey

GALL. — Woolly when young, becoming naked when mature, then light pinkish brown in color; averaging smaller than variety crassior; usually drawn out to a conical base; usually clustered, on the leaves of Quercus alba and Q. stellata. Figures 292-293, 334. 

RANGE. — New York: Nyack (Zabriskie in U.S. Nat. Mus.). New Jersey: Fort Lee and Lakehurst (acc. Beutenmiiller 1910). Richland and Carmel (Kinsey coll.). Virginia: Eastville and Cape Charles (Kinsey coll.). North Carolina: Asheville (Ashmead, types) . Maysville, Marshall, and Cherokee (Kinsey coll.). Kentucky: Dawson Springs (gall, Kinsey coll.). Tennessee: Newport (Kinsey coll.). Missouri: 6 miles west of Dexter (Kinsey coll.). Springfield (R. Voris in Kinsey coll.). Probably thruout the Coastal Plain of the northeastern United States, from southern New York to North Carolina and Tennessee and in the Mississippi Valley from southern Indiana to Missouri. Figure 54. 

This is the common eastern variety of the species, well known to all who have observed galls in the Atlantic Coastal Plain region. It occurs westward to the Great Smokies of the North Carolina-Tennessee boundary, and also at Newport, Tennessee, immediately west of the mountains. At higher elevations in the mountains themselves, from Ohio to northern Georgia and Alabama, variety litigans represents the species. In the heart of Georgia and Alabama, and at a few points further north, variety crassior, a close relative of Carolina, replaces the Coastal Plain variety. Extensive field work in Tennessee, Georgia, and Alabama failed to disclose Carolina occurring- west of the Appalachians until we found it in western Kentucky and southern Missouri where I have re- covered fine series of the insects. From west of Dexter, in the southeastern corner of Missouri, collections made on a small clump of Q. stellata scrub, located very near the fault that separates the river lowlands from the highlands, gave me forty insects, two of which represent the Ozark variety unica and 38 of which are typical Carolina. From Springfield, from near the southwestern corner of Missouri, I have 25 insects, 9 of which are unica and 16 of which are Carolina. The insect is so unique as to leave no possibility of misdetermination, and the galls of unica and Carolina are similarly distinct, so there can be no doubt of the occurrence of the Atlantic Coastal Plain variety all the way across the state of Missouri. 

Except for the type collections, all of the insect material I have examined has come from Q. stellata (the post oak), to which the variety seems largely confined. The type specimens recorded as from Q. alba seem no different from this Q. stellata material unless the insects average a little smaller in size. Beutenmuller’s record (in Smith, 1910, Ins. N.J. : 599) of similar galls on Q. prinoides (the chinquapin oak) , and specimens I have from this same oak from Roselle, N. J. (C. J. Long, Jr., coll.) will probably prove to belong to another variety. Weld’s record of Carolina from Q. stellata at Ironton in the Missouri Ozarks should be re-examined in connection with the numerous varieties now described. 

Beutenmuller records the galls as occurring in August, September, and October. I have found mature galls still attached to the leaves in the middle of October in southern New Jersey and Virginia, and at the end of October in the mountains of the western part of North Carolina and eastern Tennessee. The galls I collected at Dexter, Missouri, late in October (1926), were mature and dropping from the trees, but the insects did not emerge until the following March. I have bred other material early in January. Weld collected galls in October from which he reared adults in the following June, but this seems late emergence for a species in which the other known varieties emerge in the late winter or early spring. 

One of my insects from Marshall, North Carolina, seems identical with typical Carolina from the same locality except that it is almost entirely piceous in color. 

Sphaeroteras carolina

Quercus alba
Leaf galls, detachable
Globular, hard, pubescent, 5 mm in dia, slightly attached to the petiole in Sept-Oct NC

Quercus breviloba, chapmani, margaretta
Leaf galls, detachable
Midrib cluster of 2-4 usually on upper side in fall, covered with stellate hairs. More often on post oak.

[Photo caption]
On Q stellata. Also on Q chapmani, margaretta, breviloba. Galls collected in VA in Oct 1943 gave adults Mar 24, Apr 7, 18, 1944 and one was cut out in late Oct.

Atrusca carolina (Ashmead 1887)

Hosts: Quercus chapmanii

[Asexual generation detachable leaf gall found in the fall]

Using gall wasps on oaks to test broad ecological concepts

Sphaeroteras carolina (Ashmead, 1887), comb. rev., sexual generation 

Synonyms: Dryophanta carolina Ashmead (1887: 145), asexual females, galls. Sphaeroteras carolina (Burks 1979). Atrusca carolina (Melika & Abrahamson 2002).

Biology. Asexual detachable rounded galls (Fig. 236) on leaves on Q. alba, Q. chapmanii and Q. stellata (Burks 1979). Sexual galls mature in April; adults emerge soon afterwards; to date found only on Q. chapmanii. 

Distribution. USA: North Carolina, Florida, Missouri, Arkansas, Texas (Burks 1979).

Pairing of sexual and asexual generations of Nearctic oak gallwasps, with new synonyms and new species names (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini)